Acknowledgements

Where not cited from published sources, the data for this book was collected from the following individuals, mostly in the 1980s. Those with an institutional affiliation (or who had one at the time the data was collected) are either academics, students, or missionaries, while most of those without an institutional affiliation are indigenous people who provided primary data about the ethnology of the rainbow; in some cases an individual may fit into more than one of these categories:

Fae Sae Abossolo, Wobe speaker, Ivory Coast

David Akin, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan

Aka Amalan, Anyi Sanvi speaker, Ivory Coast

J.C. Anceaux, Department of Languages and Cultures of Southeast Asia and Oceania, University of Leiden, Netherlands

Bruce Anderson, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Australian Aborigines Branch, Darwin, NT, Australia

Antonio Andres-Lopez, Bestours Hawai‘i (the dragon of Iguazu)

Jon Arensen, Director, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Sudan Branch

Atika S.M., Rejang speaker, Indonesia

Aye I. Banigo, Nembe speaker, Nigeria

Janet Barnes, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Colombia Branch

Tohoun Benoit, Wobe speaker, Ivory Coast

Julie Bentinck, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Ivory Coast–Upper Volta–Mali Branch

Michele Boin, Department of East Asian Languages, University of Leiden, Netherlands

M.B. Borman, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Ecuador branch

Paul Bozou, Wobe speaker, Ivory Coast

Lucia Brubaker, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Ivory Coast–Upper Volta–Mali Branch

Marlis Bühler, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Ivory Coast–Upper Volta–Mali Branch

Jonathan Burmeister, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Ivory Coast–Upper Volta–Mali Branch

Michael Bururrbuma, Burarra speaker, Arnhem Land, N.T., Australia

Sandra Callister, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Papua New Guinea Branch

Luis Tamayo Chagres, Tuyuca speaker, Colombia

Chang Hsiang-shun, Mandarin speaker, Taiwan

Sandra Chung, Department of Linguistics, University of California at Santa Cruz

Adrian Clynes, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Sultanate of Brunei

James T. Collins, Department of Malay Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Tom Cook, Department of African Languages, University of Leiden, Netherlands

Katy Cooper, Burarra speaker, Arnhem Land, N.T., Australia

Denis Creissels, Department of Linguistics, University of Lyon, France

Andreas Deda, Sentani speaker, Papua New Guinea, and Department of Linguistics, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu

Edmond Dembele, Minyanka speaker, Mali

Okhal Dhunga, ethnolinguistic group unknown, Nepal

Vicente Diaz, Panare speaker, Venezuela

Martiniana van Dierendonck, Cebuano speaker, Leiden, Netherlands

Durdje Durasid, Ngaju Dayak speaker, Indonesia

The editors of Techqua Ikachi, a newsletter published periodically in Hotevilla, Arizona, by a political faction representing the traditional Hopi point of view

John Elliott, Department of Linguistics, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu

Naomi Esoli, Misima speaker, Papua New Guinea

Brian Ezard, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Papua New Guinea Branch

Canisius Filibert, Palauan speaker, Palau

R.A. Freemann, Izon speaker, Nigeria

Abdias Galla, Mofu-Gudur speaker, Cameroon

Margaret Garrnyita, Burarra speaker, Arnhem Land, N.T., Australia

David W. Gegeo, Kwara’ae speaker, Solomon Islands, and Oceania Centre for Arts, Culture and Pacific Studies, Laucala campus, Suva, Fiji

Paul Geraghty, School of Language, Arts & Media, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji

Talmy Givón, Department of Linguistics, University of Oregon

Kathy Glasgow, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Australian Aborigines Branch, Darwin, NT, Australia

M. Sergui Goston, Dida speaker, Ivory Coast

Karl Grebe, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Cameroon Branch

Jeane Grover, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Ecuador Branch

Beat Haller, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Cameroon Branch

Junaiyah Hamid M., Lampung speaker, Indonesia

Susanne Hargrave, Culture Studies Department, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Australian Aborigines Branch, Darwin, NT, Australia

Benjamin Harry, Likum speaker, Manus Province, Papua New Guinea

David Harthan, Director, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Brazil Branch

H. and R. Herschberger, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Australian Aborigines Branch, Darwin, NT, Australia

Philip Hewer, Associate Director, Language Projects, Ghana Institute of Linguistics, Literacy and Bible Translation

Verena Hofe, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Ivory Coast–Upper Volta–Mali Branch

K. Hollingsworth, Summer Instititute of Linguistics, Nigeria Branch

Searle Hoogshagen, Summer Instititute of Linguistics, Mexico branch

Timeon Ioane, Gilbertese/I-Kiribati speaker, Kiribati, Federated States of Micronesia

Darius K. Jonathan, Moru speaker, Khartoum, Sudan, and Department of Linguistics, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu

Dean L. Jordan, Director, Ghana Institute of Linguistics, Literacy and Bible Translation

Jumla, ethnolinguistic group unknown, Nepal

Rod Kennedy, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Australian Aborigines Branch, Darwin, NT, Australia

Abdul Khamisi, Haya speaker, Tanzania, and Department of Linguistics, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu

Chris Kilham, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Australian Aborigines Branch, Darwin, NT, Australia

Kirsti Kirjavainen, The United Mission to Nepal

Jim Klumpp, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Colombia Branch

Riena Kondo, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Colombia Branch

G.L. Koster, Department of East Asian Languages, University of Leiden, Netherlands

Lydia Kraffl, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Ivory Coast–Upper Volta–Mali Branch

Kuan Tung-kuei, Director, Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan

Julie Kuperus, Department of African Linguistics, University of Leiden, Netherlands

Ed Lauber, Director, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Ivory Coast–Upper Volta–Mali Branch

Iver Lerun, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Kenya Branch

S.H. Levinsohn, Director, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Colombia Branch

Michael Lewukang, Yolngu-Matha speaker, Arnhem Land, NT, Australia

Lamont Lindstrom, Department of Anthropology, University of Tulsa

Lo Chin-tang, Mandarin speaker, Lanzhou, China and Department of East Asian Languages, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu

John Lynch, Acting Vice-chancellor, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea

Saem Majnep, Kalam speaker, Papua New Guinea

Johsz Mansoben, Biak speaker, Papua, Indonesia

Sely Keipo Marcel, Nyabwa speaker, Ivory Coast

Denis Masson, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Ivory Coast–Upper Volta–Mali Branch

Ouattara Nambalapan Matthieu, Djimini/Southern Senoufo speaker, Ivory Coast

Joe Mencindimi, Iatmul speaker, Papua New Guinea

Gregory Panpawa Mollingin, Murrinh-Patha speaker, Australia

Michael Morauta, Suau speaker, Papua New Guinea

Baluo Napon, Nouni speaker, Upper Volta

Purushotam Nepali, The United Mission to Nepal Education Office

Nermit, The United Mission to Nepal

Roy Ngirchechol, Palauan speaker, Palau

Shahwin Nikelas, Kerinci speaker, Indonesia

Dorothy M. Njoku, Igbo speaker, Nigeria

Sugondho Notosaputro, Javanese speaker, Indonesia

Emerson Odango, Tagalog speaker, and Department of Linguistics, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu

Henry Osborn, Language Consultant, New Tribes Mission, Venezuela

S. Owiye, Kalabari speaker, Nigeria

Andres Paky, Muinane speaker, Colombia

Harkha Pariyar, ethnolinguistic group uknown, Nepal

Vicente Paskal, Cuaiquer speaker, Colombia

Dudu Prawiraatmaja, Sundanese speaker, Indonesia

Chandra Bdr. Rai, ethnolinguistic group unknown, Nepal

Lawrence A. Reid, Department of Linguistics, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu

Priscilia Reid, Ilokano speaker, and Department of Indo-Pacific Languages, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu

Richard Reimer, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Guatemala Branch

Jean-Claude Rivierre, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris

Yailo Robert, Tawala speaker, Papua New Guinea

Stuart Robson, Department of Languages and Cultures of Southeast Asia and Oceania, University of Leiden, Netherlands

Malcolm D. Ross, principal, Goroka Teachers’ College campus of the University of Papua New Guinea

Chhany Sak-Humphreys, Khmer speaker, Cambodia, and Department of Indo-Pacific Languages, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu

Alfredo Salazar, Chachi/Cayapa speaker, Ecuador

Martha Salea-Warouw, Toulour speaker, Indonesia

Maria de Lourdes Sampaio, Portuguese speaker, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil

Rufina del Angel Santana, Huastec speaker, Mexico

Teodoro del Angel Santana, Huastec speaker, Mexico

Edison Saragih, Simalungun Batak speaker, Indonesia

Hiroko Sato, Japanese speaker, Japan, and Department of Linguistics, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu

Lertdow Sayankena, Thai speaker, Thailand

Thilo Schadeberg, Department of African Languages, University of Leiden, Netherlands

Chakra Bdr. Shahi, ethnolinguistic group unknown, Nepal

Kakuko Shoji, Japanese speaker, Japan and Department of East Asian Languages, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu

Richard Sikani, Duo speaker, Papua New Guinea

Sinod Sikat, Misima speaker, Papua New Guinea

Sitor Situmorang, Toba Batak speaker, Indonesia

Patrick Sligatan, Nso’ speaker, Cameroon

Soebardi, Javanese speaker, Indonesia

Min-sun Song, Korean speaker, South Korea, and Department of Linguistics, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu

Marcelino Sosa, Guahibo speaker, Colombia

John Sound, Chuukese speaker, Chuuk, Federated States of Micronesia

Sriyoso, Javanese speaker, Indonesia

Cloyd Stewart, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Mexico Branch

Wim Stokhof, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands

K. Stradner, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Ivory Coast–Upper Volta–Mali Branch

Chester Street, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Australian Aborigines Branch, Darwin, NT, Australia

M. Stucky, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Venezuela Branch

Titima Suthiwan Thai speaker, Thailand and Department of Linguistics, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu

Mr. and Mrs. N. Swanepoel, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Kenya Branch

Francis Taata, Nso’ speaker, Cameroon

Mark Taber, Pattimura University, Ambon, and Summer Institute of Linguistics, Maluku Branch, Indonesia

Gouli Tarumuri, Tawala speaker, Papua New Guinea

Ruth Thomson, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Brazil Branch

Martha Tripp, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Peru Branch

Wahacha Tsirimpo, Candoshi speaker, Peru

Gerawat Nulun Tuan, Kelabit speaker, Sarawak, Malaysia and East-West Center, Hawai‘i

Murtala A. Tukur, Fulani speaker, Nigeria

Agnes Ulamari, Aranda speaker, Western Central Desert, Australia

David A. Underwood, Assistant Director for Tribal Affairs, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Ecuador Branch

The late Hunggu Tajuddin Usup, Kaidipang speaker, one of the ‘lucky’ (= deserving) five who followed me to Holland in 1981

Clinton Utong, Andoni/Obolo speaker, Nigeria

Emma Chica Uwenda, Cofán speaker, Ecuador

Toribio Aguinda Uwenda, Cofán speaker, Ecuador

Ana Leonor de Velasco, Guambiano speaker, Colombia

John Verhaar, Divine Word Institute, Madang, Papua New Guinea

Jan Voorhoeve, Department of African Languages, University of Leiden, Netherlands

Ezra Waigana, Kala Lagaw Ya speaker, Australia

J.T.N. Wali, Ikwerre speaker, Nigeria

Glenys Walker, The United Mission to Nepal

Stephen L. Walter, Linguistics and Anthropology Coordinator, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Colombia branch

James W. Walton, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Colombia Branch

Metone Wamma, Dedua speaker, Papua New Guinea, and Department of Second Language Studies, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu

Susan Warkentin, Anthropology Coordinator, Summer Institute of Linguistics, New Guinea Branch

Neil Wiebe, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Ecuador Branch

Kay Williamson, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Nwinee B. Williamson, Khana speaker, Nigeria

James Yoko, Kewabi speaker, Papua New Guinea

Lily Yongie, Kuku-Yalanji speaker, Australia

R. David Zorc, School of Australian Linguistics, Batchelor, N.T., Australia

As this list shows, much of the material acquired from questionnaires comes from Africa (Ivory Coast, Sudan, Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenyah), Indonesia, South America (Colombia, Peru, Brazil, Ecuador), Australia, Papua New Guinea, various Pacific islands (Palau, Solomons, Kiribati, Chuuk), Central America, and Mexico, with a scattering from mainland Asia. Material from other parts of the world, primarily North America, Europe, the Middle East and China, is mainly from published sources, although some revealing information was obtained firsthand regarding dragon beliefs in the folk culture of China (as opposed to the imperial tradition).

In addition to persons who supplied primary data from the field, Torben Andersen and Otto Chr. Dahl assisted me with Danish passages in Feilberg (1886–1914), and G.L. Koster helped with the translation of the Chinese Book of Odes, and provided useful references to commentaries on it. I am also much indebted to James Moore of Harvard University for information about reactions to pointing gestures from non-human primates, to Timothy Barnes of Cambridge University for providing information on names of the rainbow in a wide range of Indo-European languages, to Alexander Bochkov for drawing my attention to Ivanov and Toporov (1970), to Lyle Campbell of the Department of Linguistics at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa for data on names for the rainbow in Finnic languages, to Edward Vajda of Western Washington University for data on names for the rainbow in Yeniseian languages, to Andrea Berez-Kroeker of the Department of Linguistics at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa for data on names for the rainbow in Athapaskan languages, to Yen-ling Chen for providing me with a copy of Zhou (2001), and assisting with the translation, to Ryan Henke for providing me with names for the rainbow in several North American Indian languages, to Cheri Ebisu, Catherine LaRiviere and Sarah Nakashima, librarians at Hamilton Library, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, for help in finding several obscure sources, to Guy Smoot of the Department of Languages and Literatures of the Americas at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa for help with names of the rainbow in several Indo-European languages, to Hiroko Sato for drawing my attention to Obayashi (1999), and providing English translations of the text, and to Alexander Vovin for information on names for the rainbow in languages of Central and East Asia. Finally, I wish to particularly thank Barry Keenan of Denison College, and Gregory Schrempp of Indiana University for reading the entire manuscript and offering useful suggestions for improvement. To everyone who has helped in some way I express my gratitude for taking the time to answer my questions, and to ask others; each of them added a piece to this very large puzzle.