Index
Page numbers in italics refer to figures, page numbers followed by n refer to footnotes (13n1), and page numbers followed by t refer to tables (265t).
Abbott, G.F.
70, 85, 122
Aboriginal Australians. see Australia
Achumawi
190, 198, 240
Adele
254
Adriani, Nikolaus
218, 233
Africa. see also individual countries
beliefs about dragon
171, 266, 271, 272
beliefs about rainbow
194, 198, 199, 254, 270, 271, 272, 273
draconic traits, summary of
264, 265t
origins of the dragon idea
18, 34
Rainbow Serpents
236, 237–238, 240, 264, 274
rainbow traits, summary of
264, 265t
sunshowers
246, 247
Afrikaans
247
afterlife. see bridges/paths, rainbows as
Aguaruna
151, 160, 207
Ahtna
167, 168
Aido Hwedo (African serpent)
199–200
Akolet
148
Alaska
143, 167, 203
Albanian
139, 145, 160
alchemy
102, 108, 122, 259, 269, 274
Algeria
246
Algonquian-speaking peoples
68, 119. see also individual ethnolinguistic groups
Alinei, Mario
149–150, 161, 244–245
Allen, Judy
Chac (Mayan elephant-headed rain god)
86
Chinese dragons
75, 95
enemies of dragons
71–72, 74
European dragons
259
nāgas
17, 74, 88, 106
origins of the dragon idea
30, 41–42, 53
plumed serpents
100–101
Allen, Louis A.
210
Alor
157
Alune
243
Amami Oshima
150
Americas, the. see Central America; North America; South America; United States; individual countries
Amharic
247
Amuesha
145, 160
Amuzgo
151, 160
anacondas
91, 151, 156, 237, 238. see also rainbows: as gigantic snakes/dragons
Andamanese
143, 159, 160, 199, 207, 236, 272
Andoni/Obolo
155, 161
Andres-Lopez, Antonio
60
androgyny. see also sex
of double rainbows
135–136, 178–179, 180, 181, 209, 269, 273
of dragons
26–27t, 58, 84, 91, 96–97, 101–103, 265t, 269
of rainbows
155, 167, 171, 178–182, 198, 214, 265t, 269
of Rainbow Serpents
181, 239
Angami Nagas
226
Angel Falls
59
animals. see also hoofed mammals connected with dragons/rainbows; horses; serpents; sunshowers
dragons as extinct animals
33–34
transformations of
226–227, 240
animism. see also personification; Thunderbirds
of rainbows. see rainbows; Rainbow Serpents
Shintō
83, 86, 118, 137
theory of
7–8, 78, 279
Vodoun/Voodoo
58, 179, 200
anthills and rainbows
233–235
anthropology, history of
x, 77–79, 279–282
anthropomorphism. see human traits
Anti-Christ
38
antlers. see horns
ānuenue (‘rainbow’ in Hawaiian)
63, 220
Anufo/Chokosi
154–155, 161
Anyi Sanvi
185, 222, 234
Ao Nagas
159
Apache
97, 100, 113, 195
Arabian Peninsula
92
Arabic
139, 140, 141, 160
Aramaic
246
Arapesh
157, 161, 192, 208
Arawakan-speaking peoples
91, 182. see also individual ethnolinguistic groups
Arecuna/Pemon
59, 60, 182, 209
Argentina
206, 223, 233
Arizona
100, 167, 249–250, 258
Armenian
139, 160, 245
Arnhem Land (Australia)
181, 189, 227, 253, 275
Arnott, W. Patrick
258
Arosi
144, 160, 244
Arunta/Arrernte
194
Ashluslay/Nivaklé
233
Asia
46, 254. see also Mainland Southeast Asia; South Asia; individual countries
Assam
XVII, 143, 157, 159, 203, 226, 250
Assiniboine
168
Assyrian
120, 273
Atayal
143, 160
Athapaskan-speaking peoples
123. see also individual ethnolinguistic groups
Atlas Linguarum Europae
149
Atsina/Gros Ventre
89, 119
Aulenbach, Steve
258
Australia. see also individual regions
beliefs about rainbows/dragons
111, 266, 271, 273, 274
draconic traits, summary of
265t
Maratji (Australian Rainbow Serpents)
154, 173, 181, 201
Rainbow Serpent myth
5–6, 275, 282
Rainbow Serpents as unique to
5–6, 162, 194–195, 274, 278
rainbow traits, summary of
265t
sunshowers
247
Australia, central
176, 183, 194
Australia, northwest
193
Australia, southeast
255
Australia, western
201, 285
Austronesian-speaking groups
XVII, 146, 244, 245. see also individual ethnolinguistic groups
Avau
148, 160
avian features. see chimerical bodies; feathers; fly, ability to; wings
Ayida Wedo (rainbow of Saut d’Eau waterfall)
58, 171, 179, 200
Aymara
212
Aztec
46, 123
Babatana
253
Babylonian/Akkadian dragons
can fly
94
and kings as givers of water
45
personification of
274
physical descriptions of
16, 21, 97, 99
and thunder/lightning
67, 71
as withholders of rain
85
Bader, Hermann
188
bad omens. see signs, sunshowers as bad
Baganda
254
Bagesu
174
Baiga
195
Balinese
rainbows as bridges/paths
144, 160
rainbows as the penis of a deity
149, 180, 196, 200, 272
rainbows cause sickness
208
sunshowers
246
Baltic languages
139
Bambuti
189–190
Bamileke
155, 161
Banks Islands
232
Bantu-speaking peoples (undefined groups). see also individual ethnolinguistic groups
rainbows, end or foot of
228
rainbows and ant-heaps
234
rainbows and hoofed mammals
196
rainbows are opposed to lightning
177, 236, 269
rainbows as bisexual
181
rainbows as fusion of fire and water
176
rainbows as givers/withholders of rain
167, 171
rainbows as guardians of water sources
174
rainbows as snakes
155
rainbows can start fires
197, 198, 271
rainbows causing sickness or death
208
rainbows personified
211
waterfalls with dragons
66
Baoule
220
Barber, Elizabeth Wayland
50–51
Barber, Paul T.
50–51
Bare’e
166, 183, 224, 231
Bargery, G.P.
234
Bariai
146, 160
Barnard, Mary
48
Barnes, R.H.
185, 188
Barnett, Jennifer M.
258
Barotse
170
Basuto/Basotho
64
Basutoland
64–65
Batak (Toba)
152–153, 160, 169, 197, 226, 246, 251
Bates, Roy
125–126
Ba Thonga
140, 160, 200
Bathurst Island (Australia)
154, 173, 181, 193, 201, 202
Baxʹaa (water monster)
89
beards on dragons
99, 173, 174, 176, 183
Behrang Sakai
156, 161, 245
belts, rainbows as
145, 146, 160, 163
Benedict, Paul K.
264
Bengali
139, 160
Benin
189, 199
Bennett, W.C.
231
Beowulf
50, 73, 106
Berawan
75
Berber
246
Best, Elsdon
215
Bhumtaras (Indian great rainbow snake)
167, 233
Biak
252
Bible
104, 135. see also Christianity
Bifröst (Norse rainbow bridge)
142
Binford, Lewis R.
79
birds. see chimerical bodies; Garuda (Hindu gigantic celestial bird); Thunderbirds
Birhor
150, 160, 224
bisexuality. see androgyny
Blackfoot
68, 69
blood. see also menstruation
blood-drinking rainbows
135, 137
of dragons
74, 82
rainbows signifying
182, 183, 184, 222, 270. see also signs, rainbows as
boa constrictors
70, 98, 143, 145, 151, 156, 237. see also rainbows: as gigantic snakes/dragons
Boas, Franz
x, 79
Bolivia
168, 207, 212
Bontok
146, 160, 221, 226
Borges, Jorge Luis
30, 286
Borneo (Indonesian)
246
Borneo (Malaysian)
62, 75, 143, 144, 146, 169, 183, 243
borrowing. see diffusion; diffusion of the dragon idea
Botocudo/Krenak
84, 159, 218
Bougainville Island
227
bows (archer’s weapons), rainbows as
138–141, 160, 161, 163
brain, human. see evolution of the human brain; preliterate humans
Brazil
Botocudo/Krenak
84, 159, 218
Brazilian folk beliefs
214, 250
Eastern Timbira
152, 160, 168
Kaiwá
147, 223, 230
Kayapó
203
Tucuna/Tukuna/Ticuna
172, 187
breath, fetid/toxic
272
of dragons
26–27t, 50, 68, 88, 114–116, 272, 273
of rainbows
198–199
breath, fiery
21, 23, 26–27t, 50, 114, 116, 197, 271–272
breath, rainbows as
156–158, 166, 234, 235
bridges/paths, rainbows as
142–145, 160, 161, 163, 175, 224
Brisbane (Australia)
232
British Columbia
36, 114, 118, 121, 209, 249, 274
British Isles. see also Loathly Worm of Northumbria; Loch Ness monster; nixies ‘water horses/kelpies’
dragons
31, 32, 49, 94, 116, 119, 120
rainbows
142, 223, 228
broken rainbows
223–224
Brumbaugh, Robert C.
5, 153, 192, 210
Buchler, Ira R.
5
Buddhism
17, 83, 94–95, 114, 125, 128, 274
Buginese
144, 160
Bukaua/Bukawa
183, 205, 227
bulaiŋ (Australian mythical water snake)
285
Bulgaria
244, 246
Buli
252
Bunun
182
Burarra
189, 227, 253
Bures Dragon (English)
31
Burma
Karen
180, 199, 221, 228, 230, 251
Khamti
152, 160
Lakher
250
Palaung
147, 152, 160, 207
Bushmen (San)
282
Buton
251
Byelorussian
240
Cahto/Kato
89, 100
Calbris, G.
255
California
(unspecified ethnic groups)
240, 272
Achumawi
190, 198, 240
Athapaskan-speaking peoples
123
Gabrielino
219
Karok
167
Kato/Cahto
89, 100
Klamath
190–191
McCloud River Wintu
191, 240
Modoc
190–191, 216, 240
Nisenan
191, 240
Shasta
216, 249
Southwestern Pomo
187
Tolowa
159, 166
Tulare Lake Yokuts
159, 191
Yuki
89, 100, 182, 191
Yurok
148
Cameroon
155, 171, 221, 224, 230
Canaanite
67, 71
Canada
68, 167–168, 273
Candoshi
151, 160, 225
Canelos
156, 161, 188, 191
Cape York peninsula (Australia)
173, 189
cardinal directions
dragons
127
rainbows
228, 229–231
Carib
147, 160. see also Island Carib
Caribbean
147
Caroline Islands
181, 205, 253
Catalan
138, 160
Catawba
140, 143, 160
category membership
2, 14, 29, 286
category reversals. see transformations
Cayuga Creek
56, 58, 209, 266
Cebuano Bisayan
169
Celtic
104, 109, 120, 215
Central America. see also horned water serpents; plumed serpents; individual countries and ethnolinguistic groups
draconic traits, summary of
26–27t, 265t
dragons as givers/withholders of rain
84, 86, 171
rainbow
265t, 270
Rainbow Serpents
264
Central and East Asia. see also individual countries and ethnolinguistic groups
draconic traits, summary of
26–27t, 265t
Rainbow Serpents
264
rainbow traits, summary of
265t
Chachi/Cayapa
143, 151, 160, 175
chacs (Mayan rain gods/plumed serpents)
84, 86, 91, 93, 98, 103, 116–117, 123–124
Chaga
232
Chamberlain, A.F.
68
‘Champ’ (‘monster’ of Lake Champlain)
36
Cherokee
107, 247–248
Cheyenne
89
Chicchan (Mayan snake deity)
96, 98, 124, 151
childbirth, rainbows as signs of
158–159, 182
children
beliefs about rainbows
155, 157, 160, 170, 184, 232, 241, 249–254
endangered by dragons
104, 172, 192
endangered by rainbows
189, 193, 205, 224, 227
endangered by sunshowers
241–242, 243–244, 245
fearing monsters
40, 41
sex change
213
chimerical bodies. see also dinosaurs; feathers; fire and water; hair; horns; horses; scales; wings
reptilian/mammalian/avian
15, 18, 23, 42, 48, 271
warm-blooded/cold-blooded
16, 20–22, 176, 197, 268
Chinese
literary vs. folk tradition
161, 162
separation of dragon and rainbow
174
Taoist metaphysics
96, 103, 269
Chinese dragons
belief in
33, 34
as beneficent creatures
34, 41, 124
can fly
95, 267–268
carrying a pearl in the mouth
106, 270
compared to other dragons
50, 128–129
as controllers of the weather
37, 67, 82–83, 85, 117–118, 119, 232
draconic traits, summary of
22–23
dragon bones
37, 93
dragon eggs
118
dragon-horses
21, 112–113
dragons/rainbows cause whirlwinds/storms or waterspouts
272
and emperors
14, 110, 264
as guardians of water sources
89, 266
have fiery breath
114, 115–116, 197, 271
have toxic breath
272
with human traits
122
linked with rainbows
150, 160, 239–240
as male/female (yang/yin)
102–103, 269
in opposition with thunder/lightning
74–75
origins of the dragon idea
44, 45, 46–47, 84, 275, 278, 282
personification of
274
physical descriptions
13–14, 15, 22, 96–97, 99, 104–105, 269
prey on young women
109–110, 270
sightings
31
types of
125–128
Chinese rainbows
as bows
139, 160
as bridges
142, 160
and cardinal directions
229
as controllers of the weather
272
double rainbows as male and female
179
as good/bad omens
203, 212, 223
hóng ‘rainbow’ (Chinese character 虹)
XIII, 212, 239
and hoofed mammals
195, 271
with human traits
209, 274
linked with dragons
150, 160, 239–240
‘Rainbow Taboo’ (RT)
249
as sleeves/belts
145, 160
and treasure
184
Chippendale, Christopher
275
Chippewa/Ojibway/Ojibwe
68, 168
Choiseul Island
253
Chokosi/Anufo
154–155, 161
Chontal
91, 179, 197, 209
Chortí
96, 98, 124, 151, 160
Christianity
Christ and Quetzalcoatl
123
Christian knights/saints slaying dragons
70, 97, 115
dragons as Satan
97, 112
dragons as the Anti-Christ
38
dragons in the Bible
104
dragons symbolizing conversion
120
God
139
and paganism
71–72, 128
and rainbows
134–135, 139, 231, 235, 254
Chulupí/Nivaklé
233
Chumburu, Northern
246
Chuukese/Trukese
205, 244
circular dragons. see ouroboros (circular serpent)
circular rainbows (glories)
186–187
Cleary, Val
18, 31, 46, 67, 73, 74, 107, 116
clothing, rainbows as
145–146
Coatlan Mixe
157, 161
cold-blooded and warm-blooded animals. see chimerical bodies
Colombia
Cuaiquer
206, 218, 225
Guahibo
157, 161
Guambiano
206, 225
Inga
143, 151, 160, 179, 202, 216, 217, 229, 231, 250
Muinane
156, 161, 203, 206, 229
Paez
206
Piapoco
168
Tucuna/Tukuna/Ticuna
172, 187
colors of dragons
black
85, 105, 127
blue
105, 155
gold
105
green
91, 127
multi/rainbow-colored
26–27t, 27, 105, 153, 155, 172, 173, 176, 183, 184, 269–270
red
26–27t, 27, 91, 104, 110, 122, 127, 150, 155, 184, 269–270
white
86, 105, 127
yellow
105, 127, 154
colors of rainbows
blue
182
double rainbows
172, 223
multi/rainbow-colored
182–184, 269–270
red
182–184, 269–270. see also blood
white
172, 182, 222–223
contact, cultural. see diffusion of the dragon idea
convergence. see origins of the dragon idea
Converse, Harriet Maxwell
56
Conzemius, E.
70
Cook Islands
146
Cotterell, Arthur
75
Coudreau, Henri
59
Cree
68
Creek/Muskogee
horned water serpents
19, 98, 108
rainbows as gigantic snakes
168, 206
sint-holo (‘sacred snake’)
69, 83, 84–85, 93
‘snake-man’ or ‘tie-snake’
105, 123, 154
‘water panther’ or ‘water tiger’
110–111
crocodiles being mistaken for dragons
31, 32, 34–35, 266
cryptozoology
31, 35
Cuaiquer
206, 218, 225
culture universals
1, 6, 37, 162, 248
Cuna
179
Cushing, F.H.
100
cutting rainbows
231–232
Cuvier, Georges
34
Czech
139, 160, 249
Dahomey
189, 199–200
Dakota/Lakota
168
Damballah (serpent of Saut d’Eau waterfall)
58, 171, 179, 200
dancing dragons
48–49
Danelaw
49
danger. see sickness or death
Danish
138, 142, 160
Darwin, Charles
39, 283
Dattner, B.
219
death. see also sickness or death
rainbows as signs of
156, 182, 207, 220–221, 223, 224, 229
sunshowers as signs of
243, 244
Dedua
243, 244
Deg
157, 161
De Gubernatis, Angelo
219
De Heusch, Luc
80, 176–177, 211, 234, 236, 269
Dehu
201, 212, 253
deities, dragons as
17, 61, 83, 86, 96, 105
De la Vega, Garcilaso
215–216
Democratic Republic of Congo
189, 198, 199, 234
Dempwolff, Otto
284
Denmark
249
dens. see homes of dragons
De Visser, Marinus Willem
23, 74, 102, 104–105, 112, 122
Dida
148, 160, 227
Dieri
194
diffusion
of the belief that rainbows cause tooth decay
216
of feathers trait
100
of sunshowers as animals getting married/giving birth
247
of terms for rainbows and sunshowers
245
diffusion of the dragon idea
from China
23
from Egypt
18, 24, 43, 44–46, 47, 280–281
evidence against
60, 84, 165
radical diffusionism
24, 43–44, 46, 237–238, 279, 280–281
dinosaurs
35, 36, 37, 41, 42, 96
double-gendered. see androgyny
double-headed dragons
46
double-headed rainbows
212–213, 239
double rainbows
associated with serpents
154, 172
colors of
172, 223
as male and female
135–136, 178–179, 180, 181, 209, 269, 273
as a sign of childbirth
159, 182
Douglas, Norman
88
dracontias (gem on dragon’s forehead)
107, 184
dracs (French dragons/water horses)
99
dragon blood
74, 82
dragon bones
36–37, 93
dragon eggs
118
dragons. see also chimerical bodies; Chinese dragons; European dragons; Greek dragons; guardians, dragons as; horned water serpents; nāgas; Near Eastern dragons; origins of the dragon idea; plumed serpents; Rainbow Serpents; sightings of dragons
as beneficent creatures
34, 41, 45, 124, 126, 263, 266
dancing
48–49
as deities
17, 61, 83, 86, 96, 105
double-headed
46
encircling the world
26–27t, 108–109, 117, 265t, 274
fire-breathing
21, 23, 26–27t, 50, 114, 116, 197, 271–272
have fetid/toxic breath
26–27t, 50, 68, 88, 114–116, 272, 273
meat-eating
22, 33, 109, 115, 189
as monsters
14, 34, 41, 85, 266
traits, summary of
26–27t, 264, 265t, 280
dragons of Eden
40, 42, 271
The dragons of Eden: Speculations on the evolution of human intelligence
40
Dreams (film by Akira Kurosawa, 1990)
245
Driver, Harold E.
80
droughts
14, 83, 85–86, 95, 118, 177. see also rain, givers/withholders of
Dumont, Jean-Paul
179–180
Duo
169
Dutch
142
dwellings. see homes of dragons
earthquakes
26–27t, 84, 116–117, 199–200, 272
East Asia
171, 247, 263. see also individual countries
eating. see meat-eating dragons; meat-eating rainbows
Ebony Diviners (shamans)
217
Ecuador
143, 151, 156, 175, 188, 191
Eddas
72, 108, 115, 259
Eddystone/Mandegusu
224
Egypt
dragons
34, 282
origins of the dragon idea
18, 24, 43, 44–46, 47, 280–281
Sito (divine serpent)
109, 259, 274
Elbert, Samuel H.
64
Elkin, A.P.
216
encircling the world, dragons
26–27t, 108–109, 117, 265t, 274. see also circular rainbows (glories); ouroboros (circular serpent)
end of the rainbow
184–186, 225–228, 270
Enfield, N.J.
255
Enggano
243
England. see British Isles
English (language)
138, 160, 247
Estonian
141, 160
Ethiopia
247
(unspecified ethnic groups)
34, 115
Amharic
247
Galla or Oromo
146, 167
Tigrinya
247
Uduk
183, 196, 198, 217
Wolamo
145
ethnicity, transformed by rainbows
214
ethnology, definition and history of
77–79
etymologies of ‘rainbow’
Ahtna
167
Arabic
139, 140
Austronesian
107, 135, 141, 152, 208
Bantu
140
Birhor
150
Finnic
138, 139, 141, 195
Gur
158
Indo-European
138–140, 142, 195, 244
Japonic
150, 182
Khamti
152
Korean
158
Mongolian
139
Nivkh/Gilyak
158
Ojibwe
168
Sentani
204
Siouan
140, 168
Toba Batak
152
Yeniseian
158
Yukaghir
158
Eurasia
20, 45
European dragons. see also alchemy
as androgynous
101–102, 269
breathe fire
114, 197, 271
can fly
94, 267
cause earthquakes
272
cause floods
118–119
cause whirlwinds
272
comparison with Chinese
128
draconic traits, summary of
22–23, 26–27t, 27, 265t
as guardians of treasure or gold
270
as guardians of water sources
174, 266
have jewels on their foreheads (“dracontias”)
107, 270
have toxic breath
272
live in caves
92–93
as monsters
38, 190
opposition with eagles
74
opposition with thunder/lightning
70–73
origins of the dragon idea
34, 150, 275, 277, 280, 282
ouroboros
108–109, 259, 274
personification of
274
physical descriptions
13–14, 14, 97, 99, 104, 269–270
prey on young women
22, 38, 65, 101–102, 109, 190, 263, 270
separation of dragon and rainbow
161, 162, 174, 263, 264
sightings of
31
as signs of war
273
European rainbows
as bisexual
178
cause sickness or death
147, 206, 273
and with hoofed mammals
271
point to treasure
184, 270
‘Rainbow Taboo’ (RT)
248, 254
traits, summary of
265t
European sunshowers
244–245, 246
Evans, Ivor H.N.
143, 244–245
Evans, Jonathan D.
37
evil. see signs, rainbows as
evil spirits
rainbows as
135, 147–148, 160, 179, 235, 240
in sunshowers
242, 243, 244, 246
traveling via rainbows
145
The evolution of the dragon
43
evolution of the human brain
40–41, 43, 161–162, 275–276
Ewe
65, 156, 161, 185
excrement
218–219
explorers/travellers
32, 34
Fafner (German dragon)
72, 124
Fafnir (Norse dragon)
23, 72, 124
Fairclough, T. Lindsay
64
Farabee, William Curtis
91, 216
fear of rainbows. see ‘Rainbow Taboo’ (RT); sickness or death; signs, rainbows as
feathers. see also plumed serpents
geographical distribution of
26–27t, 27, 99–100
horned water serpents
100, 123
nāgas
16
as part of chimerical body
101, 176, 268
feces
218–219
Feilberg, H.F.
248
Fennig, Charles D.
xix
Feranmin
153, 173, 192, 199, 202, 210, 218
fertility, agricultural
14, 85, 96, 119, 263
fetid breath. see breath, fetid/toxic
fiery breath. see breath, fiery
Fijian
253
Finnish
138, 246, 247
fire and water
21, 176, 181, 197, 268, 271. see also chimerical bodies
fire-breathing dragons. see breath, fiery
fires, rainbows can start
197–198, 271
flags, rainbows as
146
floods
ancient Near East
119
Australia
173, 202
China
14, 74, 119, 127
Europe
88, 94, 118–119
geographical distribution of draconic traits
26–27t, 27, 273
Japan
86
Malaysia
202
Mexico
120
New Guinea
202
North America
119
South America
172, 192, 202
Flores
Lio
214, 222
Manggarai
227, 251
Maumere
153, 161, 183, 184, 215, 222
Nage
160, 169, 224
Ngadha
146, 158, 160, 161, 188, 196, 204
other Austronesian-speaking groups
146
Florida Island
183
fly, ability to
of dragons
13, 19, 20, 22, 25, 94–97, 126, 267
of dragons/rainbows, geographical distribution
26–27t, 265t
of rainbows
176, 267
Fon
189, 199
Fontenrose, Joseph
87, 88
foot of the rainbow
184–186, 225–228, 270
Foster, George M.
191
‘fox’s wedding’ (sunshowers)
244–245, 246, 247
Frafra
140
Frazer, James George
65, 173, 193
French
48, 93, 99, 107, 109, 115, 138, 160
French Guiana
59, 60, 66
Freud, Sigmund
219
Fried, Jerome
46, 248
Gaagudju/Kakadu
154, 161, 169
Gabrielino
219
Gae Dewa (Indonesian god who rides a rainbow horse)
196
Galla or Oromo
146, 160, 167
Galton’s Problem
52, 81, 161
Gardner, Robert L.
39
Garuda (Hindu gigantic celestial bird)
74, 75
Gatschet, Albert S.
68, 90, 98
gender. see androgyny; sex
Georgia
69, 83, 93, 110, 168, 206
German
138, 142, 160, 161, 215, 249
Germanic
106, 142, 274
gestures. see pointing taboo; ‘Rainbow Taboo’ (RT)
Ghana
140, 154, 157, 170, 185, 234, 246, 254
Gilbertese/I-Kiribati
244, 253
Gilyak/Nivkh
158
girdles. see belts, rainbows as
glories (circular rainbows)
257–260, 274
God (Christian)
139. see also Christianity
Goddard, Ives
xix
gold. see end of the rainbow; guardians, dragons as
good omens. see signs, rainbows as
Gould, Charles
32–34, 35, 281, 286
Gould, Stephen Jay
13n1
Gran Chaco. see Paraguay
Great Andaman Island. see Andamanese
Great Basin
100, 159, 225
Great Britain. see British Isles
Great Lakes region
90, 119
Greek dragons
causing whirlwinds
117
folk beliefs
50, 70–71, 282
guarding springs
87–88
guarding treasure
105
with human traits
121–122
personification of
124, 274
Python (mythological dragon)
72, 124
as a sign of war
120
slaying of
37
Typhon (mythological dragon)
72, 117, 122, 124
Greek rainbows
as bows
139, 160
as bridges/paths
160
causing sex change
214
Iris (rainbow/messenger of the gods)
142, 143, 220
as a sign of war
202
Greenberg, Joseph H.
28, 283
Grieder, Terence
46
Griffiths, Jeanne
Chac (Mayan elephant-headed rain god)
86
Chinese dragons
75, 95
enemies of dragons
71–72, 74
European dragons
259
nāgas
17, 74, 88, 106
origins of the dragon idea
30, 41–42, 53
plumed serpents
100–101
Grimm, Jakob
149–150, 166, 224
Grinnell, George Bird
89
Gros Ventre/Atsina
89, 119
Grubb, William Barbrooke
203, 214
Guahibo
157, 161
Guambiano
206, 225
Guarani
61
guardians, dragons as
of mines and gems
23, 106
of treasure
23, 26–27t, 27, 50, 95, 105–106, 127, 270
of water sources
19, 21, 25, 26–27t, 86–92, 162, 266, 270
guardians, rainbows as
of treasure
184, 270
of water sources
162, 172–175, 266
Guatemala
96, 98, 151, 184, 250, 274
Guianas, the
58–59, 60, 66, 147, 182, 216
Gunwinggu/Kunwinjku
193
Guyana
91
hair
beards on dragons
99, 173, 174, 176, 183
Chinese dragons
99, 113
on dragons, geographical distribution of
26–27t
European dragons
99
horned water serpents
89, 90, 99
human hair and rainbows
188, 214, 215, 227
human hair and sunshowers
243
manes on dragons
99, 102, 173, 176, 183
nāgas
16
Near Eastern dragons
99
as part of chimerical body
176, 197, 268
Haiti
58, 171, 179, 200
half-human dragons. see human traits
Halmahera
252
Hambly, Wilfrid D.
194
Han River
105
Harris, Marvin
44
Hastings, James
135
Hausa
155, 161, 170, 181, 234
Hawaiian
63, 144, 160, 220
Haya
246
heaven. see bridges/paths, rainbows as
Henham, Flying Serpent of
31
Hentze, Carl
46, 47, 279
hermaphrodites. see androgyny
Hewer, Philip
246
Hindi. see India
Hinduism
74, 75, 138, 156
historical linguistics
XVI, 28, 283–284. see also etymologies of ‘rainbow’
History of the Sung Dynasty
115
Hittite
71, 93, 122
Hogarth, Peter J.
18, 31, 46, 67, 73, 74, 107, 116
Hole, Christina
248
homes of dragons. see also waterfalls; waterfalls with dragons
caves
25, 26–27t, 84, 87, 92–94, 267
clouds
84, 87, 89
palaces
17, 88, 94, 118, 122, 267
varying residence at different times of the year
84, 87, 89
water sources (pools, wells, springs, rivers, lakes)
17–18, 75, 84, 89, 112, 119, 120, 162
homes of rainbows
caves
136, 175, 267, 271
waterfalls
58–59, 61, 63–65, 94, 136, 186, 266–267
water sources
162, 175
Honduras
103
hóng ‘rainbow’ (Chinese ideograph 虹)
XIII, 212, 239
hoofed mammals connected with dragons/rainbows
26–27t, 112–113, 195–197, 265t, 271. see also horses
Hooykaas, J.
148
Hopi
241, 249–250
Hopkins, L.C.
179, 239
Hornblower, George Davis
47
horned water serpents
ability to fly
268
cause sickness or death
209
colors of
105
as givers/withholders of rain
69, 83
as guardians of water sources
89–90, 239
have feathers
100, 123
have fetid/toxic breath
50, 114, 272
have hair
99
have horns
97, 184
impregnating women
110
jewel/other valuable on its head
107, 184, 270
and Loch Ness
35
and menstruation
111–112, 191, 194, 271
and the Ogopogo
36
mihn (Cheyenne underwater monster)
89, 97
opposition with thunder/lightning
70, 236
personification of
274
physical descriptions of
18–20, 19
prey on young women
270
slaying of
67, 74, 191, 194
as survivals
35
and Thunderbirds
68–70, 71, 74, 75, 177, 236, 269
in waterfalls
55, 58, 266, 267. see also waterfalls with dragons
horns
Chinese dragons
15, 97, 102, 126, 127
European dragons
14, 97
geographical distribution of
26–27t, 27
horned water serpents
19, 19, 97–98
multi-colored
105
nāgas
16, 95, 98, 107
Near Eastern dragons
16, 16, 97, 104
as part of chimerical body
176, 268
plumed serpents
20, 98
valuable
106, 107, 184
horses
dracs (French dragons/water horses)
99
dragon-horse of China/Japan
21, 112–113
horse-dragon of India
106
linked with dragons
195, 271
nixies ‘water horses/kelpies’
21, 29, 35, 99, 112
rainbow-horses
195, 196
serpents transforming into
240
hot and cold. see chimerical bodies; fire and water
Howitt, A.W.
232
human traits. see also transformations
of Chicchan (Mayan snake deity)
96, 98
of dragons
102, 121–124, 126, 273–274
of dragons (geographical distribution)
26–27t, 27, 265t
of nāgas
16, 95
of rainbows
209–210, 265t, 273–274
of ‘snake-man’/‘tie-snake’
105, 123
of Typhon (dragon in Greek mythology)
117
of vouivre (wyvern)
107
hunter-gatherers. see preliterate humans
Hurā (Malaysian rainbow snake)
242
Huracán (Caribbean dragon)
117
hurricanes. see whirlwinds/storms and waterspouts
Huxley, Francis
18, 21, 99, 103, 106, 116, 195
Iatmul
169, 227
Iban
62, 183
Icelandic
72, 142, 160, 259. see also Norse mythology; Völsunga saga (Icelandic)
Iguazu Falls
60–62, 65
Ijo
170, 246
Ijok Negritos
134
I-Kiribati/Gilbertese
244, 253
Ikwerre
156, 161, 170, 221
Ila
140, 160, 171, 196, 198, 228
Illuyankas (Hittite dragon)
71
Ilokano/Ilocano
251
Imbonggu
220, 228, 252
Inca
203, 207, 215–216
independent invention of the dragon idea. see origins of the dragon idea: convergence
India. see also Assam; Bhumtaras (Indian great rainbow snake); Garuda (Hindu gigantic celestial bird); nāgas; individual ethnolinguistic groups
dragons and Buddhism
128
dragons in opposition with thunder/lightning
73–74
dragons/rainbows as givers/withholders of rain
171, 264
origins of the dragon idea
34, 275, 282
pythons
237
rainbows
138, 212, 271
separation of dragon and rainbow
161, 174
sunshowers as ‘the jackal’s wedding’
245, 246
Indo-European languages
138–139, 161, 166, 240, 283. see also individual languages
Indonesia. see also individual islands/regions
Indian influence on the dragon idea
107
Rainbow Serpents
282
rainbows start fires
198, 271
‘Rainbow Taboo’ (RT)
XVII, 247
Indra (god)
71, 73, 74, 138
inductivism, radical
281, 283, 284
Inga
cutting rainbows
231
double rainbows
179
rainbows and floods
202
rainbows and urine
217
rainbows as bridges/paths
143
rainbows as giant snakes
151, 160, 216
rainbows as weather signs
229
‘Rainbow Taboo’ (RT)
250
Ingersoll, Ernest
18, 23, 273
inheritance of the dragon idea
39–43, 165
insanity, caused by rainbows
214, 227
Insular Southeast Asia
171, 244, 264, 265t, 270, 272, 273. see also individual islands
Iranian
120, 139, 214, 273
Ireland
184
Iris (rainbow/messenger of the gods in Greek mythology)
142, 143, 220
Irish
139, 160, 166
Iroquois. see Cherokee; Mohawk; Seneca (ethnic group)
Ishtar Gate of Babylon
15, 97, 99
Islam
15, 92, 254
Island Carib
207, 220. see also Carib
Isneg
135, 136, 207, 218, 221
Italian
139, 145, 160
Itzam Na (Celestial Iguana of the Maya)
103
Ivanov, Vyacheslav
240
Ivens, W.G.
148, 208
Ivory Coast
Anyi Sanvi
185, 222, 234
Baoule
220
Dida
148, 160, 227
Nyabwa
167, 185, 196
Wobe
157, 161
Izon
170
‘jackal’s wedding’ (sunshowers)
245, 246
James, Wendy
136, 175, 176, 198, 217
Japanese
cutting rainbows
231
dragon-horses
21, 112–113
dragons as givers/withholders of rain
83, 84
dragons can fly
267–268
dragons cause floods
85, 86
dragons cause whirlwinds/storms or waterspouts
118, 272
etymologies of ‘rainbow’
182
‘Rainbow Taboo’ (RT)
249
Shintō
83, 86, 89, 118, 137
sunshowers as kitsuno no yomeiri, ‘the fox’s wedding’
245, 247
white rainbows
223
Java
Javanese
98, 152–153, 160, 176, 196, 213, 220, 251
Sundanese
246, 251
Jehai Negritos
242
jewel/other valuable on a dragon’s head
26–27t, 106–108, 270
Jones, David E.
36, 37, 42–43, 50–51
Jorgensen, Joseph G.
80
Jörmungandr (Norse Midgard Serpent)
72–73, 108, 115, 259
Judaism
92
Jung, Carl
38–39, 72, 102, 108, 219
Junod, Henri A.
200
Kabi
154, 161
Kabyle
246
Kaidipang
153, 161, 172
Kaiwá
147, 223, 230
Kakadu/Gaagudju
154, 161, 169
Kalabari
170
Kalam
252
Kankanaey
207
Karadjeri/Garadjari
285
Karen
180, 199, 221, 228, 230, 251
Karok
167
Karsten, Rafael
192
Kasena
140
Kato/Cahto
89, 100
Kayapó
203
Kédang
153, 161, 172, 184, 188, 214, 215, 252
Kekchi/Qʼeqchiʼ
103
kelpies. see nixies ‘water horses/kelpies’
Kendon, Adam
255
Kenya
65, 160, 196, 254
Ket
158
Ketane Falls
64–65
Kewabi
183
Keweng/Kewieng
219, 252
Keyeme (rainbow/water snake in the Guianas)
59–60
Khamti
152, 160
Khana
221
Khvarsh
244
K’iche’/Quiché
117
Kikuyu
65, 156, 161, 174, 186
killing dragons. see Garuda (Hindu gigantic celestial bird); Marduk (dragon slayer); Saint George (dragon slayer); Saint Michael (dragon slayer); Thor (Norse god of thunder); Thunderbirds; Thunderers
Kintak Bong
152, 160, 242
Kita, Sotaro
2, 255
Klamath
190–191
Knight, Chris
194
Koch-Grünberg, Theodor
59, 209
Kol
150
Kolig, Erich
201
Komodo dragons
42
Kongolo (African great red serpent)
234
Korean
23, 84, 106, 158, 245
Kovi
195
Krenak/Botocudo
84, 159, 218
Kroeber, Alfred L.
80, 90
Kruyt, Albert C.
218, 233
Kukulcan/Kukulkan (Mayan dragon)
100–101
Kulere
158, 161, 170
Kulturkreislehre
43–44
Kuna (Hawaiian monster of Rainbow Falls)
63–64
Kunmanggur (Australian Rainbow Serpent)
210
Kunwinjku/Gunwinggu people
181
Kur (Sumerian dragon-like monster)
119
Kurosawa, Akira
245
Kusaasi
140, 160, 170
Kuusi, Matti
246
Kwamera
167
KwaZulu-Natal
140
Labrador (Canada)
167
Lacandon
103
Ladinos
70
Ladon (dragon in classical Greek mythology)
72, 105
Lake Manitou
90
Lake Okanagan
36
Lakher
250
Lakota/Dakota
68, 90, 99, 168, 241
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste
39. see also neo-Lamarckian theories
Lambton Worm
31
Lamnso’/Nso’
155, 161
languages. see also etymologies of ‘rainbow’
historical linguistics
28, 283–284
transformed by rainbows
214
Lankford, George E.
68, 70
Lappish/Saami
139, 160
Latin
138, 139, 149–150, 160
Lau
208
Lawson, John Cuthbert
85, 121
Leach, Edmund R.
79
Leach, Maria
46, 248
League of the Ho-deʹ -no-sau-nee, or Iroquois
55
Lebanon
246
Lehmann-Nitsche, Robert
104
Lela
199, 234
Lembata
153, 172, 184, 188, 214, 215, 252
Lengua
151–152, 160, 172, 192, 202, 203, 214, 230, 250
Lesser Antilles islands
220
Levinson, S.C.
255
Lévi-Strauss, Claude
2, 159, 180, 181, 240
Leza (deity)
140, 171
Li, Shi-chen
93
Libya
116
Life in the forests of the Far East
62
Likum
227
Lindholm, Dan
71
linguistics
XVI, see also historical linguistics
Linton Worm (English dragon)
31
Lio
214, 222
Lithuanian
139, 145, 160, 240
lizards
64, 66, 91, 154, 157, 173
Loathly Worm of Northumbria
31, 92, 115
Loch Ness monster
35–36
Loewen, Jacob Abram
151
Loewenstein, Prince John
236–238, 281
loincloths, rainbows as
146, 160, 163
Lombok
146
lóng ‘dragon’
75, 97, 184. see also Chinese dragons
Loyalty Islands
201, 212, 253
Luang
146, 160, 169
Luba-Hemba
234, 235
Lumholtz, Carl
91
Luo
148, 160, 254
Luyi/Luyia
197
Luzon
135, 144, 146, 207, 221, 226, 251
Lybia
116
Maasai, Mount Elgon/Sabaot
174, 196
Macedonia
85, 87, 213, 239
Madagascar
141
Maddock, Kenneth
5, 284, 285
Madngala
193
Magalim (Rainbow Serpent)
153–154, 189, 192, 199, 202, 210, 218
Mainland Southeast Asia
264, 265t, 272, 273. see also individual countries
Makasarese
144, 160
Malaeng
154, 161
Malagasy (ethnic group)
141, 160
Malaita
208
Malawi
177
Malay
107, 152, 184, 220, 223, 226, 242, 244, 251
Malay (Selangor)
152, 153, 160
Malay peninsula
134, 152, 156, 202, 216, 236, 237, 242
Malaysia. see Borneo (Malaysian); Malay peninsula; Pahang; Perak; Selangor
Maletsunyane Falls
64
Mali
141, 170
Malinowski, Bronislaw
78
Maltese
139, 160
Mam
151, 160, 184, 250
Mamanwa Negritos
117, 182
mammalian features. see chimerical bodies; hair; horns
Mandan
147, 160
Mandari
227
Mandegusu/Eddystone
224
Mandinka
234
manes on dragons
99, 102, 173, 176, 183
Mangaian
146, 160
Mang’anja
177
Manggarai
227, 251
Manobo
183, 204, 243, 251
Manus Island
227
Maori
181, 202, 205, 211, 215, 224, 273
Maratji (Australian Rainbow Serpents)
154, 173, 181, 201
Marduk (dragon slayer)
16, 67, 71, 94, 97
Maricopa
167
marsalais (‘bush spirits’)
153, 157, 186, 192, 208, 209
Marshallese
253
Martin, Samuel E.
182
Massey, William C.
80
Mataco
172, 192, 202, 214
Matthews, Washington
222
Maui (Polynesian culture hero)
63–64
Maumere
153, 161, 183, 184, 215, 222
Mawu (African culture hero)
199
Max Müller, Friedrich
51, 178, 235, 280
Maya
chacs (rain gods/plumed serpents)
84, 86, 91, 93, 98, 103, 116–117, 123–124
Chicchan (snake deity)
96, 98, 124, 151
Itzam Na (Celestial Iguana)
103
Kukulcan/Kukulkan (dragon)
100–101
rainbows as “flatulence of demons”
134
Mayombe
211
mazacuate (horned serpent)
70, 151
M’Boi (Serpent God)
61
Mbona (African water serpent)
177
McClintock, Walter
68, 69
Mead, Margaret
5, 153, 186, 192, 209
meat-eating dragons
22, 33, 109, 115, 189
meat-eating rainbows
cattle
174, 196, 217
humans
158, 174, 217
meat
136, 137, 175, 271
Melanesia
149, 212, 282
Mellars, Paul
275
mélusines (French dragons)
93
Melville Island (Australia)
154, 173, 181, 193, 201, 202
Menik Kaien
152, 242
menstruation
dragons offended by
26–27t, 27, 111–112, 172, 191, 192–193, 194, 263, 265t, 271
rainbows as signs of
191
rainbows offended by
190–195, 240, 263, 265t, 271
Mesoamerica. see plumed serpents
Mesopotamia
21, 47, 50, 67, 280–281
Metamorphoses
87
Métraux, Alfred
84, 137, 192
Mexico, ethnic groups
Amuzgo
151, 160
Chontal
91, 179, 197, 209
Coatlan Mixe
157, 161
Otomí
233, 250
Sierra Popoluca
157, 161, 166, 231
Tarahumara
91, 135, 137, 179, 198, 217, 231
Toltec
123
Totonac
151, 160, 172, 179, 223
Tzotzil
168
Western Mixe
91
Yaqui
90, 105
Mexico, general. see also plumed serpents
draconic traits, summary of
26–27t, 265t
dragons as givers/withholders of rain
171
rainbows can start fires
271
Rainbow Serpents
46, 269
rainbows have fetid/toxic breath
199, 272
rainbows have human traits
274
‘Rainbow Taboo’ (RT)
250
rainbow traits, summary of
265t
Micronesia
181, 205, 220, 229, 244, 253
Middle East
15, 71, 246, 266. see also Near East
Midgard Serpent (Norse mythology)
72–73, 108, 115, 259
Mikasuki
206. see also Creek/Muskogee
Mills, J.P.
159
Milne, Leslie
207
Milne Bay province (New Guinea)
182, 230, 243, 252
Minangkabau
152, 160
Mindanao
117, 182–183, 204, 208, 243, 251
mihn (Cheyenne underwater monster)
89, 97
Minnesota
168
Minyanka
141, 160, 170
Mississippi
140
Mixe
91, 157, 161
Modoc
190–191, 216, 240
Mofu-Gudur/Southern Mofu
170, 234
Mohawk
68, 209
Mongolian
139, 160
Mooney, James
248
Mordiford Dragon (English)
31
Morgan, Lewis Henry xix,
55, 57, 67
Morse, Michael A.
276
Mortlockese
181
Moru
155, 161, 227, 254, 255
Mota
232
Mountain Arapesh
157, 161, 192, 208
Mountford, Charles P.
183
Mucilinda (seven-headed nāga)
114
Muinane
156, 161, 203, 206, 229
Mundani
221, 224, 230
Mündü
170, 254
Murdock, George Peter
80
Muria
167, 233
Murle
175, 185, 267
Murrinh-Patha
181, 210
mushrooms
241
Muskogee/Creek
horned water serpents
19, 98, 108
rainbows as gigantic snakes
168, 206
sint-holo (‘sacred snake’)
69, 83, 84–85, 93
‘snake-man’ or ‘tie-snake’
105, 123, 154
‘water panther’ or ‘water tiger’
110–111
Musters, George Chaworth
206
Nadene
169
Naga (Angami, Ao, Rengma, Sema)
143, 157, 159, 160, 161, 203, 226
nāgas
are rainbows
152
breathe fire
114
can fly
94–95, 267
as givers/withholders of rain
82
as guardians of treasure
106, 107, 184, 270
as guardians of water sources
88
with human traits
122
live in caves
267
opposition with Garuda (Hindu gigantic celestial bird)
74
personification of
125, 274
physical descriptions
16–17, 17, 98
Nage
160, 169, 224
Nahuatl
123
naming dragons/rainbows
124–125, 177, 210–211, 274. see also personification
Nangiomeri
193
Naskapi
167
Native Americans. see individual ethnolinguistic groups
naturalistic theories
31–37
Navaho
143, 160, 178, 222, 250
Neanderthals
275, 276. see also preliterate humans
Near East. see also Egypt
rainbows
264, 265t, 273
sunshowers as ‘the fox’s wedding’
245, 247
Near Eastern dragons. see also Tiamat (Babylonian dragon)
ability to fly
267
as givers/withholders of rain
264
as guardians of water sources
91–92
Kur (Sumerian dragon-like monster)
119
New Testament
104
origins of the dragon idea
45, 275, 281
personification of
274
physical descriptions of 16, 20–21, 97
99, 269
Rainbow Serpents
161, 162
as signs of war
273
traits, summary of
26–27t, 265t
Typhon (dragon in Hittite mythology)
93, 122
necklaces, rainbows as
146
Necklace School vs. Tapestry School
78–79
Negritos
144, 152, 216, 236, 237, 242, 244
neo-Lamarckian theories
39–41
Nepal
142, 160, 166, 226
‘Nessie.’ see Loch Ness monster
nets, rainbows as
147, 160, 161, 163
New Britain (island)
146, 148
New Caledonia
149
New England tablelands (Australia)
186, 267
New Guinea, ethnolinguistic groups
Biak
252
Bukaua/Bukawa
183, 205, 227
Dedua
243, 244
Feranmin
153, 173, 189, 192, 199, 202, 210, 218
Iatmul
227
Imbonggu
220, 252
Kalam
252
Kewabi
183
Keweng
219
Mountain Arapesh
157, 186, 192
Mountain Ok
153, 173, 202
Papuan-speaking population
144
Sentani
204, 208
Sinasina
169
Suau
159, 182, 201, 227, 230, 243, 252, 273
Tambul-Korika
154, 161, 243, 244, 252
Tawala
144, 160, 224, 243
Tehit
220
New Guinea, general. see also marsalais (‘bush spirits’); Papua New Guinea
dragons
171, 265t, 271, 273
pythons
237
rainbows
265t, 273
Rainbow Serpent complex
5–6, 153, 209, 264
sunshowers
247
Newman, Paul
31, 49
New Mexico
Warm Springs Apache
97, 100, 113, 195
Zuni
20, 89, 100, 110, 116, 119, 123
New Testament
104. see also Christianity
New York
55, 68, 116, 121
New Zealand
18, 181, 202, 205, 211, 215, 224, 273, 282
Ngadha
146, 158, 160, 161, 188, 196, 204
Ngaju Dayak
246
Ngambue (big African snake)
174
Nggela
183
Ngulugwongga
193
Niagara Falls
55–58, 65, 74, 93, 209, 266, 267, 274
Nias
147, 160
Nibelungenlied
23, 50, 72, 73, 106, 124
Nicaragua
70
Nigeria
Andoni or Obolo
155
Barotse
170
Hausa
155, 161, 170, 181, 234
Ijo
170, 246
Ikwerre
156, 161, 170, 221
Izon
170
Kalabari
170
Khana
221
Kulere
158, 161, 170
Mofu-Gudur/Southern Mofu
170, 234
Yoruba
155, 161, 170, 225
Nihongi (classic Japanese text)
118
Nimuendajú, Curt
152
Nisenan
191, 240
Nivaklé
233
Nivkh/Gilyak
158
nixies ‘water horses/kelpies’
21, 29, 35, 99, 112
Nkongolo (African rainbow serpent)
211, 234–235
Norse, Old
139
Norse mythology
Bifröst (rainbow bridge)
142
Fafnir (dragon)
23, 72, 124
homes of dragons
87
Midgard Serpent
72–73, 108, 115, 259, 274
Thor (god of thunder)
72, 73, 115
North America. see Canada; Mexico, ethnic groups; Mexico, general; United States; individual ethnolinguistic groups
North America, northern plains
90, 99, 119, 241, 249
North American dragons. see also horned water serpents
cause earthquakes
272
cause whirlwinds/storms or waterspouts
272
draconic traits, summary of
26–27t, 27, 265t
as givers of rain
171
as guardians of water sources
174, 266
and menstruation
271
Rainbow Serpents
162, 264, 265, 269–270
reports/sightings
36
in waterfalls
266. see also waterfalls with dragons
North American rainbows
cause sickness or death
273
cause whirlwinds/storms or waterspouts
272
and menstruation
271
not associated with war
273
‘Rainbow Taboo’ (RT)
248
traits, summary of
265t
as withholders of rain
171
North Carolina
107, 248
North Dakota
147
Northern Territory (Australia)
181, 210
Norwegian
71, 128, 138, 142, 160
Nso’/Lamnso’
155, 161
nudity protects from rainbows
215
Nuer
146, 160
Nyabwa
167, 185, 196
Nyakyusa
155, 161
Nyandziyo (man who made the rainbow)
140
Obolo/Andoni
155, 161
Odawa/Ottawa
68
Ofo
140, 160
Ogopogo of Lake Okanagan (monster)
36
Ohio
100, 111
Ojibway/Ojibwe/Chippewa
68, 168
Ok, Mountain (ethnic group)
153, 173, 202
Okinawan
150, 160, 167, 171, 249
Oklahoma
69
Onyare (lake serpent)
68, 209
Oregon
113, 118, 158–159, 182, 195, 212, 240, 249
The Origin of Species
39
origins of the dragon idea. see also diffusion of the dragon idea
convergence
21, 24, 47, 51, 165, 248, 254, 255
dragons as extinct animals
33–34
evolution of the dragon idea
285–286
inheritance
39–43, 165
naturalistic theories
31–37
neo-Lamarckian theories
39–41
Rainbow Serpents
264, 274–278, 279, 280
‘Stripping Procedure’
50
symbolic theories
37–39, 48
Otomí
233, 250
Ottawa/Odawa. see Ojibway/Ojibwe/Chippewa
ouroboros (circular serpent)
108, 109, 187, 259–260, 274
Ovid
87, 92
Oyampi/Wayampi
59, 60
Pacific islands. see also individual islands/regions
Rainbow Serpents
162, 237, 264, 265t, 273
sunshowers
244
Paez
206
paganism (European)
38, 70, 71–72, 108, 128, 151
Pahang
223, 251
Pakistan
213
Palauan
220, 229
Palaung
147, 152, 160, 207
Paleolithic period. see preliterate humans
Panama
179
Panare
157, 161, 166, 179–180
Pandara (nāga king)
125
Papagianni, Dimitra
276
Papua New Guinea
154, 169, 227, 228, 230, 252
Papuan-speaking populations
144, 244. see also individual ethnolinguistic groups
Paraguay
Kaiwá
147, 223, 230
Lengua
151–152, 160, 172, 192, 202, 203, 214, 230, 250
Mataco
172, 192, 202, 214
Nivaklé/Ashluslay/Chulupí
233
Toba
121, 172, 191, 202, 218, 250
parallel development of the dragon idea. see origins of the dragon idea: convergence
Parker, Arthur C.
56, 57, 67
Parthians
120, 273
Pashtun/Pathān
213
pearls carried by dragons in their mouths
22, 23, 106, 270
Pemon/Arecuna/Taulipang
59, 60, 182, 209
penis, rainbows as a
148–149, 180, 196, 200, 272
Perak
184, 220, 226
Perry, W.J.
44
Persian
120, 139, 214, 273
personification. see also naming dragons/rainbows
of dragons
26–27t, 27, 45, 124–125, 274
of rainbows
142, 205, 210–211, 274
Peru
46, 145, 151, 172, 187, 207, 215, 225
Philippines. see Luzon; Mindanao
Physical Religion
178, 235
Piapoco
168
Piddington, Arthur
285
Pliny the Elder
202
plumed serpents
ability to fly
95–96, 267
as androgynous
103, 269
cause earthquakes
116, 272
chacs (Mayan rain gods)
84, 86, 91, 93, 98, 103, 123–124
Chicchan (Mayan snake deity)
96, 98, 124, 151
as givers/withholders of rain
84
as guardians of water sources
86–87
have feathers
100–101
have human traits
123–124
physical descriptions of
20, 20
and Quetzalcoatl
123
typical of Mesoamerica
18, 27, 99–100
Pohnpeian
253
pointing taboo
248, 249, 253, 255–256. see also ‘Rainbow Taboo’ (RT)
Polish
215
Pollard Worm
31
Polo, Marco
31
Polynesians (undefined groups)
47, 146, 254
Pomo, Southwestern
187
Popoluca, Sierra
157, 161, 166, 231
Popol Vuh (Mayan text)
134
Portuguese
214, 244, 247
Potawatomi
90, 159
pregnancy
endangerment during
104, 173, 187, 189, 192, 193, 242, 244
impregnation by dragons
20, 26–27t, 57, 109–111, 121, 187–190, 191–192, 270, 273
preliterate humans
and animism
7, 137, 175
and bows (weapons)
140–141
and bridge technology
145
and circular rainbows (glories)
258, 259
cognitive capacity of
7, 161, 176, 241, 275–277
and gold
185–186
and rainbows
7, 133–134, 162–163, 236, 277, 281
and Rainbow Serpents
238–239, 266, 267, 269, 275
and the ‘Rainbow Taboo’ (RT)
248
and sunshowers as animal weddings
247
psychological forces, dragons symbolizing
38–39
Pukui, Mary Kawena
64
Puyallup
248
Pygmy peoples
189
Python (Greek dragon)
72, 124
pythons
42, 194, 237, 239. see also rainbows: as gigantic snakes/dragons
Quebec (Canada)
167
Queensland, North
170
Quetzalcoatl (dragon/culture hero of Mexico)
100–101, 123
Quiché/K’iche’
117
Radcliffe-Brown, A.R.
5, 78, 153, 154, 186, 216, 267, 282, 284
radical diffusionism
24, 43–44, 46, 237–238, 279, 280
radical inductivism
281, 283, 284
Ragay Negritos
160
rain, givers/withholders of. see also chacs (Mayan rain gods/plumed serpents)
Chinese dragons
67, 75, 82, 85–86, 109–110, 127
dragon/rainbow traits, summary of
26–27t, 264–265, 265t
European dragons
85
horned water serpents
69, 83, 85
Indian dragons
73
Japanese dragons
83, 113, 118
nāgas
82, 84
Near Eastern dragons
67, 85, 119
plumed serpents
84, 86, 116
rainbows
166–172, 231–232, 234, 235, 265–266, 271
Rainbow Serpents
154, 155, 162, 235, 280–281
rainbows. see also colors of rainbows; double rainbows; guardians, rainbows as; homes of rainbows; meat-eating rainbows
and anthills/termite mounds
233–235
as belts/scarves/loincloths
145–146, 160, 163
as bows (archer’s weapons)
138–141, 160, 161, 163
as breath of a spirit or giant snake
156–158, 166, 234, 235
as bridges/paths
142–145, 160, 161, 163, 175, 224
broken
223–224
circular (glories)
186–187, 257–260, 274
in the east/west/north/south
228, 229–231
eaten by humans
214
end/foot of
184–186, 225–228, 270
as evil
135, 179, 235, 240
and feces
218–219
as gigantic snakes/dragons
149–156, 160–161, 263–265
in the morning/afternoon
228–229
as nets
147, 160, 161, 163
other depictions of
134, 158–160
as the penis of a deity
148–149, 180, 196, 200, 272
as scythes/swords
141, 160, 163
as the shadow or reflection of a giant snake
65, 156
as signs. see signs, rainbows as
as snares
167–168
as spirits
135, 147, 160, 169, 234, 239
traits, summary of
264, 265t
and urine
217–218
and work
221–222
Rainbow Serpents
ancient belief complex
153, 198, 236–240, 278, 284–285
animistic origins
162–163, 175, 176, 259
myth of Australia
5–6, 275, 282
as origin of the dragon idea
150, 162, 187, 263, 264, 275, 278–286
rainbows as gigantic snakes/dragons
149–156, 160–161, 263–265
separation of dragon and rainbow
8, 161, 162, 269, 274, 278, 279
as unique to Australia
5–6, 162, 194–195, 274, 278
‘Rainbow Taboo’ (RT)
XVII, 187, 247–256
Rank, Otto
219
reconstruction, linguistic
283. see also historical linguistics
Reik, T.
219
relics of belief systems. see survivals
religions. see Buddhism; Christianity; Hinduism; Islam; Judaism; paganism (European)
Rendille
160
Rengma Naga
157, 161
reports of dragons. see sightings of dragons
reptilian features. see chimerical bodies; scales
Rhaeto-Romansch
138, 160
Rif
246
Rivers, W.H.R.
44
Roheim, Geza
279
Romanian
213, 214
Romans
120, 149–150, 161, 166, 202, 224, 229, 273
Rossel Island
144, 169
Roth, Walter Edmund
182, 207
The Royal Commentaries of the Inca
215–216
Ruhlen, Merritt
28
Russian
122, 139, 158, 160, 166, 195, 214, 224
Saami/Lappish
139, 160
Sa’a/Ulawa
148, 160, 201, 208, 253
Sabaot/Mount Elgon Maasai
174, 196
Sacred Spring Park (Japan, home to a dragon)
83, 86
sacrificing women to dragons
61, 65, 189
Sagan, Carl
40–41, 42, 43
Saint George (dragon slayer)
14, 40, 48, 70, 102
Saint Michael (dragon slayer)
118
Saint Simeon Stylites
92
Sakai
156, 161, 245
Samoan
205
Samoyed
145, 160
San (Bushmen)
275, 282
San Carlos Apache
100
San Cristobal Island
144, 244
Sanskrit
138, 160, 203
Sapir, Edward
158
Sasak
146, 160
Sassen, Kenneth
258
Satan
97, 112
Saut d’Eau (waterfall)
58, 171, 179
Saxons
120
scales
Chinese dragons
96–97, 102, 113
geographical distribution of
26–27t, 27
Near Eastern dragons
16
as part of chimerical body
18, 176, 268
Scandinavia
71–73, 87, 108. see also Norse mythology
scarves, rainbows as
146, 160, 163
Schlegel, Gustave
179
Scotland. see British Isles
Scottish
21, 29, 35, 99, 112
scythes/swords, rainbows as
141, 160, 163
Scythians
120, 273
Sebuyau (Malaysia)
62–63
Sejourné
123
Selangor
152
Selk’nam
177, 230
Sema Naga
143, 160, 203
Semang
202
Seneca (ethnic group)
55–56, 57, 60, 74, 93, 209, 266
Seneca (Roman writer)
229
Senegal
234
Senoi. see Sakai
Sentani
204, 208
Seram
243
Serbia
213
Serbo-Croatian
139, 160
Sermata archipelago
146, 169
serpents. see anacondas; boa constrictors; dragons; horned water serpents; plumed serpents; pythons; rainbows: as gigantic snakes/dragons; Rainbow Serpents
sex
female dragons/Rainbow Serpents
96, 102, 181. see also Tiamat (Babylonian dragon)
female rainbows
168, 172, 209
male dragons
102
male/female. see androgyny
male rainbows
209
sex change caused by rainbows
213–214
shadows, rainbows as
65, 156
Shakespeare, William
221
shamans
216–217, 232
Shan hai king (classic Chinese text)
122
Shasta
216, 249
shawls, rainbows are
146
Shawnee
111, 191, 194
Sherzer, Joel
255
Shijing (classical Chinese ‘Book of Odes’)
229, 249
Shintō
83, 86, 118, 137
Shoshone
159, 225
Shuswap
114, 118
Siberia
145, 158
sickness or death
caused by dragons
26–27t, 121, 190, 201, 208, 242, 273. see also meat-eating dragons
caused by rainbows
135, 147, 151, 168, 174, 189, 193, 197, 199, 206–209, 220, 225–227, 228, 240, 273. see also meat-eating rainbows; ‘Rainbow Taboo’ (RT)
caused by sunshowers
242, 243–244
Sierra Popoluca
157, 161, 166, 231
sightings of dragons
31, 32, 36, 59, 87, 94, 116
signs, rainbows as
of (bad luck at) work
221–222
bad omens
146, 151, 155, 229–230, 240
of childbirth (double rainbows)
159, 182
of death
182, 224
of death of an important person
156, 207, 220–221, 223, 229
of famine
212, 229
good omens/positive
134–135, 159, 219–220, 235, 264
of memorials
61–62
of menstruation
191
of war
183, 202–206, 223, 228, 229, 273
of the weather
228–229, 230, 231, 240
signs, sunshowers as bad
243, 244
signs of war, dragons as
26–27t, 27, 87, 120, 273
Silesia
184, 215
Simalur
148, 160
Simeulue
148
Simons, Gary F.
xix
Sinasina
169
sint-holo (‘sacred snake’)
69, 83, 85, 93
Sirionó
168, 207
Sito (Egyptian divine serpent)
109, 259, 274
Slavic
139, 213
slaying dragons. see Garuda (Hindu gigantic celestial bird); Marduk (dragon slayer); Saint George (dragon slayer); Saint Michael (dragon slayer); Thor (Norse god of thunder); Thunderbirds; Thunderers
Slovenian
195
Smith, G. Elliot
18, 24, 43–46, 280
Smith, W. Robertson
91
snakes. see serpents
snares, rainbows as
167–168
Solomon Islands
Arosi
144, 160, 244
Babatana
253
dragon/rainbow traits, summary of
264, 265t
Eddystone/Mandegusu
224
Lau
208
Nggela
183
Sa’a/Ulawa
148, 160, 201, 208, 253
Telei
252
South Africa
140–141
South America. see individual countries and ethnolinguistic groups
South American animism
137
South American dragons. see also plumed serpents
cause floods
273
draconic traits, summary of
26–27t, 265t
as givers/withholders of rain
84, 86, 171
and menstruation
111, 271
Rainbow Serpents
236, 237–238, 264, 274
in waterfalls
60, 266. see also waterfalls with dragons
South American rainbows
111, 185, 240, 265t, 271, 273
South Asia
26–27t, 27, 142, 167, 264, 265tsee also individual countries
South Carolina
140, 143
Southeast Asia
237, 242, 247, 266. see also individual countries
Southern Mofu/Mofu-Gudur
170, 234
South Sudan
148, 155, 170, 227, 246, 254, 255
Spain
244
Spinden, Herbert
103
Spindleston Heugh (Britain, home to a dragon)
115
spirits
7–8, 137. see also animism; rainbows: as spirits
Stanner, W.E.H.
181
stars, shooting
224
St. John, Spencer
62–63
storms. see whirlwinds/storms and waterspouts
‘Stripping Procedure’ (origins of the dragon idea)
50
Suau
159, 182, 201, 227, 230, 243, 252, 273
Sudan. see Murle; Uduk
Sulawesi
Bare’e
166, 183, 224, 231
Buginese
144, 160
Kaidipang
153, 161, 172
Makasarese
144, 160
Toraja. see Toraja
Sumatra
152–153, 169, 197, 226, 243, 246, 251
Sumerian
119
Sumo/Sumu
70, 98
sun
opposition with dragons
26–27t, 75–76, 101, 265t, 268
opposition with rainbows
76, 176–177, 265t, 269
Sundanese
246, 251
sun dogs and halos
215, 223, 259
sunshowers
241–247
supernatural beings. see spirits
survivals
8–9, 35, 263, 280
Swahili
140, 160
Swanton, John R.
69, 203
swords/scythes, rainbows as
141, 160, 163
symbolic theories (origins of dragons)
37–39, 48
symbolism. see signs, rainbows as; signs of war, dragons as
symbolism of Chinese dragons
126–128
taboos. see also ‘Rainbow Taboo’ (RT)
and menstruation
190–195
pointing taboo
248, 249, 253, 255–256
and sunshowers
242–244
and work
221–222
Taçon, Paul S.C.
275
Tagalog
166, 251
Taiwan
143, 182
Tambul-Korika
154, 161, 243, 244, 252
Tanna Island
167
Tanzania
155, 232
Taoist metaphysics
96, 103, 269
Tapestry School vs. Necklace School
78–79
Tarahumara
91, 135, 137, 179, 198, 217, 231
La Tarasque (dancing dragon of Tarascon, France)
48
Taulipang/Pemon
59
Tawala
144, 160, 224, 243
Taylor, Luke
181
Tboli
208, 251
Tehit
220
Tehuelche
206
Telei
227, 252
Tempasuk Dusun
243
Tennessee
100, 107, 248
termite mounds and rainbows
233–235
Teton Lakota
249
Thailand
180, 199, 221, 228, 230, 251
Thompson (ethnic group)
209, 249
Thompson, J. Eric S.
103
Thompson, Stith
248
Thor (Norse god of thunder)
72, 73, 115
‘Thunder Beings’
206
Thunderbirds
and Garuda (Hindu gigantic celestial bird)
74, 75
opposition with horned water serpents
68–70, 89–90, 177, 236
wakan (sacred/mysterious)
241
Thunderers
56, 57, 67, 74, 110, 158
thunder gods
72, 73, 74, 115, 139, 240
thunder/lightning
accompanying dragons
69, 94, 104, 118, 154, 185
accompanying rainbows
209, 227
opposition with dragons
26–27t, 67–76, 90, 101, 239, 265t, 268–269
opposition with rainbows
26–27t, 176–177, 200, 211, 232, 236, 265t, 268, 269
rainbows as the penis of thunder
149
rainbows as ‘thunder way/road’
158, 159
Tiamat (Babylonian dragon)
16, 67, 71, 85, 94, 97
Ticuna/Tucuna/Tukuna
172, 187
Tierra del Fuego
177, 230
Tigrinya
247
Timbira (Eastern)
152, 160, 168
Tiwi
154, 161, 173, 181, 193, 201, 202
Tlingit
143, 160, 203
Toba
121, 172, 191, 202, 218, 250
Toba Batak. see Batak (Toba)
Togo
156
Tok Pisin
209
Tolowa
159, 166
Toltec
123
To Napu Toraja
204, 228
tooth decay caused by rainbows
215–216
‘top down/bottom up’ approach
281, 282–284. see also historical linguistics
Toporov, V.
240
Toraja
(unspecified ethnic groups)
141, 144, 146, 160, 218, 230, 233
Koro
204, 208
To Napu
204, 228
West
197, 204, 220, 222, 226, 228
Totonac
151, 160, 172, 179, 223
toxic breath. see breath, fetid/toxic
traits of dragons/rainbows
26–27t, 265t
transformations
of animals
226–227, 240
of ethnicity
214
of feces into gold
219
human/dragon
35, 59–60, 105, 121, 123, 154, 209–210, 240
of languages
214
of princesses into serpents
92, 115
of sanity-insanity
214, 227
of sex/gender
213–214
treasure. see end of the rainbow; guardians, dragons as; guardians, rainbows as
Tremearne, A.J.N.
234
Tuaran Dusun
143, 144, 145, 146, 160, 169
Tucuna/Tukuna/Ticuna
172, 187
Tulare Lake Yokuts
159, 191
Turrbal
232
Tylor, Edward Burnett x, xi,
8, 78, 137, 263, 279–280
Typhon (Greek dragon)
72, 117, 122, 124
Typhon (Hittite dragon)
93, 122
typhoons. see whirlwinds/storms and waterspouts
Tzotzil
168, 250
Uduk
Ebony Diviners (shamans)
217
rainbows
136, 137, 174, 175, 176, 183, 196, 198, 271
Uganda
174, 197, 254
Ukrainian
244
Ulawa/Sa’a
148, 160, 201, 208, 253
Uma (Balinese goddess)
149, 180, 200, 273
Umatilla
113, 118, 212
unicorns
22
uninventiveness/non-inventiveness of humans. see radical diffusionism
United Kingdom. see British Isles
United States. see also individual states and regions
American Southeast
19, 69, 100, 108, 123, 154, 168
American Southwest
20, 100, 123, 143, 178
southern
246
universality of beliefs
164–165, 276, 280, 281
universals, culture
1, 6, 37, 162, 248
unktehi (horned water serpent)
90, 99
urine
217–218
uroboros (circular serpent)
72, 108, 109, 187, 259–260, 274
Utah
219
Ute
219
Vanuatu
167, 232
Vaux, Bert
245, 246
Venezuela
58–59, 157, 166, 168, 179
Versante, Laura
255
victims. see sacrificing women to dragons; sickness or death
Victoria (Australia)
253
Vikings
49, 120, 273
Vodoun or Voodoo
58, 179, 200
Völsunga saga (Icelandic)
23, 72, 106, 124
vouivre (wyvern)
93, 107
Vovin, Alexander
182
Vritra (Indian dragon)
73, 74
Waiānuenue (‘Rainbow Falls’)
63
wakinyan (Thunderbird)
90
Walker, James R.
241
war, signs of
dragons as
26–27t, 27, 87, 120, 273
rainbows as
183, 202–206, 223, 228, 229, 273
warm-blooded and cold-blooded. see chimerical bodies; fire and water
Warm Springs Apache
97, 100, 113, 195
Washington
248
water. see homes of dragons; homes of rainbows; rain, givers/withholders of
water-drinking rainbows. see also rain, givers/withholders of
Birhor
224
Chinese
150
in etymologies for ‘rainbow’
139, 150, 152
Hausa
170, 234
Javanese
98, 153, 176
Khamti
152
Kintak Bong
152
Maumere
153
Menik Kaien Negritos
152
Mündü
170
Nyakyusa
155
as origins of dragons/Rainbow Serpents
162, 185, 213, 265–266, 270
Palaung
147
Romans
149–150, 161, 166
Russian
166
Sabaot
196
Toba Batak
169
Yoruba
155, 170
Zulu
136
‘water elk’
113, 118, 195
waterfalls
crocodiles in
34–35
dragons in
26–27t, 55–66, 93–94, 108, 239, 266–267
rainbows in
58–59, 61, 63–65, 94, 136, 186, 266–267
waterfalls with dragons
Angel Falls
59
French Guiana
59
Horseshoe Falls at Niagara
56, 57
Iguazu Falls
60–62, 65
Kenya
65
Ketane Falls
64–65
Maletsunyane Falls
64
Niagara Falls
55–58, 65, 93, 209, 266, 267, 274
Rainbow Falls at Niagara
58, 266
Saut d’Eau
58, 171, 179
Sebuyau (Malaysia)
62–63
Waiānuenue (‘Rainbow Falls’)
63
‘water horse.’ see nixies ‘water horses/kelpies’
‘water panther’/‘water tiger’
110–111
water pythons. see pythons
water serpents. see horned water serpents; nāgas
waula (horned serpent)
70
Wayampi/Oyampi
59, 60
weather, controlled by. see also droughts; floods; rain, givers/withholders of; whirlwinds/storms and waterspouts
Chinese dragons
13, 14, 16, 22, 34, 37, 45, 74, 122
dragons (geographical distribution)
25, 26–27t
nāgas
106
plumed serpents
20, 96
primordial dragons
88
Rainbow Serpents
239, 263
Werner, Alice
65, 136, 171, 234
Western Mixe
91
whirlwinds/storms and waterspouts
26–27t, 117–118, 148, 173, 200–202, 272–273
whiskers. see hair
Wik Mungkan
173, 189
Wilkinson, R.J.
107
Williams, Herbert W.
215
Wilson, Meredith
275
wings
13, 16, 18, 94–95, 102, 107, 113, 267
Wintu, McCloud River
191, 240
Wintu, Sacramento River
240
Wishram
158–159, 182
witchdoctors. see shamans
Wittgenstein, Ludwig
28
Wobe
157, 161
Wogiman
193
Woisika
157, 161
Wolamo
145, 160
Wolio
251
Wolof
234
women. see also menstruation
endangered during pregnancy
104, 173, 187, 189, 192, 193, 242, 244
impregnated by dragons
20, 26–27t, 57, 109–111, 121, 187–190, 191–192, 270, 273
preyed on by African dragons
65
preyed on by Chinese dragons
109–110, 270
preyed on by European dragons
22, 38, 65, 101–102, 109, 190, 263, 270
preyed on by nixies
21, 112
preyed on by North American dragons
89, 270
sacrificed to dragons
61, 65, 189
terrified by rainbows
187–190, 240, 270
Wood, Albert E.
13n1
work, rainbows as a sign of bad luck
221–222
worms. see dragons
worship of serpents
194, 237
Wotjobaluk
253, 255
Wrigley, Christopher
231, 232
Xârâcùù
149
Yaqui
90, 105
Yele/Yeletne
144, 160, 169
Yokuts (Tulare Lake)
159, 191
Yoruba
155, 161, 170, 225
Yuchi
143, 160, 168
Yugh
158
Yukaghir
158
Yuki
89, 100, 182, 191
Yurok
148, 159
Zaire
174, 211
Zambia
140, 160, 171, 200
Zande
174
Zela
234
Zimbabwe
140, 160, 171, 196, 198, 200, 228
Zingg, R.M.
231
Zulgo
171
Zulu
136, 137, 156, 161, 174, 196, 208, 247
Zuni
20, 89, 100, 110, 116, 119, 123