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Index

ʿAbd al-Jalīl al-Qazwīnī al-Rāzī 25n
ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Ḥāʾirī 37
Abū Ḥanīfa 5
The Ḥanafī school of jurisprudence 6, 20n
ʿadl 75–77
aḥkām. see ḥukm
Ahl al-Hadith 5–6
Ajwad al-taqrīrāt 33, 39
akhbār al-āḥād xv, 18, 26, 44, 81
Akhbārīs 25–29, 44, 59, 81, 92, 105, 125
aʿlam 31, 38, 122
ʿālam al-takwīnī 64, 72
ʿālam al-tashrīʿī 64, 72
ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib 8–9, 11
ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī (Ḥasan b. Yūsuf b. al-Mutahhar al-Ḥillī) 21–26, 59, 71, 81, 86, 87n, 100
amāra 42, 81, 92
Āmidī, Sayf al-Dīn al- 21
amr al-irshādī 49, 103
amr al-mawlawī 49, 103
Anṣārī, Shaykh Murtaḍā al- 29–32, 36, 59–60
Definition and authority of certainty 61–63, 65, 72
On marjaʿ al-taqlīd 122, 125
Post-Anṣārī Uṣūlīs/jurists 32, 73, 75, 85, 91, 105
Pre-Anṣārī Uṣūlīs/jurists 82, 85, 91, 121
Reports of the sunna 97, 99–102
The theory of insidād 82–91
Apostasy ix–x, 107–114, 109n, 110nn11–12, 111n, 120
ʿaql (reason) 16, 19, 23, 40–41, 77
ʿaqlī (rational) xi, 77
Discussions on rationality (mabāḥith al-ʿaqliyya) 35
Judgment of reason (ḥukm al-ʿaql) 75
Rational intelligibility of actions 83
ʿArāqī, Ḍīyaʾ al-Dīn al- 33–34, 39
Aristotle 22n
Aristotelian philosophy/logic 14, 118–119
aṣālat al-ʿumūm 104
aṣālat al-ẓuhūr 42, 49, 93, 106
Apparent meaning of Quran 97, 108
Literalistic approach of Muslim jurists xi–xii, 6, 106–107, 109, 114–115, 121,125
Ashʿarite 5–6
Astarābādī, Muḥammad Amīn al- 25–26
Ayatollah Sayyid ʿAlī al-Ḥusaynī al-Sīstānī 40, 108n, 115
Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Khamenei 38, 107
Baghdad 5, 15–16, 19
Baḥrānī, Yūsuf b. Aḥmad al- 27, 86
banāʾ al-ʿuqalāʾ 74, 102
God being raʾīs al-ʿuqalā 50, 76, 103
barāʾa 30, 51, 55, 85–86
Basra 5
bayān al-tāmm 45, 50
Bihbihānī, Muḥammad Bāqir al- (or al-Waḥīd al-Bihbihānī) 27–29, 82, 83n, 87
dalīl (pl. adilla )40, 41–42, 81–82, 84, 92, 122
ḍarūriyyāt al-dīn 83, 102, 108
Durūs fi ʿilm al-uṣūl 37, 49, 51, 77, 98n
Fāḍil al-Tūnī, ʿAbd Allah al- 82
Faḍlī, ʿAbd al-Hādī al- 60–62, 82n
Fanaei, Abolqasem xi, 120–121
Farāiʾd al-uṣūl xvi, 29, 31–32, 59, 83, 97, 100, 102
Fiqh viii, 85, 107, 114
Classes on fiqh 38, 117
Works of fiqh vii, xn, 13, 21, 31, 39, 88, 101
Friday congregational prayers (jumuʿa) 25, 56–57, 74, 88–89
Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid al- 21–22
ghulāt 9
Gleave, Robert 26–27
Guardianship (wilāyat) of a jurist 30, 38
Ḥakīm, Sayyid Muḥsin al- 36, 39
Hallaq, W. B. 3–4
On philosophy/logic in legal theory 22
Ḥanbal, Aḥmad b. 5
The Ḥanbalī legal school of jurisprudence 6, 20n
ḥaqq al-ṭāʿa 52, 77, 80
ḥaraj 87–88
ḥarām (pl ḥurma )30, 47
Category of action vii, 23
Prohibition of apostasy 108
Ḥawza viii, xv, 37
Ḥaydarī, Kamāl al- 57n, 76n
Accuracy of sense perception 69–70, 72
On Bāqir al-Ṣadr 53–54
The nature and existence of certainty 62–64, 66–69, 117, 118n
Rational authoritativeness of certainty 77, 79
Ḥilla 20–21, 24
ḥujja xiii, 35, 40–43, 45, 51–52, 72, 91n, 92, 97–98, 117
ḥujjiyya. See ḥujja
ḥukm (pl. aḥkām) vii–viii, 1, 21, 82n, 86
Apparent precept (ḥukm al-ẓāhirī) 56–57, 88, 90, 107n
Circumstantial Sharia precept (ḥukm al-waḍʿī) 109n
Real precept (ḥukm al-wāqiʿī )56, 88, 90, 107n
Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Shaykh al- 99
Ḥusayn Burūjardī 37–38, 122
ḥusn wa-l qubḥ al-ʿaqlī 83
Hussain, Arif Abdul xi, 112–114, 120
ibn al-Ḥājib, Jamāl al-Dīn 21
Ibn Idris al-Ḥillī 21–22
ibn Junayd al-Iskāfī 16
iḥtimāl 52, 77, 80, 119, 124
iḥtiyāṭ 29, 87, 91n
ijmāʿ 3–4, 18–19, 23, 40–41, 84–85, 87, 99n
ijtihād vii–ix, xi–xiv, 6, 23–25, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53–59, 61, 65, 72, 79, 81–82, 90–93, 100, 105–106, 108, 116–117, 121–122
Consultative ijtihād 123–124
Dynamism in ijtihād 45, 107
Future of ijtihād xv, 116,121, 123, 125
Mujtahid (jurist) vii, xn, 23–24, 124n
ʿilm xiv, 11, 16, 18–19, 27, 44, 48, 59, 83, 104
Acquired knowledge (ʿilm al-ḥuṣūlī) 66
Ambiguous knowledge (ʿilm al-ijmālī) 85
The distinction between ʿilm and certainty (qaṭʿ) 59–62
ʿilm al-kalām viii, 13, 41n
ʿilm al-rijāl 14, 24, 39
Knowledge of the unseen (ʿilm al-ghayb) 10
Present knowledge (ʿilm al-ḥuḍurī) 66–67
inkishāf 52, 61–62
Property of disclosure 62, 65
Insidād xiv, 82–83, 105
Modern advocators of insidād 91
The notion of infitāḥ bāb al-ʿilm wa-l ʿilmī 87, 92
The notion of insidād bāb al-ʿilm wa-l ʿilmī 83–84
The premises of insidād 84–90
Iranian revolution 8, 15, 36, 38–39, 122
irtidād. see apostasy
Iṣfahānī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn al-Gharawī al- 33–35, 39, 46
Authority of isolated reports through rational convention 103–104
Postulated authority of certainty 74–76
ishtighāl 53
ʿiṣma vii, 10–11, 46, 81, 86
isnād (sing sanad) 22, 94, 102
istiḥsān 6, 41, 90, 93, 122
istiṣḥāb 30, 36
istiṣlāḥ 6, 41, 90, 93, 122
Jabal al-ʿĀmil 24
Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq 98
jahl murakkab 61
jaʿl al-basīṭ 64
jaʿl al-taʾlīfī 64–65, 75
Jazm 60
Kadivar, Mohsen xi, 110–111, 120
Karbala 29, 37
Kāshif al-Ghiṭāʾ, Shaykh Jaʿfar 28
Kashshī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al- 14, 102
khabar al-wāḥid. see akhbār al-āḥād
Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim al- 33, 36, 38–40, 53, 60, 91n
On the authenticity of the Quran 93n
Authoritativeness of certainty 72–74
Khūʾī’s ruling on FGM 115
Nature of certainty 66, 117–118
Khumaynī, Rūḥallāh Mūsawī 37–39, 72, 110, 120, 122
Nature and accuracy of certainty 65–66, 69, 116–118
Scriptural authoritativeness of isolated reports 95
Khurāsānī, Akhund Muḥammad Kāẓim al- 32–33, 37, 39
Existential authoritativeness of certainty 73
The theory of insidād 85n, 89
Kifāyat al-uṣūl xvi, 32–33, 39, 73, 85n, 89
Kitāb al-makāsib 30–32, 91
Kulaynī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb al- 12, 15
Lankarni, Fazel 110
lawāzim al-dhāt 63n, 73
literalistic approach/interpretation xi–xii, 6, 106, 109, 114–115, 121, 125
mabādī al-taṣawwuriyya 41
Mabānī al-istinbāṭ 39, 72
makrūh vii, 23
maktab-i tafkīk 119
Mālik ibn Anas 5
The Mālikī school of jurisprudence 3, 6, 20n
Manṭiq viii, 71, 76n, 117
maqām al-ithbāt 55, 57, 79
maqām al-thubūt 54, 57, 79, 119
marjaʿ al-taqlīd xii, 31–32, 34, 36–40, 53, 122
The institution of marjaʿiya 38, 123–124
maṣlaḥa. See istiṣlāḥ
maʿṣūm. See ʿiṣma
Māturīdī 5–6
Miṣbāḥ al-uṣūl 39, 66
Modarressi, Hossein 10, 13–14, 20–21
Moezzi, M A Amir 10–11, 16
Montazeri, Hussein Ali 110
muʿadhdhariyya 42
mubāḥ vii, 23, 30
mufawwiḍa 10
Mufīd, Shaykh al- 13, 16–20, 44, 59, 81
Muḥammad Baḥr al-ʿUlūm 28
Muḥammad al-Bāqir 10, 109
Muḥammad Bāqir al-Majlisī 100
Muḥammad Ḥasan al-Najafī xn, 31
Muḥammad Ḥusayn Iṣfahānī al-Ḥāʾirī (author of Jawāhir al-kalām) 28, 41
Muḥammad Kāẓim al-Ṭabāṭabāʿī al-Yazdī (author of ʿUrwat al-wuthqā) 31
Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī (Jaʿfar b. Ḥasan al-Ḥillī) 21, 31
Muḥaqqiq al-Karakī 24
Mujtahid. See ijtihād
mukallaf 29–30, 35
mukhaṭṭiʾa. see takhṭiʾa
Mullā Ṣadrā (Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī) 71, 118
Sadrian philosophy 72, 118–119, 120
munajjaziyya 42, 54
Muqallida 20, 24
murtadd. see apostasy
Murtaḍā, al-Sharīf al- 16–20, 44, 59, 81, 86, 100–102
mustaḥabb vii, 23, 35
Muṭahhari, Murtaḍā 120, 122–123
mutawātir 19, 84, 93, 97, 10
Muʿtazilite 5, 7, 15–17
Muẓaffar, Muḥammad Riā xv, 34–36, 71, 75–76
The authoritativeness of isolated reports 93–105
On certainty 60–62
On extraordinary conjecture 92
Praiseworthy and blameworthy actions 75–76
Prelude to modern legal theory 40–42
On scripture against conjecture 47
Naʾīnī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn al-Gharawī al- 32–34, 39
Authority of isolated reports through rational convention 103–105
Scriptural justification against conjecture 46–48
Najaf 19, 24, 29, 32–34, 37, 39, 40, 119
Najāshī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al- 14, 102
Newman, Andrew 10, 15
Occultation xiii, 12–13, 15, 16n, 17, 25, 31, 38
The absence of the Twelfth Imam xii–xiii, 12–13, 15–16, 18, 20, 24–26, 30, 38, 99–100, 125
The theory of insidād during occultation 82, 84, 85n, 87–91
Orthodoxy and orthodox interpretation/understanding xi–xiii, xv, 6–8, 11–12, 16–18, 44, 71, 90–91, 106–109, 110n, 111, 114–123, 125
Paya, Ali 119n, 120
Perception 67–72, 117
Peripatetic 22–23, 59
Prophet (Muḥammad) vii, xv, 1, 3, 4n, 7–11, 13, 15, 18, 23, 26–27, 41n, 46–47, 81, 82n, 83–84, 86–87, 90–91, 94–100, 105, 109–110, 112, 114, 119
Qajar dynasty 28
qaṭʿ (certainty) ix, xiv, 23, 29, 42, 45, 59–61, 63n, 65, 77, 104
The authoritativeness of certainty xiv, 57, 59, 77
qaṭʿī form of knowledge/evidence xiv, 23, 59, 61, 65, 77, 83, 85, 87, 92, 97, 98n, 122
Qawāʿid al-fiqhiyya 88
qiyās 3–4, 6, 16, 18, 41, 44, 90, 93, 122
qubḥ al-ʿiqāb bi-lā bayān 50–51
Qummī, Mīrzā Abū Qāsim al- 28, 32, 40, 41, 82, 85
Quran xi, 3–6, 18, 23, 26–27, 40, 41, 46–49, 81–82, 84, 86, 93n, 94, 97, 103–104, 106, 108–110, 112, 119, 122
Quranic exegeses 10, 39
Verse from Quran 46n, 47nn7–8, 88n, 94n, 95n, 108nn4–6
raʾy 16, 18
Partisans of rational opinion (ahl al-raʾy ) 4n
Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn al- 21
Ruwḥanī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn al- 91n
Ṣadr, Muḥammad Bāqir al- viii, xiii, 36–37, 42n, 49, 60, 98n, 118–119, 123–124
Ṣadr’s critique of Uṣūlī rational justification 51–58
Ṣadr’s take on the authoritativeness of certainty 77–80
Ṣadūq, Shaykh al- (ibn Bābawayh al-Qummī) 12, 15–16, 86
Safavid 25, 27, 28, 71, 118
ṣalāt xn, 23, 30, 49, 56, 88
Seljuq 19–21
Shabestri, Mohammad Mojtahed xi
Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad ibn Idrīs al- 2–3, 5
The Shāfiʿī legal school of jurisprudence 6, 16, 20n
Shāfiʿī al-Risāla 2–3
Shahīd al-Awwal 24
Shahīd al-Thānī, Ḥasan ibn 24, 82–83, 85
Shahīd al-Thānī 24
Shakk 29, 42, 52, 57, 88–89
Sīstānī, ʿAlī al-Ḥusaynī al- 40, 108n, 115
Soroush, Abdolkarim xi, 111–112, 120
Stewart, Devin 7, 17, 39
strategic juristic omission 114–115, 121
sunna xi, xv, 3–6, 14–15, 18, 23, 40–41, 46, 48, 49, 81–82, 2n82, 84, 86, 93n, 94, 97–98, 106, 109–110, 119, 122
suṭuḥ 34, 37, 71, 117
Ṭabarasī, Faḍal ibn Ḥasan al- 100
Ṭabāṭabāʿī, Muḥammad ʿAlī al- 88–89
Ṭabāṭabāʿī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn 38
Context of Quran 10:36 46–47
On philosophy 71–72
Tahdhīb al-uṣūl 39, 65, 94
takhīīr 30
takhṭiʾa viii
taklīf (pl. takālīf )31, 50, 73, 83, 85
Ṭāliqānī, Maḥmūd 122
taqlīd 87
ṭarīq 42, 60, 62–63, 65, 81, 92
ṭarīqiyya 62, 65
tarjīḥ al-marjūḥ ʿalā ʾl-rājiḥ qabīḥ 90
tarkhīṣ 55, 79
taṣawwur 23, 66
taṣdīq 23, 66
Ṭūsī, Khawaja Naṣīr al-Dīn al- 21, 59
Ṭūsī, Shaykh Muḥammad b. Ḥasan al- (Shaykh al-Ṭāʾifa) 19–22, 81, 86, 100–102
ʿulamāʾ 86, 123
ulamāʾ al-abrār 10, 14
ʿusr 87–88
uṣūl al-ʿamaliyya 29, 34, 36, 42, 55, 90, 107
uṣūl al-fiqh viii, ix, xii, xiii, xv–xvi, 13, 31, 34n, 38, 41n
wājib/wujūb vii, xiv, 23, 30, 35, 60, 72–74, 77, 78
wāqiʿ viii, xiv, 29, 45, 50, 60, 113
wujūb al-shukr al-munʿim 52n, 78
yaqīn 47, 60–61, 92
Zanjānī, Mūsā Shubayrī al- 90–91
ẓann ix, 18, 19, 23, 44–46, 83
Conjectural knowledge/evidence (ẓannī) xiv, 23, 59, 80, 97
Extraordinary conjecture (ẓann al-khāṣṣ) xiv, 82, 91–93, 105
The non-authoritativeness of conjecture xiii, 44
Substantiated conjecture (ẓann al-muʾtabar) ix, xiv, 45, 64, 81, 92
ẓann al-muṭlaq 84, 91n,121
ẓann bi-mā huwa ẓann 45, 92
ẓulm 75–77
Zurāra b. Aʿyan 98
Zysow, Aron 5, 20
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