Figures
2.1 A drawing from Sĕrat Damar Wulan, British Library, London, MS. Jav 89, 44v. An East Javanese lĕbe (village mosque official) and his family are fleeing their village during the war between Majapahit and Menak Jingga. A soldier on the right seems to be doing a victory dance. The Javanese caption above the lĕbe’s head reads: lĕbe desa ngili (a village lĕbe takes flight). Wikimedia Commons, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Serat_Damar_Wulan.pdf (accessed May 5, 2022) 34
2.2 The kacu mas, or “golden handkerchief,” the pyramid-shaped box, described as a “handkerchief box” by J. Groneman 1895: 81, was one of the eight insignia (upacara) of royal rank in the courts of central Java, carried and displayed in processions. Photo taken from Groneman 1895, plate VII 55
3.1 A. Mustofa Bisri, Berdzikir bersama Inul (Performing Zikir with Inul), 2003 (60 × 70 cm.). With permission of K.H.A. Mustofa Bisri 68
3.2 Kĕntrungan, from Palmer Keen, “Drums of Java, Pt. 2,” Aural Archipelago: Field Recordings from around Indonesia, with permission 71
3.3 Gambyong dancer at the Mangkunagaran Palace, Solo, April 13, 2019, performing on the occasion of the 35-day birthday (wĕton) of Mangkunagara IX (r. 1988–2021). Photo by Donny Danardono, with permission 84
3.4 Emprak, slawatan performance by youths dancing to the singing of Islamic songs. Drawing by M.Ng. Jagaradana, from Pigeaud 1938, fig. 98, 356a 85
4.1 Dhalang Sindu in performance. On stage, left to right: Jayengrana weeping, Umarmaya, horse. Photo Bernard Arps, 4–5 December 1982 117
4.2 Umarmaya is expelled by Jayengrana. Left to right: Jayengrana, Umarmaya, an ally, Jobin. Ki Yuwono’s performance, 2019, live-streamed on Youtube by Samiaji Channel in collaboration with Pepadi DIY and Dinas Kebudayaan DIY 120
4.3 Jayengrana (left) takes his leave of Muninggar. Source: Ki Suluh Juniarsah’s performance, 2020, live-streamed on Youtube channel Budaya Maju by Direktorat Pengembangan dan Pemanfaatan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Detail 121
5.1 Kitab Pangeran Bonang, late 16th century (?). Leiden University Library, Cod. Or. 1928, ff. 2–3 130
6.1 Nabi Nuh (Noah) and his three sons on the ark. Layang Ambiya, Museum Sonobudoyo, Yogyakarta, MS. MSB L12, f. 50v. Museum Sonobudoyo, Yogyakarta 157
6.2 The opening page of Cerito Ambiya, British Library, London, EAP061/1/95, https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP061-1-95EAP061/1/95 158
7.1 K.H.A. Dahlan with his globe, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:K.H._Ahmad_Dahlan_%281868-1923%29,_p38.jpg 178
8.1 S. Sudjojono, The Battle between Sultan Agung and JP Coen, 1973. Oil on canvas. Jakarta History Museum 206
8.2 Poster of Hanung Bramantyo’s Sultan Agung: Tahta, perjuangan, cinta (2018) (Sultan Agung: Throne, struggles, love). Pikiran Rakyat, August 23, 2018 207
8.3 Sĕrat Babad Nitik, Leiden University Libraries, Special Collections, Cod. Or. 6489a, Canto IX, stanzas 1–7 209
10.1 Title or cover page of the Layang Raga Pasaja. The pencilled note at the top, in the unmistakable hand of Th(edoor) P(igeaud), mentions that the copy was received in December 1931 from Dr H. Kraemer. Pigeaud categorized, in orange pencil, “Raga P(asaja) Mad(iun)” as “A25 no 4.” Fakultas Sastra Universitas Indonesia, Depok, MS. A 25.04 257
10.2 The LRP was read “robotically” by Pigeaud’s team of dictionary-makers, transmuting the text into many index cards recording the appearance of certain words. Here the sentence “Rasaning (…) toewa” is placed between square brackets, while the marginal note “2×” indicates that two words are of lexicographical interest, namely “tjabiloek” and “menḏo(koe).” The text has lacunae in the first paragraph, indicated by dots. Fakultas Sastra Universitas Indonesia, Depok, MS. A 25.04: 4 258
Maps
1 The Republic of Indonesia and neighboring countries XVII
2 The island of Java, Indonesia XVIII