Figures

1.1a–b Sculptures by Joseph Brummer. Brummer Gallery Records 43

1.2a–b Drawings by Joseph Brummer sketched while he worked in Rodin’s studio, 1907, signed and dated. John Laszlo collection. Reproduced courtesy of John Laszlo 47

1.2c–e Drawings by Joseph Brummer sketched while he worked in Rodin’s studio, 1907, signed and dated. Richard Brummer collection. Reproduced courtesy of Richard and Alison Brummer 47

1.3a–f Drawings by Joseph Brummer sketched while at the Académie Matisse, 1908. Unsigned, undated. Richard Brummer collection. Reproduced courtesy of Richard and Alison Brummer 48–49

1.4 Henri Rousseau. Portrait-Paysage—Portrait of Joseph Brummer, 1909. Oil on canvas. The National Gallery, London, Simon Sainsbury Bequest 51

1.5 Joseph Brummer in summer 1910. Brummer Gallery Records 53

1.6 Imre Brummer and Joseph Altounian before Maison Joseph Brummer, 67 Boulevard Raspail, 1910. Brummer Gallery Records 56

1.7 Ernest Brummer in Paris, ca. 1912. Brummer Gallery Records 57

1.8a–b Postcard stamped Paris, July 19, 1914, showing the Galerie Brummer at 3, Boulevard Raspail. Brummer Gallery Records 60

1.8c–d Brummer advert in Annuaire de la Curiosité et des Beaux-Arts, January 1913: 110. Brummer advert in the catalogue Chinesische Gemälde aus der Sammlung der Frau Olga-Julia Wegener, Galerie Alfred Flechtheim, Dusseldorf, March–April 1914: 40 61

1.9 Photograph annotated by Imre Brummer: “Pyramides. Le Caire, le 17 mars 1912.” Richard Brummer collection. Reproduced courtesy of Richard and Alison Brummer 66

1.10a–b Imre and Ernest Brummer in Egypt, before the Gate of Ptolemy III at Karnak, early 1913. Brummer Gallery Records 68

1.11 Imre Brummer, Thérèse Michel, and Ernest Brummer, Paris, ca. 1912. Brummer Gallery Records 70

1.12 Wartime sequestration announced in Le Journal, December 7, 1914: 4, with mention of “Brummer frères” 73

1.13 Anne Goldthwaite. The Antiquarian, 1915. Oil on canvas. The Baltimore Museum of Art, The Cone Collection, formed by Dr. Claribel Cone and Miss Etta Cone of Baltimore, Maryland (BMA 1950.333). Photography by Mitro Hood. Reproduction courtesy of the Baltimore Museum of Art 74

1.14 The Brummer Gallery at 2 West 57 Street, 1918. Brummer Gallery Records 77

1.15a–b “Joseph Brummer: Ancient Art” at 43 East 57 Street, before and after renovations, 1921. Brummer Gallery Records 81

1.16 Galerie Brummer, 203bis Boulevard Saint Germain, Paris, 1921. Brummer Gallery Records 85

1.17 Angle of rue La Boétie and rue de Miromesnil. Photo by Charlotte Force 86

1.18 Portrait of Ernest. Brummer Gallery Records 87

1.19a–d The Brummer Gallery at 27 East 57th Street before and after Brummer’s remodeling, 1924–1930. Photo Carl Klein Studios. Brummer Gallery Records 94–95

1.20a–b Inside views of the Brummer Gallery, 27 East 57th Street, ca. 1925–27. Brummer Gallery Records 96

1.21a–b Yasuo Kuniyoshi. Installation photographs of the Brancusi exhibition at the Brummer Gallery, New York, November–December 1926, installed by Marcel Duchamp. Fonds Constantin Brancusi, Bibliothèque Kandinsky, Musée National d’Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris. Digital Image © CNAC/MNAM, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY. © Succession Brancusi—All rights reserved (ARS) 2023 102

1.21c Installation photograph of the 1927 Brancusi exhibition at the Arts Club of Chicago, installed by Marcel Duchamp. Fonds Constantin Brancusi, Bibliothèque Kandinsky, Musée National d’Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris. Digital Image © CNAC/MNAM, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY. © Succession Brancusi—All rights reserved (ARS) 2023 103

1.22 Portrait of Imre Brummer. Brummer Gallery Records 108

1.23 Arnold Genthe. Photographic portrait of Joseph Brummer, February 4, 1929. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Arnold Genthe Collection, LC-G412-5536-007 109

1.24 Galerie E. Brummer at 126 rue du Faubourg Saint Honoré in 1930. Brummer Gallery Records 110

1.25a Rooms dedicated to modern art at the Brummer Gallery, 55 East 57th Street. Brummer Gallery Records 114

1.25b The Brummer Gallery at 55 East 57th Street. Image from The New York Times, December 14, 1941 114

1.26 The Matisse exhibition of 1931 at the Brummer Gallery, 55 East 57 Street, New York. Photo Carl Klein Studios. Archives Henri Matisse—All rights reserved. © Succession H. Matisse / Artists Rights Society (ARS), 2023 116

1.27a–b Soichi Sunami. Installation photographs of the 1933 Brancusi exhibition at the Brummer Gallery, New York. Fonds Constantin Brancusi, Bibliothèque Kandinsky, Musée National d’Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris. Digital Image © CNAC/MNAM, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY. © Succession Brancusi—All rights reserved (ARS) 2023 120

1.27c Marcel Duchamp’s floorplan for the 1933 Brancusi show at Brummer’s. © ARS, NY. Fonds Constantin Brancusi, Bibliothèque Kandinsky, Musée National d’Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris. Digital Image © CNAC/MNAM, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY. © Association Marcel Duchamp / ADAGP, Paris / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York 2023 121

1.28 Installation photo of “Cubism and Abstract Art,” MoMA, 1936. Photographic Archive, the Museum of Modern Art Archives, New York (IN46.21). Photograph by Beaumont Newhall. Reproduced courtesy of the Archives of the Museum of Modern Art, New York / Art Resource, NY 124

1.29 The Brummer Gallery at 110–114 East 58 Street. Brummer Gallery Records 129

1.30a–c Displays at the Brummer Gallery. Brummer Gallery Records 130–131

1.31 Trustees’ Exhibition of the Joseph Brummer collection purchased by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, September 15, 1947. Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art 135

1.32 Ernest Brummer’s medieval art display at the Brummer Gallery, 383 Park Avenue, 1955. Brummer Gallery Records 140

2.1 Mask, Baule-style, Côte d’Ivoire, pl. 169 in the catalogue of the ‘Oriental Exhibition’ (Keleti Kiállitàs), 1911 161

2.2 Page spread of the exhibition catalogue Collections de M. Charles Vignier …, Galeries Levesque, 1913 163

2.3 Baule-style portrait mask (gba gba), Côte d’Ivoire. Wood, before 1913. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Bequest of Adrienne Minassian, 1997 (1997.277). Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art 163

2.4 Unidentified photographer. Gelatin silver print, ca. 1910, featuring a reliquary element, Fang-style, Gabon. Brummer Gallery Records 166

2.5 Couple. Sakalava-style, Menabe region, Madagascar. Wood, pigment, 17th–late 18th century. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Purchase, Lila Acheson Wallace, Daniel and Marian Malcolm, and James J. Ross Gifts, 2001 (2001.408). Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art 168

2.6 André Warnod, “L’art nègre,” in Comœdia, section Arts décoratifs et curiosités artistiques, January 2, 1912: 3. Brummer Gallery Records 170

2.7 Umělecký Měsíčník 2, no. 8: 200–201. Featuring Pablo Picasso’s cubist Tête de femme/Fernande (1909) and the “Brummer Head” 171

2.8 Title page of the Livre de Caisse, Joseph Brummer, 1910. Brummer Gallery Records 173

2.9 Unidentified photographer. Gelatin silver print, ca. 1910, featuring a Suku-style helmet mask, present-day Democratic Republic of Congo. Brummer Gallery Records 178

2.10 Page of the Brummer Gallery’s Livre de Caisse with Sergei Shchukin’s purchases, July 13–17, 1912. Brummer Gallery Records 180

3.1 Brummer advertisement in the first exhibition catalogue of the newly opened Galerie Alfred Flechtheim in Düsseldorf, Beiträge zur Kunst des XIX. Jahrhunderts und unserer Zeit, December 1913 196

3.2 In 1910–14, Frank Haviland ran adverts for Limoges porcelain in various dailies such as Excelsior, La Liberté, Le Journal, Le Matin, and Le Temps 199

3.3 Frank Burty Haviland photographed by Picasso at 11 boulevard de Clichy, fall-winter 1910. Musée national Picasso, Paris (APPH17383). Photo Credit: RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, NY. Copyright © 2023 Estate of Pablo Picasso/ Artists Rights Society, New York 200

3.4 Photograph of Picasso at 11 boulevard de Clichy dedicated to Haviland, December 5, 1910. Musée national Picasso, Paris (MP2007-4). Photo Credit: RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, NY. Copyright © 2023 Estate of Pablo Picasso/ Artists Rights Society, New York 201

3.5a–d Last four drawings of Marius de Zayas’ 1910 comic strip showing a “cubified” Haviland in Picasso’s studio. Photo courtesy of Marius de Zayas Archives, Sevilla. Reproduced with permission 204

3.6 Couvent des Capucins, Céret, Pyrénées-Orientales 206

3.7 Pablo Picasso, The Actor, 1904–5. Oil on canvas. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Gift of Thelma Chrysler Foy, 1952 (52.175). Photo credit: © The Metropolitan Museum of Art / Art Resource, NY. Copyright © 2023 Estate of Pablo Picasso / Artists Rights Society, New York 209

3.8 Pablo Picasso, Le Bock, 1909. Oil on canvas. LaM, Lille Métropole Musée d’art moderne, d’art contemporain et d’art brut, Villeneuve d’Ascq, Donation de Geneviève et Jean Masurel (979.4.111). Photo credit: Studio Lourmel. Reproduced by permission. Copyright © 2023 Estate of Pablo Picasso / Artists Rights Society, New York 211

3.9 Pablo Picasso, Still Life with Pears, 1908–9. Oil on canvas. State Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg. Photo credit: HIP / Art Resource, NY. Copyright © 2023 Estate of Pablo Picasso / Artists Rights Society, New York 212

3.10 Pablo Picasso, Brick Factory at Tortosa, 1909. Oil on canvas. State Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg. Photo credit: HIP / Art Resource, NY. Copyright © 2023 Estate of Pablo Picasso / Artists Rights Society, New York 213

3.11 Pablo Picasso, Landscape, 1908. Gouache on paper. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Leonard A. Lauder Cubist Collection, Purchase, Leonard A. Lauder Gift (2014.464). Photo credit: © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Copyright © 2023 Estate of Pablo Picasso / Artists Rights Society, New York 221

4.1 Robert Woods Bliss and Mildred Barnes Bliss, ca. 1925. HUGFP 76.74, olvwork373123. Harvard University Archives 238

4.2 Chalice, ca. 527–565, silver and niello. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Byzantine Collection, Washington, DC (BZ.1955.18) 240

4.3 Quadruped, uncertain date, bronze. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Byzantine Collection, Washington, DC (BZ.1913.1) 242

4.4 Application affidavit from Robert Bliss for Joseph Brummer. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC, Museum Archives 244

4.5 Textile fragment, 7th–9th century, wool. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Byzantine Collection, Washington, DC (BZ.1945.1) 248

4.6 Statue of Rearing Horse, late 2nd–3rd century, bronze. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Byzantine Collection, Washington, DC (BZ.1938.12) 249

4.7a–b Brummer Stock Card P7095. Brummer Gallery Records 250

4.8 Isaic Cult Scene, second half of 2nd century, ivory. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Byzantine Collection, Washington, DC (BZ.1942.1) 251

4.9a–b Brummer Stock Card N5292. Brummer Gallery Records 253

5.1 Part of the collection of Lord Amherst at Didlington Hall, Norfolk, c. 1900. Photograph courtesy of Angela Reid 268

5.2a Brummer X1278, sandstone seated figure of a man named Amenhotep, before restoration (detail). Photograph courtesy of the Brooklyn Museum, from the collection of Ernest Brummer 272

5.2b The same figure, after restoration. Photograph courtesy of the Brooklyn Museum, from the collection of Ernest Brummer 272

5.3 Brummer P887, black stone head in the Egyptian style, now Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum (1931.34). Photograph courtesy of Harvard Art Museums 274

5.4 Comœdia, June 27, 1911, illustrating Egyptian and African objects from the Brummer stock. Brummer Gallery Records 276

5.5 Ernest Brummer and Egyptians outside the Temple of Karnak, 1913. Brummer Gallery Records 281

5.6 Egyptian stone vessels and a mummified head photographed in Cairo, 1913. Brummer Gallery Records 282

5.7 Imre Brummer packing an Egyptian stone vessel for shipping to Paris, Cairo, 1913. Brummer Gallery Records 283

5.8 Press cutting for the sale of the Robert de Rustafjaell collection, New York, December 1915. Photograph courtesy of the Wilbour Library of Egyptology, the Brooklyn Museum 289

5.9 Imre Brummer, an Egyptian colleague, and an Egyptian false door destined for shipping, Cairo, 1913. Brummer Gallery Records 291

5.10 Raymond Pitcairn and family in the hall of their home Cairnwood, Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania, 1923. Photograph courtesy of Glencairn Museum Archives 293

6.1 Cup, Peru, Chimú-Inca, ca. 1370–1470. Hammered gold. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC (PC.B.445) 301

6.2 Hacha. Mexico, Veracruz, ca. 600–900. Marble. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC (PC.B.042) 303

6.3 Standing Figure. Mexico, Olmec, 900–300 BCE. Diopside-jadeite. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC (PC.B.014) 304

6.4 Pendant Head of Xipe Totec, Mexico, Aztec, ca. 1500. Shell. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC (PC.B.082) 305

6.5 Miniature Mask, Mexico, Teotihuacan, ca. 0–650. Jadeite. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC (PC.B.059) 306

6.6 Chest Ornament with Agnathic Feline Face, Peru, Chavín, ca. 400–200 BCE. Gold-silver-copper alloy. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC (PC.B.441) 307

6.7 One of a Pair of Ear Ornaments, Peru, Chavín, ca. 400–200 BCE. Gold. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Paul Tishman (1957.400.1) 308

6.8 Bimetallic Effigy Spoon, Peru, Chavín, ca. 400–200 BCE. Gold and silver. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, DC (PC.B.440) 309

6.9 Eccentric Flint, Guatemala, Maya, ca. 600–900. Chipped flint. The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund (1950.161) 310

6.10 Seated Figure, Mexico, Olmec, ca. 900–600 BCE. Hematite. Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, The Harry D. Miller Fund (1937.85) 311

7.1 Doorway, ca. 1250, from the abbey of Moutiers-Saint-Jean, Burgundy, France. Limestone with traces of paint. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, The Cloisters Collection, 1932 (32.147). Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art 326

7.2 Objects on consignment from Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes at the Brummer Gallery, January 28, 1926. Brummer Gallery Records 328

7.3 Historical works of art displayed at the Brummer Gallery, 27 East 57th Street, January 13, 1927. Brummer Gallery Records 330

7.4 Selection of Byzantine and early medieval jewelry and objects, the Brummer Gallery, date unknown. Brummer Gallery Records 331

7.5 Gothic chapel at the Brummer Gallery, 27 East 57th Street, New York, ca. 1925. Brummer Gallery Records 332

7.6 James J. Rorimer with Sculpture of Saint Peter, Rhode Island School of Design (20.254), 1940s. Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art 336

7.7 Saint John the Baptist, 1450–1475, Burgundy, France. Limestone with traces of paint. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Purchase, Joseph Pulitzer Bequest, 1934 (34.44). Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art 338

7.8 Virgin and Child, ca. 1340–1350, possibly Paris, France. Limestone with paint, gilding, and glass. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, The Cloisters Collection, 1937 (37.159). Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art 340

7.9 Medieval works of art in Trustee exhibition of Metropolitan Museum purchases from the Joseph Brummer estate in 1947, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, April 1947. Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art 343

7.10 Works of art from the Brummer Collection on view at The Cloisters, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1948. Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art 344

7.11 Brummer purchases featured in a poster for “Special Exhibition of Recent Purchases for The Cloisters, Fort Tryon Park,” 1948. The Cloisters Institutional and Administrative Records, The Cloisters Library and Archives, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art 344

7.12 Brummer Gallery address card for Saidie Adler May. Brummer Gallery Records 346

7.13 Stock card for Coffer in forged iron, Gothic, Brummer Gallery stock number P8053. Brummer Gallery Records 347

8.1 Sculpture by Joseph Brummer. Brummer Gallery Records 358

8.2 Henri Matisse. Portrait of George-Joseph Demotte, 1918. Oil on canvas. Musée des Beaux-Arts, Lyon. Artwork: © 2023 Succession H. Matisse / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Photo: © MBA Lyon 361

8.3 Black and white view of the Demotte Gallery, Paris, between 1910 and 1925. Harvard Art Museums/ Fogg. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Demotte Archives #4869 362

8.4 King Clovis I with modern restorations by the Duveen brothers, ca. 1250. Limestone with traces of paint. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, The Cloisters Collection, 1940 (40.51.1) 363

8.5 King Clovis I, ca. 1250, after removal of most restorations. Limestone with traces of paint. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, The Cloisters Collection, 1940 (40.51.1). Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art 364

8.6 David Rosen and Henri Matisse on board the Île-de-France, 1930. Courtesy of the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore 368

8.7 Crucifix before paint removal, ca. 1200–1220, North Italian. Wood with polychromy. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Fletcher Fund, 1947 (47.100.54). Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art 371

8.8 Crucifix after paint removal, ca. 1200–1220, North Italian. Present condition. Wood with polychromy. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Fletcher Fund, 1947 (47.100.54). Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art 372

8.9 View of Gothic Hall with Brummer Gallery Virgin and Child in the center back, The Cloisters. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, The Cloisters Collection, 1937 (37.159). Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art 375

9.1 Joseph and Imre Brummer in their New York Gallery, 1918. Gift of John and Pat Laszlo, Brummer Gallery Records 386

9.2 Gisela M.A. Richter, 1952. Departmental files, Greek and Roman Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art 387

9.3 Marble statue of a Wounded Amazon, 1st–2nd century AD. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Gift of John D. Rockefeller Jr., 1932 (32.11.4). Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art 389

9.4 Terracotta amphora, ca. 540–530 BC, Greek, Attic. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Purchase, Joseph Pulitzer Bequest, 1947 (47.11.5). Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art 391

9.5 Marble statue group of the Three Graces, 2nd century AD, Roman. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Purchase, Philodoroi, Lila Acheson Wallace, Mary and Michael Jaharis, Annette and Oscar de la Renta, Leon Levy Foundation, the Robert A. and Renée E. Belfer Family Foundation, Mr. and Mrs. John A. Moran, Jeannette and Jonathan Rosen, Malcolm Hewitt Wiener Foundation and Nicholas S. Zoullas Gifts, 2010 (2010.260). Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art 394

9.6 Marble head of a man, forgery. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Gift of Joseph Brummer, 1938 (38.131). Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Photo: Pavol Roskovensky 397

9.7 Terracotta figurine of a standing youth, forgery. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Gift of Joseph Brummer, 1940 (40.162). Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Photo: Pavol Roskovensky 399

9.8 Detail of Figure 9.7: view of the back, with two signatures. Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Photo: Pavol Roskovensky 400

9.9 Central part of the pediment of the Temple of Artemis in Corfu: Medusa the Gorgon with Chrysaor on her left, flanked by the lion-leopards 402

9.10 Close-up of the head of Chrysaor from the pediment of the Temple of Artemis in Corfu. After Versakis 1911: 187, 189, 191, figs. 13, 14, 15 403

10.1a–c Persian room at the Brummer Gallery. New York Gallery Interiors, 1948. Brummer Gallery Records 412

10.2 Objects on view at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in the Trustees’ exhibition of purchases from the Joseph Brummer estate in 1947. Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art 417

10.3a–b Objects classified as “Sassanian” and “Persian.” Brummer Gallery Records 419

10.4a–c Stock cards (recto-verso) for two objects classified as “Sassanian.” Brummer Gallery Records 423

10.5a–d Stock cards (recto-verso) for two objects classified as “Persian.” Brummer Gallery Records 425

10. 6a–b “Herzfeld Collection of Cylinders, etc.” Brummer Gallery Records 435

10.7 Charles Addams, “Now this one is supposed to have a curse on it,” ca. 1969. Ink on paper. Martin Family Collection as of 2000 438

A.1 Photograph of Ella Baché, Paris, 1930s. Collection John and Pat Laszlo. Reproduction courtesy of John Laszlo 466

A.2 Photograph of Ernest Brummer aboard the Queen Elizabeth. Brummer Gallery Records 470

B.1 Photo of the Serly Sisters act (Irinka, left, and Etelka, right), New York, 1916. Courtesy of Richard and Alison Brummer 474

B.2 Imre Brummer in Egypt, ca. 1912. Brummer Gallery Records 477

B.3 Imre Brummer and Egyptian men in a photograph inscribed “Cairo 1911.” Brummer Gallery Records 478

B.4a–b Recto-verso of a postcard-photo dated May 12, 1909. Courtesy of Richard and Alison Brummer 479

B.5 Beata Mårtensson in Paris, 1910. Brummer Gallery Records 481

C.1 Bowl with Woman Holding Garland, South Netherlandish, 15th century. Copper alloy. Private collection 484

C.2 Constantin Brancusi. Male Torso, 1917. Brass. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection, 1937 (3205.1937) © Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / AD AGP, Paris 486

C.3 Saluting Protective Spirit, Neo-Assyrian, Iraq, Nimrud, 883–859 BC, from the palace of Ashur-narirapal II in Calah (Nimrud). Gypsum. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J.H. Wade Fund, 1943 (1943.246) 487

C.4 Master of Rubielos de Mora. Coronation of the Virgin with the Trinity, Spanish, Valencia, ca. 1400. Oil on panel. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the Hanna Fund, 1947 (1947.208) 488

C.5 Pyx, German, Lower Saxony, Hildesheim (?), ca. 1170–80. Gilded copper, champlevé enamel, modern wood core. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J.H. Wade Fund and the Fanny Tewksbury King Collection by exchange, 1949 (1949.431) 489

C.6 Angels Swinging Censers, French, Troyes, ca. 1170. Pot-metal glass, vitreous paint, and lead. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Gift of Ella Brummer, in memory of her husband, Ernest Brummer, 1977 (1977.346.1). Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art 491

C.7 Panel with Aconite Leaves, French, Alsace (?), 13th century. Pot-metal and white glass, silver stain. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Ella Brummer in Memory of her husband, Ernest Brummer, 1977 (1977.89). Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art 492

C.8 Processional Cross, Spanish, Aragon, ca. 1450. Silver-gilt, with traces of enamel on walnut core. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Gift of Ella Brummer in memory of her husband, Ernest Brummer, 1982 (1982.363.1) 492

C.9 Plaque with Christ Presenting the Keys to Saint Peter and the Law to Saint Paul, German, Westphalia, ca, 1150–1200. Elephant ivory. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, The Cloisters Collection, 1979 (1979.399). Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art 493

Tables

10.1 Objects at some time in the possession of the Brummer Gallery, today in the department of Ancient Near Eastern Art (ANE) or the department of Islamic Art (ISL) 445

10.2 Checklist of collectors, dealers and institutions involved in transactions of “Sassanian” and “Persian” objects at the Brummer Galleries, 1913–1949, based on the stock cards available in the Brummer Gallery Records 450