The following is a complete list of all ethnolinguistic groups cited in the text, together with information on their classification by language family or major subgroup within that family.
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Achumawi: Palaihnihan
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Adele: Niger-Congo (Kwa)
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Aguaruna: Jivaroan
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Ahtna: Nadene (Athapaskan, Tanaina-Ahtna)
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Akolet: Austronesian (Oceanic)
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Albanian: Indo-European (Albanian)
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Alune: Austronesian (Central Malayo-Polynesian)
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Amami Oshima: Japonic (Ryukyuan)
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Amharic: Afroasiatic (Semitic, South, Southeast)
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Amuesha: Arawakan (Maipuran)
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Amuzgo: Otomanguean (Amuzgoan)
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Andamanese: North Andaman
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Andoni/Obolo: Niger-Congo (Benue-Congo)
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Anufo/Chokosi: Niger-Congo (Kwa)
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Anyi Sanvi: Niger-Congo (Kwa)
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Apache: Nadene (Athapaskan, Apachean)
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Arabic: Afroasiatic (Semitic, South, Southwest)
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Aramaic: Afroasiatic (Semitic, Northwest, Canaanite)
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Aranda: Australian (Pama-Nyungan)
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Arapaho: Algic (Algonquian, Arapahoan)
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Arapesh: Torricelli (Arapesh)
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Arecuna/Pemon: Carib
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Armenian: Indo-European (Armenian)
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Arosi: Austronesian (Oceanic, Southeast Solomonic)
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Assiniboine: Siouan-Catawba (Siouan, Mississippi Valley)
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Assyrian: Afroasiatic (East Semitic)
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Atayal: Austronesian (Atayalic)
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Avau: Austronesian (Oceanic)
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Aymara: Jaqi
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Babatana: Austronesian (Oceanic, Northwest Solomonic)
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Babylonian/Akkadian: Afroasiatic (East Semitic)
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Baganda: Niger-Congo (Bantu)
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Bagesu: Niger-Congo (Bantu)
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Baiga: Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indic)
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Balinese: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian)
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Bambuti: Niger-Congo (Bantoid)
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Bamileke: Niger-Congo (Bantu)
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Baoule: Niger-Congo (Kwa)
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Bare’e: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic)
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Bargam/Mugil: Trans New Guinea (Madang-Adelbert Range)
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Bariai: Austronesian (Oceanic, North New Guinea)
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Barotse: Niger-Congo (Bantu)
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Basuto/Basotho: Niger-Congo (Bantu)
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Batak (Simalungun): Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Batak-Barrier Islands)
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Batak (Toba): Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Batak-Barrier Islands)
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Ba Thonga: Niger-Congo (Bantu)
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Bengali: Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indic)
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Berawan: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, North Sarawak)
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Berber: Afroasiatic (Berber)
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Biak: Austronesian (South Halmahera-West New Guinea)
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Birhor: Austroasiatic (Munda)
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Blackfoot: Algic (Algonquian, Blackfoot)
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Bontok: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Northern Luzon)
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Botocudo/Krenak: Ge (Botocudo)
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Buginese: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi)
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Bukaua/Bukawa: Austronesian (Oceanic, North New Guinea Cluster, Huon Gulf Family)
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Bulgarian: Indo-European (Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South Slavic)
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Buli: Austronesian (South Halmahera-West New Guinea)
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Bunun: Austronesian (Bunun)
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Burarra: Australian (Maningrida)
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Byelorussian: Indo-European (Balto-Slavic, Slavic, East Slavic)
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Cahuilla: Uto-Aztecan (Takic, Cupan)
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Canaanite: Afroasiatic (Northwest Semitic)
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Candoshi: Jivaroan
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Canelos: Quechuan
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Catalan: Indo-European (Italic, Romance)
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Catawba: Siouan (Catawban)
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Cebuano Bisayan: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Central Philippines)
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Chachi/Cayapa: Paezan
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Chaga: Niger-Congo (Bantu)
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Chemehuevi: Uto-Aztecan (Numic, Southern Numic)
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Cherokee: Iroquoian (Southern)
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Cheyenne: Algic (Algonquian, Cheyenne)
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Chilula: Nadene (Athapaskan, Pacific Coast)
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Chontal: Tequistlatecan
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Chortí: Mayan (Greater Tzeltalan)
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Chumburu, Northern Niger-Congo (Kwa)
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Chuukese: Austronesian (Oceanic, Micronesian)
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Cofán: Jivaroan
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Cree: Algic (Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais)
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Creek/Muskogee: Muskogean (Central)
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Cuaiquer: Chibchan
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Cuna: Chibchan (Cuna)
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Czech: Indo-European (Balto-Slavic, Slavic, West Slavic)
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Danish: Indo-European (Germanic, North Germanic)
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Dedua: Trans New Guinea (Huon-Finisterre)
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Deg: Niger-Congo (Gur)
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Dehu: Austronesian (Oceanic, Southern Oceanic Linkage)
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Dida: Niger-Congo (Kru)
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Diegueño: Cochimí-Yuman (Yuman, Delta-California)
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Djimini/Southern Senoufo: Niger-Congo (Gur)
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Duo: Papuan
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Eddystone/Mandegusu: Austronesian (Oceanic, Northwest Solomonic)
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Egyptian: Afroasiatic (Egyptian)
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Enggano: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian)
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English: Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic)
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Estonian: Uralic-Yukaghir (Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic)
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Ewe: Niger-Congo (Bantu)
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Feranmin: Trans New Guinea (Oksapmin)
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Fijian: Austronesian (Oceanic, Central Pacific)
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Fon: Niger-Congo (Kwa)
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Frafra: Niger-Congo (Gur)
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French: Indo-European (Italic, Romance, Gallo-Romance)
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Fulani/Fufulde: Niger-Congo (West Atlantic)
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Gabrielino: Uto-Aztecan (Takic, Serrano-Gabrielino)
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Galla/Oromo: Afroasiatic (Cushitic)
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German: Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic)
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Gilbertese/I-Kiribati: Austronesian (Oceanic, Micronesian)
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Gilyak/Nivkh: Isolate
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Gogodala: Trans New Guinea (Central and Western Highlands)
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Gosiute: Uto-Aztecan (Numic, Southern Numic)
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Greek: Indo-European (Greek)
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Gros Ventre/Atsina: Algic (Algonquian, Arapahoan)
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Guahibo: Guahiban
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Guambiano: Paezan
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Guarani: Tupi-Guarani
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Gunwinggu/Kunwinjku: Australian (Gunwingguan)
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Hakka: Sino-Tibetan (Sinitic)
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Hausa: Afroasiatic (Chadic)
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Hawaiian: Austronesian (Oceanic, Central Pacific, Polynesian)
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Haya: Niger-Congo (Bantu)
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Hittite: Indo-European (Anatolian)
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Hopi: Uto-Aztecan (Hopi)
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Huastec: Mayan (Huastecan)
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Hupa: Nadene (Athapaskan, Pacific Coast)
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Iatmul: Sepik-Ramu (Sepik-Ramu, Middle Sepik)
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Iban: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic)
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Icelandic: Indo-European (Germanic, North Germanic)
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Igbo: Niger-Congo (Kwa)
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Ijo: Niger-Congo (Kwa)
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Ijok Negritos (Austroasiatic, Aslian)
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Ikwerre: Niger-Congo (Kwa)
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Ila: Niger-Congo (Bantu)
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Imbonggu: Trans New Guinea (Eastern Highlands)
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Inca: Quechuan,
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Inga: Quechuan
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Irish: Indo-European (Celtic, Goidelic)
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Island Carib: Arawakan
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Isneg: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Northern Luzon)
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Italian: Indo-European (Italic, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian)
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Izon: Niger-Congo (Kwa)
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Japanese: Japonic
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Javanese: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian)
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Jehai Negritos: Austroasiatic (Aslian)
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Kabi: Australian (Pama-Nyungan?)
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Kabyle: Afroasiatic (Berber)
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Kaidipang: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Minahasan)
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Kaiwá: Tupian (Tupi-Guarani)
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Kakadu/Gaagudju: Australian (Gagudju)
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Kalabari: Niger-Congo (Kwa)
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Kala Lagaw Ya/Mabuiag: Australian (Pama-Nyungan)
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Kalam: Trans New Guinea (Eastern Highlands)
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Kankanaey: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Northern Luzon)
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Karen: Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman)
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Karok: Isolate?
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Kasena: Niger-Congo (Gur)
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Kato/Cahto: Nadene (Athapaskan, Pacific Coast)
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Kayapó: Ge
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Kédang: Austronesian (Central Malayo-Polynesian)
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Kelabit: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, North Sarawak)
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Kerinci: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic)
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Ket: Yeniseian
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Kewabi: Papuan
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Keweng/Kewieng: Trans New Guinea (Central and Western Highlands)
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Khamti: Kra-Dai (Tai, Southwestern Thai)
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Khana: Niger-Congo (Benue-Congo)
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Khmer: Austroasiatic (Mon-Khmer)
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Khvarsh: North Caucasian (Northeast, Dagestan)
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K’iche’/Quiché: Mayan (Eastern, Greater Quichean)
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Kikuyu: Niger-Congo (Bantu)
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Kintak Bong: Austroasiatic (Aslian)
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Klamath: Plateau Penutian (Klamath)
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Kol: Austroasiatic (Munda?)
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Kongo: Niger-Congo (Bantu)
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Korean: Koreanic
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Kovi: Uralic (Finnic)
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Kuku-Yalanji: Australian (Pama-Nyungan)
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Kulere: Afroasiatic (Chadic)
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Kusaasi: Niger-Congo (Gur)
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Kwaio: Austronesian (Oceanic, Southeast Solomonic)
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Kwamera: Austronesian (Oceanic, Nuclear Southern Oceanic)
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Kwara’ae: Austronesian (Oceanic, Southeast Solomonic)
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Lacandon: Mayan (Yucatecan)
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Lakher: Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman, Burmic)
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Lakota: Siouan-Catawba (Siouan, Mississippi Valley)
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Lampung: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian)
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Lassik: Nadene (Athapaskan, Pacific Coast)
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Latin: Indo-European (Italic)
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Lau: Austronesian (Oceanic, Southeast Solomonic)
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Laura: Austronesian (Central Malayo-Polynesian)
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Lela: Niger-Congo (Bantu)
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Lengua/Enxet Sur: Mascoian
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Likum: Austronesian (Oceanic, Admiralties)
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Lio: Austronesian (Central Malayo-Polynesian)
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Lithuanian: Indo-European (Balto-Slavic, Baltic)
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Luang: Austronesian (Central Malayo-Polynesian)
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Luba-Hemba: Niger-Congo (Bantu)
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Luo: (Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic)
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Lushai: Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman, Burmic)
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Luyi/Luyia: Niger-Congo (Bantu)
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Madngala: Australian (Gunwingguan)
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Makasarese: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi)
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Malaeng: Papuan
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Malagasy: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Barito)
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Malay: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic)
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Maltese: Afroasiatic: (Semitic, South, Southwest)
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Mam: Mayan (Eastern, Mamean)
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Mamanwa: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Central Philippines)
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Mandan: Siouan-Catawba (Siouan, Mandan)
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Mandari: (Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic)
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Mandarin: Sino-Tibetan (Sinitic)
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Mandinka: Niger-Congo (Mande)
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Mangaian: Austronesian (Oceanic, Central Pacific, Polynesian)
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Mang’anja: Niger-Congo (Bantu)
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Manggarai: Austronesian (Central Malayo-Polynesian)
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Manobo: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Manobo)
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Maori: Austronesian (Oceanic, Central Pacific, Polynesian)
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Maricopa: Cochimí-Yuman (Yuman, River)
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Marshallese: Austronesian (Oceanic, Micronesian)
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Mataco: Matacoan
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Mattole: Nadene (Athapaskan, Pacific Coast)
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Maumere: Austronesian (Central Malayo-Polynesian)
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Maya: Mayan
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Mayombe: Niger-Congo (Bantu)
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Menik Kaien: Austroasiatic (Aslian)
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Minangkabau: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic)
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Minyanka: Niger-Congo (Gur)
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Misima: Austronesian (Oceanic, Papuan Tip)
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Mixe (Western, Coatlan): Mixe -Zoquean
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Modoc: Plateau Penutian (Klamath)
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Mofu-Gudur/Southern Mofu: Afroasiatic (Chadic)
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Mohawk: Iroquoian (Northern)
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Mongol, Khalkha (Mongolian)
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Mortlockese: Austronesian (Oceanic, Micronesian)
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Moru: Sudanic (Central Sudanic, Moru-Madi)
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Mota: Austronesian (Oceanic, Northern Vanuatu)
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Muinane: Witotoan (Boran)
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Mundani: Niger-Congo (Bantu)
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Mündü: Niger-Congo (Adamawa-Ubangi)
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Muria: Dravidian
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Murle: Eastern Sudanic
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Murrinh-Patha: Australian (Garaman)
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Naga (Angami, Ao, Rengma, Sema): Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman, Burmic)
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Nage: Austronesian (Central Malayo-Polynesian)
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Nakanai/Lakalai: Austronesian (Oceanic, Meso-Melanesian)
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Nangiomeri: Australian (Gunwingguan)
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Naskapi: Algic (Algonquian, Eastern),
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Navaho: Nadene (Athapaskan, Apachean)
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Negritos of Ragay: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine)
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Nembe: Niger-Congo (Kwa)
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Ngadha: Austronesian (Central Malayo-Polynesian),
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Ngaju Dayak: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Barito)
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Nggela: Austronesian (Oceanic, Southeast Solomonic)
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Ngulugwongga: Australian (Gunwingguan)
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Nias: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Batak-Barrier Islands)
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Nisenan: Maiduan
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Nivaklé/Ashluslay/Chulupí: Matacoan
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Norwegian: Indo-European (Germanic, North Germanic)
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Nouni: Niger-Congo (Gur)
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Nso’/Lamnso’: Niger-Congo (Benue-Congo)
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Nuer: (Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic)
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Nyabwa: Niger-Congo (Kru)
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Nyakyusa: Niger-Congo (Bantu)
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Ofo: Siouan (Ohio Valley/Southeastern)
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Ojibway/Ojibwe/Chippewa: Algic (Algonquian, Ojibwayan)
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Ok, Mountain: Trans New Guinea (Oksapmin)
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Okinawan: Japonic (Ryukyuan)
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Otomí: Otomanguean (Otopamean)
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Oyampi/Wayampi: Tupi-Guarani
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Paez: Paezan
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Paici: Austronesian (Oceanic, Southern Oceanic Linkage)
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Paiute: Uto-Aztecan (Numic, Southern Numic)
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Palauan: Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian, Palauan)
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Palaung: Austroasiatic (Northern)
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Panare: Carib (Northern)
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Pashtun/Pathān: Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Iranian)
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Piapoco: Arawakan (Maipuran)
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Pohnpeian: Austronesian (Oceanic, Micronesian)
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Polish: Indo-European (Balto-Slavic, Slavic, West Slavic)
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Pomo, Southwestern: Pomoan
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Popoluca, Sierra: Mixe -Zoquean
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Portuguese: Indo-European (Italic, Romance, Ibero-Romance)
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Potawatomi: Algic (Algonquian, Ojibwayan)
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Puyallup: Salishan (Central)
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Rejang: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian)
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Rendille: Afroasiatic (Cushitic)
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Rhaeto-Romansch: Indo-European (Italic, Romance, Gallo Romance)
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Rif: Afroasiatic (Berber)
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Romanian: Italic (Romance, Balkan Romance)
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Russian: Indo-European (Balto-Slavic, Slavic, East Slavic)
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Sa’a: Austronesian (Oceanic, Southeast Solomonic)
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Saami/Lappish: Uralic-Yukaghir (Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic)
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Sabaot/Mount Elgon Maasai: Sudanic (Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic)
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Sakai (Behrang, Jeram Kawan): Austroasiatic (Aslian)
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Samoan: Austronesian (Oceanic, Central Pacific, Polynesian)
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Samoyed: Uralic-Yukaghir (Uralic, Samoyed)
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Sanskrit: Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indic)
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Sasak: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian)
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Scottish: Indo-European (Celtic, Goidelic)
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Selk’nam: Chon
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Semang: Austroasiatic (Aslian)
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Seneca: Iroquoian (Northern)
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Sentani: Trans-New Guinea (Sentani)
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Serbo-Croatian: Indo-European (Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South Slavic)
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Shasta: Shastan
-
Shawnee: Algic (Algonquian, Shawnee)
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Shoshone: Uto-Aztecan (Numic, Central Numic)
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Shuswap: Salishan (Interior)
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Simalur: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Batak-Barrier Islands)
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Sinasina: Trans New Guinea (Eastern Highlands)
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Sinkyone: Nadene (Athapaskan, Pacific Coast)
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Sirionó: Tupian (Tupi-Guarani)
-
Slovenian: Indo-European (Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South Slavic)
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Suau: Austronesian (Oceanic, Papuan Tip)
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Sumerian: Isolate
-
Sumo/Sumu: Misumalpan
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Sundanese: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian)
-
Swahili: Niger-Congo (Bantu)
-
Tabare: Papuan
-
Tagalog: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Central Philippines)
-
Tambul-Korika: Papuan
-
Tarahumara: Uto-Aztecan (Taracahitan, Tarahumaran)
-
Taulipang/Pemon: Carib
-
Tawala: Austronesian (Oceanic, Papuan Tip)
-
Tboli: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Bilic)
-
Tehit: Trans New Guinea (West Papuan)
-
Telei: East Papuan
-
Thai: Kra-Dai (Tai)
-
Thompson: Salishan (Interior)
-
Tigrinya: Afroasiatic (Semitic, South, Southeast)
-
Timbira (Eastern): Ge
-
Tiwi: Isolate
-
Tlingit: Nadene (Tlingit)
-
Toba: Guaicuruan
-
Tolai: Austronesian (Oceanic, Meso-Melanesian)
-
Tolowa: Nadene (Athapaskan, Pacific Coast)
-
Toltec (unknown)
-
Toraja (generic for interior Sulawesi): Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic)
-
Totonac: Totonacan
-
Toulour/Tondano: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Minahasan)
-
Tuaran Dusun: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sabahan)
-
Tucuna/Tukuna/Ticuna: Isolate
-
Turrbal: Australian (Pama-Nyungan)
-
Tuyuca: Tucanoan
-
Tzotzil: Mayan (Greater Tzaltalan)
-
Uduk: Komuz (Nilo-Saharan)
-
Ukrainian: Indo-European (Balto-Slavic, Slavic, East Slavic)
-
Ulawa: Austronesian (Oceanic, Southeast Solomonic)
-
Umatilla: Plateau Penutian (Sahaptian)
-
Ute: Uto-Aztecan (Numic, Southern Numic)
-
Waorani/Auca: Isolate
-
Wik Mungkan: Australian (Pama-Nyungan)
-
Wintu, McCloud River: Wintuan
-
Wishram: Chinookan (Kiksht)
-
Wobe: Niger-Congo (Kru)
-
Wogiman: Australian (Gunwingguan)
-
Woisika: Trans New Guinea (Timor-Alor-Pantar)
-
Wolamo: Afroasiatic (Omotic)
-
Wolio: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Wolio-Wotu)
-
Wolof: Niger-Congo (West Atlantic)
-
Wotjobaluk: Australian (Pama-Nyungan)
-
Xârâcùù: Austronesian (Oceanic, Southern Oceanic Linkage)
-
Yaqui: Uto-Aztecan (Taracahitan, Cahitan)
-
Yele/Yeletne: East Papuan (Yele-Solomons)
-
Yindjibarndi: Australian (Pama-Nyungan)
-
Yokuts (Tulare Lake): Yokutsan
-
Yolngu-Matha: Australian (Pama-Nyungan)
-
Yoruba: Niger-Congo (Kwa)
-
Yuchi: Isolate
-
Yugh: Yeniseian
-
Yukaghir: Uralic-Yukaghir (Yukaghir)
-
Yuki: Yukian
-
Yurok: Algic (Algonquian, Ritwan)
-
Zande: Niger-Congo (Adamawa-Ubangi)
-
Zela: Niger-Congo (Bantu)
-
Zulgo: Afroasiatic (Chadic)
-
Zulu: Niger-Congo (Bantu)
-
Zuni: Isolate.1
Ethnolinguistic groups cited by the author but missing from this list (courtesy of Eline van der Veken):
Arunta/Arrernte: Australian (Pama-Nyungan)
Bushmen (San): Khoisan
Dieri: Australian (Pama-Nyungan)
Ilokano/Ilocano: Austronesian (Western Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Luzon)
Karadjeri/Garadjari: Australian (Pama-Nyungan)
Kekchi/Qʼeqchiʼ: Mayan
Tehuelche: Chonan (Argentina)
Tempasuk Dusun: Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian)
Wintu, McCloud River/Sacramento River: Wintuan?