General Index
Abba Joseph, bilingual (Conferences by John Cassian)
246–247
ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Marwān, governor of Egypt
278, 303–305, 316
ʿAbd al-Malik, Umayyad caliph
303, 305
Abgarids
87–88
Abraham, biblical patriarch
240
Abydos
221
accent
1, 242–243
Aeneid
326
Aesop
30
Africa, North
237
ʾAftūḥā
160, 163–164
Agathonicus of Tarsus
280–282
Aḥiqar, story of
29–30
Akedalma caves
119
Akkadian, Babylonian
25, 116n49
Alagün
152, 155
al-Baḥta
138, 145
Aleppo
11, 54n12, 93, 95, 138, 141
Plateau
13, 79
Alexander Akoimetos
249–251
Greek and Syriac versions of Life
250
Life of
249–251, 253, 260
multilingual monastic community of
250–251
Alexander the Great
26–27, 188, 190, 207, 217, 296
Alexandria
209–210, 214, 219, 223–224, 238, 244, 246, 300, 303
al-Fusṭāṭ
299–300, 311
al-Karak (Jordan)
128n87
Allat
111
allography
327–328
al-Mūʿallaq
56n14
alphabet
2, 6n5, 112, 186, 192
Ambrosius (Ps.-Justin Martyr), Hypomnemata
29
amīr
19, 307, 310–311, 316
Amida (Diyarbakır)
138, 140
ʿAmitô Sergis, mosaic signature of (church of John the Baptist, Umm Hartaine)
99
Amman
63
ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ, general and governor of Egypt
296, 303
amulets
4, 188, 208, 269–271
anti-Chalcedonian
44, 73, 302
See also Miaphysitism
Antinoopolis
209, 221n38, 221n39
Antioch
11, 32, 44, 116–118, 123, 138, 141, 247, 251–252, 305, 326
Antiochene (the countryside of Antioch)
32, 44
Antiochene Jews
116–118, 123
Antiochian era
36
diffusion of Aramaic/Syriac in Antiochene
32, 43–44, 59n17, 64–65
Antony of Shotep, lay Christian magician
287
Antony the Great
246
Apa Anoup
273, 276n31
Apa Apollo (History of the Egyptian Monks)
246
monastery of (Bawit)
220, 313
Apa Hatre monastery (Elephantine)
220–221
Apa Ieremias monastery (Memphis)
220
Apamea
2, 14–15, 33, 105–132, 138, 151n25, 159, 161n53, 163, 329
Apamean Jews
115–120, 123–128
floor mosaic of the synagogue
107
Apa Phoibammon monastery (Thebes)
220
Aphrodite (mosaic, House of Poseidon, Zeugma)
84, 89
Aphrodito, Egyptian village
275, 305, 307, 332
Aphthonius, monastic superior (Religious History by Theodoret)
249
Apis, Egyptian deity
277
Apollonopolis (Magna)
209, 308
See also Edfu
apothekarios (ἀποθηκάριος )
114
apprenticeship
81n11, 82, 98–99
Arabian, Ancient North (languages)
61n20
Arabic
5, 18, 37–38, 135, 178, 208, 250, 278, 281n56, 284, 296, 299–300, 302, 307–308, 311, 314n65, 315, 328, 332–333
documents, reused
278
inscriptions
37–38, 120n64, 178
written in Syriac script (Garshuni)
328
Arabs
302, 311, 317
conquest
11, 18, 188n10, 189n16, 190, 199n41, 202n50, 217, 219, 268, 278, 296, 301, 315, 317
rule
4, 302
See also Islamic rule
Arados
188n11, 198
Aramaic
5, 11, 13–15, 190, 194–195, 198–200, 239, 248, 250, 254–255, 257, 276–278, 322–324, 327–329, 331–333
dialects of
190, 198–199, 238–240, 330
diffusion in Antiochene
32, 43–44, 59n17, 64–65
Edessene Aramaic script
28–29, 92, 135n1, 135–184
graffiti
112–113, 125, 135–184
incantations
108n18
Official
114
origin
25–27
palaeography of
135–184
Persian loanwords
114
relations with Greek
32, 34, 43–44, 79
spoken vs. written
43–44, 64n29, 67n37, 128
writing Greek in Aramaic script
29
See also Syriac; Christian Palestinian Aramaic (CPA); Jewish Aramaic of Dura Europos; Jewish Palestinian Aramaic (JPA); Hatran Aramaic; Palmyrene Aramaic; Samaritan Aramaic
Archangels
Gabriel
39
Michael
39
archisynagogos (ἀρχισυνάγωγος )
107n8, 116–118, 123
archon (of the synagogue, ʾrkwn)
114
Armenia
27, 247
Armenian
8, 177n84, 190, 200, 238, 251–253
ascetics
247, 251–253
graffiti
177n84
Arnas
173n76
articulation
257
See also accent
artisans
13, 58, 63, 72, 79–104, 137, 169, 171, 172–173, 176, 179–180
Aşağıbaşak
147n21, 162, 165
Aşağı Mıcıt
138, 144, 160, 162, 165
Ascalon
188n12, 191n19
ascetic devotion
256–258, 259–262
ascetic discipline
333
asceticism
4, 17, 235–243, 251, 256, 258–262
ascetic practice
237
Asia Minor
207
Assyrian sources
25–26
Assiut (Siout)
274, 287
astrologer
282–283
astrology
279
Athanasius bar Gūmōyē
305–306, 316
See also Athanasius; chartoularios (secretary)
Augustus, emperor
223
Auxentios, mosaic of
143n11, 160, 165
Auxentius, ascetic (Life of Euthymius by Cyril of Scythopolis)
254–256
Babel
334
Bābisqā (Ǧabal Bārīšā)
32n23, 42, 66
Babylon (Egypt)
See al-Fusṭāṭ
Babylonia, Jews of
112, 126
Bahariya Oasis, villages of
209
Bamuqqa
34–35
banquet hall (Palmyra, mosaics)
89–91, 110–111, 121
baptistery
Dêhes (Ǧabal Bārīšā)
96n59
Dura Europos
109
Baqirha (Ǧabal Bārīšā)
35–36
Bardaisan
44, 330
Barhadad
147n21, 160, 164
Bar Kohba letters
127
Barsāged, mosaic signature of
87–89, 92
Barsamya, mosaics of
28n10, 164
Barsanuphius
255–258, 261
Bashaquh
42
Basileios, Christian Greek-speaking pagarch of Aphrodito
307
archive of
309–311
Basil of Caesarea
281–283
basmalah
312, 314
Basufan
42
Beatitudes (Gospel)
324
Beirut law school
326
Bellerophon, Pegasus, Chimaera (Palmyra, mosaic)
89–90, 110
Bel (of Palmyra), temple of
89, 121n69
Beni Suef
277
Benjamin I, patriarch of Alexandria
303
Beqaa
27, 188n11, 197, 197n35, 197n36
Berber
238
Berenike
209
Berlin Library (magical papyri)
278–279
Beroia
See Aleppo
Berytos
188n11, 197, 197n35, 197n36
Beirut law school
326
Bes, statue of
54n12
Beth Sheʿarim
123–125, 127–128, 188n13, 329, 332
Jews of
123–124, 127n83, 128
Bible
25, 29, 44, 65, 122, 253, 256, 323
references
289
See also Deuteronomy; Gospels; New Testament; Old Testament; Septuagint; Torah
bilingual documents
Greek-Aramaic
276
Greek-Coptic
268
Greek-Syriac
34
bilingual individuals
245, 247, 253
Greek-Coptic
247
in pagarch offices
316
bilingualism
1, 6–8, 13, 25, 27, 33–45, 50–74, 92, 97–98, 101, 119–120, 142n8, 153–154, 161, 199–200, 206n2, 206–231, 247, 322, 331–332
Coptic-Greek
332
Graeco-Roman (Latin)
5–6
Greek and another language
333
Borj es-Seba
42–43
Britain
237
Buchis bull, stelae of
223
Burj al-Qās
141, 153n32
Byblos
27, 188n11, 197n36, 199
Byzantine empire
304n32, 326n14, 333–334
rule
296
Caesarea Maritima
116n49, 188, 189n16, 190, 191n19, 192, 195–198, 200n45
Cairo
299
calligraphy
146, 148, 178–179
Canaanite dialects
194
canonical collections
271, 279–284
Canons of Pseudo-Athanasius
279, 283–284
Canons of Pseudo-Basil
279, 281–283
Celtic dialects
238
Central Asia
328
Chalcedonian confession
42, 44, 73, 252, 302, 305n36, 325
Chalcis
32
Chaldea
240
characteres
269
chartoularios (secretary)
304–306, 316
Athanasius
305–306, 316
Isaac
305, 316
Meneson
304
Chersonesos Taurica
109
Christianity
13, 20, 327
language of
13, 18–20
Semitic
240
Christianization
19, 38, 269, 330–331
Christian Palestinian Aramaic (CPA)
2, 63–64, 240
Christians
18–19, 135, 244, 268 ff., 296 ff., 333
visiting magicians
282
Chronicle up to the Year 1234
305
church
32, 38–41, 53n9, 57–58, 62–63, 67, 69–74, 80, 82, 93–98, 100–101, 107, 109–110, 143, 166–167, 177–180
Cıncıklı (district of Nizip, Örmetaş, Kurtaran, Kuruçay, Turkey)
138, 143n10, 162, 165
clergy
13–14, 63, 93
involved in magic
270–272, 280–284, 285n64, 288–289
lower
270
magicians
290
visiting magician
282
See also deacon; periodeutes; presbyter
code(-)switching
6n5, 9, 38–42, 50–78, 92, 96, 98, 101, 126, 128, 251, 253, 257–258, 328
Myers-Scotton markedness model
66
cognitive mediation
298
coins
26–27, 111, 208
Colluthus, St.
287
colophons
14, 64n28, 97, 136n2, 161, 162n59, 165, 172–177
communal identity
1, 9, 14, 17, 19–20, 241, 260, 297
communication
8, 298–299
official in Egypt
311
intercultural in Egypt
311–312, 315
communities of practice
81n8
Constantine, bishop of Siout (Assiut)
287
Constantinople
56, 237, 250–251, 258, 285n64
contractual mediation
298
Coptic
2, 4–5, 16, 18–19, 65, 197, 200, 206, 208–209, 211, 213–217, 219–221, 223, 225–227, 235, 238, 244–248, 255, 257–258, 261, 268, 270–271, 274–277, 284–285, 288–289, 296, 299–300, 306–308, 311, 326–327, 333, 335
as a language of cultural mediation
302, 312
Bohairic
245n25, 248, 256, 260–261, 303n28
Coptic and Greek
206–231
dialects of
238, 302n23
“Egyptian”
249–250
Fayumic
272, 276, 278
in letters
311–314
in official use
301, 317
in pagarchal office
309–312
Sahidic
276, 278
used by Muslim officials for official purposes
315–316
See also Egyptian (language)
Coptic literature
270, 304
Copts
312–314, 317
letter to a Muslim
314
Crimea
109
Cronius, ascetic (Lausiac History by Palladius of Helenopolis)
246
cultural biases
8n14, 257
cultural homelessness
243
cultural mediation
296–317
cultural mediators
298n10, 305, 306n37, 317
curse
282, 289n76
Coptic
273–275
Cyprus
122n70
Cyril of Scythopolis
251–256, 260–261
Life of Euthymius
253–255, 261
Life of Sabas
251–253
Lives of the Monks of Palestine
251–253, 260
Cyril, patriarch
279–280
Cyrion, presbyter (Life of Euthymius by Cyril of Scythopolis)
254
Cyrus, mosaic signature of
97n62
Dahshur
209
Damascus
305
Daniel the Stylite, Life of
258
Danube
237
Dara
33
Dar Kita (Dār Qītā)
40, 141, 153n32
deacon
36, 38–39, 94, 153, 155, 161, 165, 270, 276n32, 279
as a scribe of a magical text
272
visiting magicians
282
Dead Sea
251
Dêhes (Ǧabal Bārīšā)
96n59
Deir el-Bahari
219
Delta
296, 305
demon
279
invocations to
279–280
of vainglory
259, 262
demonic possession
253–255, 261–262
Demotic
16
graffito of Esmet-Akhom (Hieroglyphic/Demotic)
223
Demotic and Greek
206–231
Deuteronomy
105n2, 107–108, 122, 128, 250, 274, 289n76
See also Bible; Old Testament; Torah
diagraphon (poll-tax)
314
dialect
1–3, 5, 13, 32n22, 63, 67, 87, 89–90, 193–194, 199, 238–240, 241n15, 248, 262, 278, 302n23, 303n28, 329–330
diaspora, Jewish
119n59, 123–124, 128, 329
Diatessaron
29, 324
Dibsi Faraj
93
Diocletian, emperor
197, 219, 299
Diodotos, mosaic signature of
89–92, 111
Dioscorus of Aphrodito
275, 290, 332
dipinti
106, 112, 126–127
dipīr (Persian, “scribe,” “painter”)
126–127
diversity, cultural
185
linguistic
1, 10, 14, 19, 195, 200, 235–240
divination
279
Diyarbakır
See Amida
Dobruja
237
documentary letters
272, 306–307, 309–315
Dongola
288
dream interpretation
279
Dura Europos
2, 14–15, 91n40, 105–132, 135n1, 326, 329
baptistery
109
graffiti
112–113, 125
Jewish Aramaic of
112, 114, 125–128
Jews of
111–115, 120–123, 125–128
Old Syriac documents
135n1
paintings of synagogue
112–114, 125–126
Eastern Desert (Egypt)
209
Edessa
11, 13, 15, 27, 28–31, 33, 43–44, 59, 79, 80n4, 87–92, 94–95, 97, 101, 123, 135n1, 137–139, 142n8, 160, 163–164, 171, 177n84, 180, 240, 305, 326, 329, 332
Edessene Aramaic script
28–29, 92, 135n1, 135–184
Edfu
308, 310n48, 310n49, 311, 314
See also Apollonopolis (Magna)
education
8, 16, 25, 62, 65, 268
Egypt
2–4, 5, 7, 9–10, 16, 18–20, 56, 65, 69, 113, 125, 186, 191, 197, 200, 206–227, 235–238, 240, 244–247, 257, 260, 268–269, 277–279, 283, 288, 290, 296–317, 322, 328, 332–333
governor of
19
Islamic
4, 298–300, 307, 317
linguistic environment
299, 317
monasticism
237
multilingualism
332
trilingual
300–302, 307
Upper
238, 244
Egyptian (language)
206, 213–215, 221–223, 225–227
Eileithyiopolis
221
ʿEin Gedi
200
el-Alia
81
elders (Jewish)
114–115, 117
Elephantine
209, 221
el-Mal
27n9
Emesa
251
Emesene
27
Eneš
138, 165–166, 177–179
English
243
engravers
3, 17, 142, 153n29, 158–160, 161n54, 163n63, 166, 168–169, 171–173, 176–177, 180, 331
eparchos of Egypt, George
304
Ephrem of Nisibis
44–45
epigraphic culture
16, 135, 185–187, 190, 192–197, 200–202, 206–231
epigraphic habit
2, 128, 180, 185n2, 196, 206–231
epigraphic production
9, 11–12, 16, 26n6, 185–202, 206–231
epigraphic sources
2, 7, 10–11, 14–15, 17, 25–231, 239
epigraphy
3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 58–59, 79, 83, 91, 92n48, 128n85, 135–136, 142, 160, 172, 177, 179, 180, 187n6, 191, 193–194, 198, 200–201, 209, 221, 227, 334
quantitative
185–231
epitaphs
105n1, 115n42, 118–120, 123–128, 166–167, 169–171, 173–174, 187, 192, 197, 199–200, 207, 210, 215, 217, 219, 221, 224, 226
Esmet-Akhom, graffito of (Hieroglyphic/Demotic)
223
Ethiopic
8, 238, 289n74
Eulogius, visitor from Alexandria (Lausiac History by Palladius of Helenopolis)
246
Euphrates
11, 32–33, 43–44, 66, 79, 87, 91–93, 145, 151n25, 155, 160, 164, 166, 248–250, 329
parchment documents
66, 112, 115, 125, 135, 143, 145, 155, 160, 164, 326
River Valley
13
Euthalis, panel of
107, 116
Euthymius the Great
253–255
Laura of
254
Eutyches, mosaic signature of
92
Evagrius of Pontus
261–262
evil eye
112, 113n34
excommunication, for magic
282–283
Fayum region
209, 210, 214, 278
Fayumic Coptic
272, 276, 278
figurae magicae
269
First Cataract (Egypt)
209
Flavius Antigonus, governor of Phoenicia
197
Flavius Domitius Leontius, prefect and consul
197
folk religion
270
foreign language
4, 17, 243–244, 248, 255–262
for magical purposes
279–280
speakers of
236, 243, 253
fortune tellers
282
four languages
249–250
Ǧabal Bārīšā
35, 66, 96n59
Bābisqā
32n23, 42, 66
Baqirha
35–36
Dêhes
96n59
Ǧabal Bilʿās
72
Ǧabal Simʿān
63
Ṣūġāna
63–64
Ǧabal Šubayṯ
32n21, 53, 62, 67
See also Rasm al-Ḥagal
Gadya
142n8, 147n21
Galatian
253–254, 261
Galilee
117n52, 188n11, 188n13, 322
Garmaya
164
Garshuni (Arabic written in Syriac script)
328
Gaul
237
Gaza
188n12, 191n19, 198n38, 255
Gaziantep
See Zeugma
George, St., church of (Houad)
93n49
Georgian
8, 190, 200, 238, 252n44
Gerasa
109
Germanic dialects
238
gerousiarches (γερουσιάρχης , Jewish)
117
glossary, Greek-Latin
326
glossolalia
334
Gnosis, mosaic signature of
83
Gnosticism
20, 278–279, 322
Gola
140, 145–146, 162n59, 165, 172, 176
Gospels
248, 252, 323–324, 327
multiple Old Syriac recensions
324
Syriac Harklean
324
Syriac Philoxenian
324
Graeco-Roman polytheism
20
See also mythology
graffiti
3, 14, 16–17, 35, 39–41, 61n20, 105–106, 112–113, 121n69, 123n72, 125–126, 128, 135–184, 187, 198–199, 208, 219–220, 223–224
Aramaic
112–113, 125, 135–184
Armenian
177n84
graffito of Esmet-Akhom (Hieroglyphic/Demotic Egypt)
223
Hebrew
121n69
Jewish
105–106, 112–113, 121n69, 123n72, 125, 128
Latin
224
Middle-Persian
126–127
Safaitic
126
Syriac
135–184
Wasta
26n5
Great Laura
251–252, 256–257, 261
Armenian community
252
martyrs of
257, 261
See also Sabas
Greece
207, 246
Greek
5, 8–16, 18–19, 25–45, 50–74, 79–101, 106–107, 112–128, 142, 153, 155, 158, 161, 185, 190–193, 195, 197, 200–201, 206–227, 235–238, 244–261, 268, 275–277, 284, 290, 299–300, 302, 304–308, 312, 316, 323–329, 331–333
decline of use in Egypt
315, 333
Greek and Coptic
206–231, 296–317
Greek and Demotic
206–231
Greek and Hieroglyphic
206–231
Greek and Jewish Aramaic
112–114, 125–128
Greek and Palmyrene
120–123, 125–128
Greek and Safaitic
126
Greek and Syriac
32n21, 32n23, 33–43, 50–51, 53–74, 79–101, 142n8, 153, 158, 161
in pagarchal office
309–311
signing in Greek
79–104
spread of
26, 43–45
syntax influencing Syriac
327
writing Greek in Aramaic script
29
writing Hebrew in Greek
116n49, 277
writing inscriptions in
26n6, 27, 53–74, 87–92, 98, 106–107, 112, 115
Greeks, in Egypt
296
Günece
161, 165
Gurya, mosaic signature of
94–96
gzbr (Persian, “treasurer”)
114
hagiography
3, 236, 247–248, 250, 253–254, 271–272, 285–288, 290, 303, 325
Byzantine
284n63, 285
Coptic
287
Ḥāḥ
140, 161, 165, 168, 170, 172, 173n76
Hakoris (Tehna)
209, 220
Hallelujah
277
Hama
98
Hammath Tiberias
117n52
handwriting
136n2, 147, 151, 163, 178, 235
Harran
138, 159
Hasankeyf
140, 161, 165
Hatran Aramaic
114, 329
Hazael, inscriptions of
25n2
ḥazan (officer in the synagogue)
116–117, 123–124
Hazinedere
138, 144, 148–149, 162, 165
Hebrew
14–15, 79, 87n31, 92n48, 105n2, 107, 109, 112, 115, 118–126, 127n83, 128, 190, 194–195, 199, 200, 238, 250, 323–324, 329
graffiti
121n69
prayer
277
written in Greek script
116n49, 277
Hebron
188n12, 199–200
Hegira
296, 300n17
Heidelberg Magical Library (papyri)
272
Heit
93n49
Hellenistic empires
196
Hellenization
19, 238–239, 255, 322–323, 331
Hephaistion, mosaic signature of
83
Hermitage 44 (Naqlun)
272
Hermonthis (Armant)
209, 221, 223
Hermopolis (el-Ashmunein)
209, 311n52, 314, 314n62
Hermopolite nome
314
Herodianus, son of Odainat of Palmyra
111
heroes (culture)
297
Hešterek
140, 161, 165–171
heterodoxy
278–279
Hierapolis (Syria)
27, 32
Hieratic
16
Hieratic and Greek
206–231
Hieroglyphic
16
graffito of Esmet-Akhom (Hieroglyphic/Demotic)
223
Hieroglyphic and Greek
206–231
Ḫirbat al-Ḫaṭīb
141, 153n32
Ḫirbat Ḥasan
141, 153n32, 155, 157
History of the Egyptian Monks
245–246, 260
History of the Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria
303
Hittite
25
holy man
241
fighting magic
285
Holy Sepulchre (church in Jerusalem)
177
homeland
72, 193, 243, 251
Homeric and mythological themes
11, 28–29, 80n4, 84, 88–89, 91n42, 110
Horus, Egyptian deity
278
hospitality (virtue)
246
Houad
93n49
House of Poseidon (Zeugma)
84–85
hunt scenes (Palmyra, mosaics)
89–91, 110
Ḥuwayjat Ḥalāwa
138, 144, 146
Iberia
237
Ibrāhīm ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān
313
idolatrous practices
286–287
Idumaea
188, 195
incantations
289n77
Aramaic
108n18
Coptic
282n57
Syriac
136n1
India
27
Indo-European languages
327
inscriptions
10, 187, 192, 194, 195, 328, 335
altar
90n37, 120, 122–123, 128, 197
anonymity in inscriptions
93
apotropaic
108
Arabic
37–38, 53n9, 120n64, 178, 208
Aramaic
25–205
bilingual
11, 190, 335
bilingual Greek-Aramaic
105–134, 199, 200, 331
bilingual Greek-Hebrew
105–134, 199
bilingual Greek-Latin
198
bilingual Greek-Phoenician
193
bilingual Greek-Syriac
36–38, 50–74, 154
bilingual in Egypt
225–226
bilingual in Syria
25–104
bilingual, Greek and another language
197, 332, 333
bilingual, Semitic and another language
198
Coptic
208–216, 219–221
dating of
189–190, 210–212
dedications
35, 39, 42, 93, 96, 112, 120, 122–123, 187, 192, 193n23, 197, 199, 200, 207, 210, 217, 219, 224, 226
domestic
14, 80n4, 83, 92, 108
donors’
14–15, 43, 52, 90, 93, 100, 106, 108, 111–117, 120, 122, 125–126, 172
Egypt
206–227
Egyptian
209, 221–223
funerary
14, 115n42, 118–120, 123–124, 166–167, 169–171, 173–174, 187, 192, 197, 199–200, 221
Greek
4, 14, 25–104, 209, 331, 332
Greek in Egypt
209, 217–219
Hazael, of
25n2
Karatepe
193
Jewish
105–131, 329
Jewish Aramaic
105–131
Jewish public
105–131, 332
Latin
197, 198
Latin public in Egypt
223–225, 239
monolingual
9, 51–52
monumental
3, 135–184
multilingual
335
Nubian
288
official
16–17, 39, 126, 142, 177–178, 180
on oil lamps
111, 119
on ossuaries
115n42, 118–120, 123–124, 127, 195
on tiles
14, 105–106, 112–114
public
14, 25–104, 135–184
reading of
9, 52, 113–114
Syriac
4, 13, 14, 25–104, 135–184, 329, 330, 332
Syriac on magic bowls
136n1
trilingual Greek-Syriac-Arabic
36–38, 53n9
Turfan
136n2
Zaʿūrā son of Marbayta
142n8, 152–153, 154, 156, 161
instrumenta domestica
187, 208
interpretation (culture)
298, 334
interpreters
66, 245–247, 260, 298, 304, 316
intralingual variations
1, 243
invocations
40, 60, 63, 65, 97, 187, 269, 280, 282n61, 290
Ioannes, mosaic signature of
94, 96n59
Iran
27
Iranian languages
112, 126, 238
Iraq
136n3
Isaac, patriarch of Alexandria
303–305, 316
Life of
303–305, 316
Isis, Egyptian deity
223, 277–278
Islam
8n14, 188, 217, 296–317
Islamic rule
7, 217, 299, 307, 333
conquest
18, 188n10, 189n16, 190, 199n41, 202n50, 317
empire
296, 304n32
in Egypt
296–317
See also Arabs, conquest
isolationism
244
Italy
81, 235
Iturea
principality of
27
coinage
27n8
Izlo, Mount
161
Jabal/Jebel
See Ǧabal
Jacob, biblical patriarch
250
Jebronatheni, Egyptian village
305
Jeremias, Armenian ascetic (Lives of the Monks of Palestine by Cyril of Scythopolis)
252
Jericho
188n12, 198n38, 199
Jerusalem
105n1, 111n27, 115n42, 118–119, 123–125, 127–128, 177, 188, 190, 192, 195–200, 251
Holy Sepulchre (church)
177
Jews of
118–120
Temple of
189n16, 196, 199
Jesus
256, 273, 323–324
Jewish Aramaic of Dura Europos
112, 114, 125–128
graffiti
112–113, 125
incantations
108n18
Jewish Aramaic and Greek
112–114, 125–128
Jewish liturgical formulas
277
Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
2, 240
Jews
2, 5, 14, 105–132, 244, 277, 322, 329, 332
Babylonian
112, 126
diaspora
119n59, 123–124, 128, 329
Jewish graffiti
106, 112–113, 121n69, 123n72, 125, 128
of Antioch
116–118, 123
of Apamea
115–120, 124–128
of Beth Sheʿarim
123–125, 127n83, 128
of Dura Europos
111–115, 120–123, 125–128
of Jerusalem
118–120
of Palmyra
105–111, 120–126
of Sepphoris and Larissa
116n50
Syro-Palestinian
15
See also Judaism
John Cassian
235–237, 246–247, 253, 256, 260
Institutes
235, 237, 256
Conferences
246, 260
John Chrysostom
32n22, 44
John III, patriarch of Alexandria
303
John of Ephesus, Lives of the Eastern Saints
247, 260
John, presbyter (Life of Euthymius by Cyril of Scythopolis)
254
John the Baptist
82n14, 93, 98–100
Joppa
199–200
Jordan
63, 109, 128n87
Josephus Flavius
106
Judaea
188
Judaea–Palestine
16, 186, 188–192, 194–201, 332
Judaism
15, 105–128
Judeo-Hellenistic
20
late antique
322
Rabbinic
20
Julius Julianus, governor of Phoenicia
197
Justinian
44
Novels of
56, 69
Juvenalis, patriarch of Jerusalem
198
Kafr Daryān
41–42
Kale Eteği
139
funerary mosaics of
142n8, 143, 153, 155, 161
Karatepe inscriptions
193
Kauloukau, Gnostic power
278
Kellis
275, 280, 332
Kerala
136n3
Kharga Oasis, villages of
209–210, 221
Khirbat al-Kursī (suburb of Amman, Jordan)
63
Khuzestan
136n1
Kilamuva
193
Kimar
41, 44–45
Kırk Mağara
139, 151–152, 160–161, 163, 165
Kızılkoyun
139, 142n8, 152–154, 156, 161, 165
koinonia
241, 244
Koptos (Qift)
209
Kosma, mosaic signature of
94–96
Kurtaran
138, 143n10, 144–145, 162, 165
land ownership (Syriac village)
62
language boundaries
1–2, 190, 251, 296n3
See also language frontier
language choice
1, 4, 6n5, 9–15, 20, 43, 52n6, 59, 65n30, 68, 87, 128, 310, 333
language contact (interaction)
6–7, 50, 59n17, 68, 325, 332
language frontier
5, 194, 199
See also language boundaries
language ideology
5
language ignorance
235–236, 246, 254–256, 261
language learning
1, 4, 9, 17, 235, 245, 248, 253–259, 261–262, 326
language miracles
257
language objectification
327
language of Christianity
258, 268, 322–324, 331–332
language of cultural mediation
18–19, 296–317, 333
language of prestige
8, 12–14, 37, 44, 62, 79, 83, 101, 217, 243, 259, 262, 269, 325, 331
Lapethos
122n70
Larissa
116n50
Late Antiquity
191, 196–197, 199–201, 237, 327, 333–334
Latin
5, 9, 16, 79, 81, 185, 190–192, 194–198, 200–201, 206, 208–209, 213–216, 223–227, 235–239, 246, 249–250, 262n62, 289n77, 324, 326–328, 334n40
graffiti
224
influencing Aramaic and Coptic
326–327
super-high status
326
Latinization
326–327
Latopolis (Esna)
209
lay Christians
268–269, 271, 275, 279, 281–284, 287
involved in magic
284, 290
Levant
2, 10, 25–26, 238–240
Southern
9, 16, 26n6, 185–205
Libanios, mosaic signature of
93n49
Life of Macarius of Alexandria, Coptic version
285–286
Life of Shenoute
286–287
Limestone massif
25–104, 135–184, 322, 332
lingua franca
11, 64n29, 217, 235, 237, 239, 254–255, 322, 328, 332–333
linguistic awareness
327
linguistic change
19, 26n6, 206–231
linguistic conformity
236, 249, 253, 255, 260, 334
linguistic differences
243–244, 252
linguistic homelessness
243
linguistic homogeneity
193, 236, 243, 253, 260
See also linguistic uniformity
linguistic identity
5, 17, 240–244, 251, 257–258, 260–261
linguistic imperialism
326
linguistic mediation
298
linguistic tolerance
235, 251–253
linguistic uniformity
244
See also linguistic homogeneity
literacy
6n5, 180, 187, 195, 206n2, 216, 279, 288–289, 325
liturgy
18, 42, 44, 60, 65–68, 73, 125, 236, 252–253, 269, 276, 281–282, 284, 289
Jewish liturgical formulas
277
Jewish mealtime prayer
115
language of
13
multilingual
334
Shemaʿ prayer (Deut. 6:4–9)
105n2, 108, 128
Loanwords
114, 306n38
Akkadian in Hebrew
116n49
Greek in Coptic
327
Persian in Aramaic
114
Luxor
224–225
Maʿar Zaytā
138, 145
Mabbug
259, 262
Macedonia
110
Macedonius, ascetic (Religious History by Theodoret)
247
magic
18, 210, 268–295
aggressive
274
aggressive sexual
272
childbirth
277
Christian
270 ff.
Coptic
270, 277
Heidelberg Magical Library
272
in hagiography
285
Jewish
277
penance
283–284
scribal
280
magical books
279, 280, 283–284, 286–287
Greek
284
owned by pagans
286
magical practices
269, 271, 276, 285
magical texts
2, 4, 269, 272, 276, 333
Coptic
288, 290
of monastic and clerical origins
288
produced by a monk
273
receipts
278
See also texts of ritual power
magic bowls (with Syriac inscriptions)
136n1
magicians
268–295
Christians
281, 285, 287
clergy
290
in hagiography
285, 287
lay Christian
287
monks
280
pagan
285–286
repentant
281, 284
See also ritual experts
Manichaeans
270, 275, 277–280
Manichaeism
20, 322, 332
manuscripts
3, 16–17, 35–36, 136–137, 153, 160n49, 179–180, 235–236, 303n28
colophons
14, 64n28, 97, 172n73, 176
copyists of
3, 14, 17, 137, 176
London, British Library, Add. 12150
153n30, 180n87
Paris, BnF, syr. 31
173n79
Paris, BnF, syr. 38
173n79
Paris, BnF, syr. 41
173n79
Mara, mosaic signature of
82n14, 98–99
Marallahe, mosaic of
28
Mardin
86, 138, 140
marginalia (marginal notes)
136, 142, 172–177
Marisa
188n12, 195
Mār Māri, Acts of
33
Marseilles
237
martyr shrine (martyrion, bēt sāhdē)
37, 93, 162, 165, 250
Martyrdom of the Fathers Killed by Arabs in the Laura of Saba
256, 261
Marwān I, Umayyad caliph
303
Mary, Virgin
56–57, 60, 63, 67, 69–71, 252
marzeaḥ tesserae
121
Masʿudiye (Euphrates region)
91–92, 96, 101
Matthew the Poor (Coptic hagiography)
285
Maximian, emperor
197
Mazdai, satrap
26
Medina
296
megillah
122–123, 126
Memnoneia (Djeme)
219
memory, places of
51–52
Memphis
209
Menander
84–85
mosaic of a scene from the play Synaristosai (House of Poseidon, Zeugma)
85
Mena of Nikiou, Life of Isaac of Alexandria
303–305, 316
Menas, St., shrine of
250
menorah
91, 107, 111
Mesopotamia
33, 44, 91, 126, 136n1, 331
Northern
240, 247, 330
mezuzah-building
See Palmyra
Miaphysitism
44, 73, 252, 259, 332–333
Michael the Syrian, the Syrian Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch
305
Chronicle
305
Midyat
138, 140
migration
See mobility
military diplomas
188
miracles
287–288
See also language miracles; magic
Miracles of Saint Claudius
287
Miracles of Saint Colluthus
287
Mishnah
119n58
Mithraeum
109
mobility
15, 105, 123–124, 127
monasteries
3–4, 11, 17–18, 42–43, 96n62, 165–166, 171–172, 173n76, 177, 180, 220–221, 235–238, 247, 268, 270–272, 276–277, 280, 284, 288, 333, 334
bilingual
1, 245–246, 248–253
multilingual
248–249, 251, 253, 260
See also monastic community
monastic community
240, 242–246, 251, 253–255, 259–261, 276
bilingual
260
Greek-Armenian
251–253
Greek-Syriac
248–249
monastic literature
236, 238, 244, 260–261, 272, 325
monastic titles
276
monolingual speakers
261
Mor Abay monastery (Qelet)
165, 173–176
Mor Awgīn monastery (Mount Izlo)
140, 161
Mor Domeṭ church (Zāz)
166–167
Mor Gabriel monastery (Qartmīn)
151, 166, 168
Mor Qūryāqōs church (Arnas)
173n76
Mor Yaʿqūb monastery (south of Şanlıurfa)
139, 177n84
Mor Yaʿqūb the Recluse monastery (Ṣalāḥ)
161, 165, 173–174
Mor Yūḥanon monastery (Ḥāḥ)
161, 165, 172, 173n76
mosaic-makers (mosaicists)
1, 13–14, 17, 63, 79–104, 110–111, 147, 160, 172, 331
identities of
80–83, 101
mosaics
14, 17, 61, 79–104, 105–107, 110–111, 115–118, 127, 135, 137, 142–151, 155, 159–165, 172, 176, 180, 187, 197–200, 202, 331
Aphrodite (House of Poseidon, Zeugma)
84, 89
Auxentios
143n11, 160, 165
Barsamya
28n10, 164
Bellerophon, Pegasus, Chimaera (Palmyra)
89–90, 110
Church of John the Baptist (Umm Hartaine)
82n14, 98–101
Edessene
11, 88, 95
floor in the synagogue (Apamea)
107
funerary (Kale Eteği)
142n8, 143
hunt scenes (Palmyra)
89–91, 110
Marallahe
28
marine procession (Nisibis)
86
Muqimu
28n10
Orpheus
28, 87–88, 92, 164
Qubbet es-Sheikh
95–97
relaying/repairing of
111
scene from Menander’s play Synaristosai (Zeugma)
84–85
Zaydallat
28n10
mosaic signatures
13, 14, 79–101
Syriac
79–101, 331
Moses, biblical patriarch
40, 113, 122
Muḥammad
296
multilingual competence
237
Multilingual Library (Trismegistos archive tm 380; kyp A17)
276–277, 279
multilingualism
1–10, 19–20, 25, 36, 50–52, 53n9, 59n16, 98, 128, 185–186, 201–202, 206n2, 237, 246, 248–251, 260, 322, 324, 327, 329, 333–334
Egyptian
317, 328, 332
personal
245, 248, 251, 253
Muqimu, mosaics of
28n10
Muslim
19, 302, 312–314, 317, 333
in Coptic letters
311
letter to a Copt
312–313
officials
19, 302, 307–308, 310–311, 314
officials using Coptic
315–316
mythology
Greek
28
Greek tragedy themes
29
Homeric and mythological themes
28–29, 80n4, 84, 89, 91n42, 110
images
11
Naʿaran
199
Nabataea
27, 120n64
Nabataean
27n8, 194, 329
Nabgha/Nabġa
32–33, 93, 95, 97, 138, 145, 147, 155
Nag Hammadi
278
names
13, 14, 27, 28, 37, 38, 40, 62–63, 66, 79–104, 110–111, 157n39, 172–173, 210, 217–218, 269–270, 272n14, 273–277, 289, 299, 302, 306, 308–309, 310n50, 313n58, 314n65, 316
Arabic
38, 178, 312
Aramaic
33, 35
Greek and Syriac
34–35, 38–39, 42
Jewish
107, 113, 114, 116, 118–122, 125, 128
of biblical origin
33–34, 39, 42
Naqlun
272, 275
monastery of
288
nationalism
8, 17
native tongue
32n22, 101, 235–236, 238n7, 242, 244, 253–261, 311, 334
Naukratis
296
necropolis
153–154, 161, 188n13
Nessana papyri
326
New Testament
323–324
See also Bible
Nicaea (council)
325
Nicopolis, suburb of Alexandria
223–225
Nilotic languages
327
Nisibis
44, 86, 92, 140, 240
Nizip
138, 143n10, 145, 162, 165
Noah, mosaic signature of
94
nomina barbara
269
notarios (notary)
304–305
Nubia
209, 288
Nusaybin
See Nisibis
obedience (ascetic virtue)
4, 241, 254–257
Odainat, king of Palmyra
90, 110–111
See also Herodianus, son of Odainat of Palmyra
Odes of Solomon
330
officinae
See workshops
oil lamps, inscribed
111, 119
Old Testament
323, 330
See also Bible, Torah
Orestas, mosaic signature of
96n62
Örmetaş
138, 143n10, 144, 147–148, 162, 165
Orpheus, mosaic (Papa’s tomb)
28, 87–88, 92, 164
Osiris, Egyptian deity
277
Osrhoene
29, 32–33, 44, 137, 151n25
ossuaries
119, 195
inscriptions on
115n42, 118–120, 123–124, 127, 195
Ostia
81
ostraca
135, 136n1, 145, 187, 194n27, 206, 208–209, 217, 222
Oxyrhynchos (Bahnasa)
209
Pachomian community
244–245, 248
house for foreigners
245
Pachomius
245, 256
Bohairic Life of
245, 248, 256, 260–261
First Greek Life of
245, 248, 256, 260–261
See also Pachomian community
pagarch
19, 307–310, 313–314, 316
archive of
307–316
Basileios of Aphrodito
307, 309–311
Papas of Apollonopolis
308–314
use of Greek
309–311
pagarchies
307–309, 313, 316
Pahlavi
238
paintings (synagogue, Dura Europos)
112, 125–126, 329
palaeography
16, 33, 109–110, 120, 191n19, 210, 219, 334
Aramaic/Syriac
135–184
Palestine
2, 3, 16, 27, 64, 68, 105–132, 185–205, 236–237, 240, 244, 247, 251, 252n44, 253, 255, 260, 322, 323n2, 332
Palladius of Helenopolis
246, 260, 285
Lausiac History
246, 260, 285
Palmyra
14, 15, 27, 29n15, 87, 89–92, 105–111, 120–128, 329, 331–332, 335
banquet hall
89–91, 110–111
Basilica I
109–110
Basilica II
109
Basilica III
109
Bellerophon, Pegasus, Chimaera (mosaic)
89–90, 110
Great Basilica (Basilica IV)
109
hunt scenes (mosaics)
89–91, 110
Jews of Palmyra
105–111, 120–126
mezuzah-building (gate of the synagogue/mansion)
105–111, 121–122, 125, 128
Odainat, king of
90, 110–111
Tomb of the Three Brothers
29n15
Palmyrene Aramaic
2, 89–92, 120–128, 172n72, 194, 240, 329
Palmyrene and Greek
120–121, 125–126
Panopolis (Akhmim)
209
Papas, pagarch of Apollonopolis Magna
308–311
archive of
309–314
papyri
3–4, 7, 9, 17, 136n1, 206–207, 209–210, 216–217, 222, 272n15, 273–281, 287–290, 308–315, 317, 322, 332–333
Aramaic
277
Berlin Library
278–279
bilingual
276
Coptic
216, 278
Greek
216, 277–278, 308
Heidelberg Magical Library
272
Hellenistic
332
magical non-Christian Greek and Egyptian
289
Nessana papyri
326
papyrology
3, 290
P.Berlin inv. 11347
273, 276n31
P.Bodmer 58
279–280
P.Cair.Masp. II 67188v
275
P.Kellis V Copt. 35
275
P.Lond. IV 1412 (register)
305
P.Lond. IV 1447 (Greek fiscal register)
305
P.Michigan inv. 3565
273
P.Mil.Vogl. Copto 16
277
P.Yale inv. 2124
276
Roman
332
para-texts
17, 137, 172–177, 179–180
parchment documents (Euphrates)
66, 112, 115, 125, 135, 143, 145, 155, 159–160, 164, 326
Parthians
111
Parthian costumes
28–29
Paul, apostle
40
Epistles
235
Paul, Armenian ascetic (Lives of the Monks of Palestine by Cyril of Scythopolis)
252
Pella
83
penance, for magic
283–284
Pergamon
83
period
Byzantine
109, 196n32
Early Roman
189
Graeco-Roman
185n1, 189n16, 190–191, 195, 201, 207, 214, 222
Hellenistic
7, 16, 26n5, 26n6, 83, 186, 188n13, 189–190, 195–196, 201
Islamic
325, 333
Late Roman
16, 91, 186, 188n11, 189, 198n39, 227, 237n6
Persian
193
post-Roman
5, 8
pre-Hellenistic
11, 193n22, 194, 227
Roman
16, 186, 189, 190n16, 194–196, 198, 222, 223, 227, 301n19
periodeutes
37, 42, 93
Persian empire
33, 91, 112, 127
See also Sasanids
Persian, Middle
14, 112, 114, 126–127, 329
graffiti
112, 126–127
personal identity
236, 242–244
Peshitta
324, 330
Pesynthius of Coptus (Coptic hagiography)
285
Peter, Armenian ascetic (Lives of the Monks of Palestine by Cyril of Scythopolis)
252
Peter the Fuller, miaphysite patriarch of Antioch
73, 252
Phibamo, ascetic (Hermitage 44, Naqlun)
272
Phibamon, father of Apa Victor
273–274
Philae (Island)
209, 219, 221–223
Philotas, relief of
27
Philoxenus of Mabbug
262
Letter to a Friend
259
Syriac Philoxenian Gospels
324
Phoenicia
16, 185n1, 186, 188–201, 332
Phoenician
26, 136n3, 185n1, 190, 191n19, 193–195
dialects of
193
pilgrims
39–40, 198, 238, 245
Pleuit (Egyptian village)
286
Poseidon, House of (Zeugma)
84–85, 89
praetorium
305
presbyter
Christian
12–13, 37, 57–58, 60, 63–66, 72–73, 176n78, 180, 254
Jewish
114
visiting magicians
282–283
See also periodeutes
priest (khnh), Jewish
115, 121n69, 123–124
primordial language
334
Procopius, ascetic (Life of Euthymius by Cyril of Scythopolis)
253–254, 261
Prokopios, mosaic signature of
93n49
proselyte
115, 119–120
prosopographic analysis
12, 15, 210, 314n62
Psalms
74, 122–123, 249–250, 252, 256–257
Ptolemies
206, 217, 222, 238
Publius, ascetic (Religious History by Theodoret)
248–249
Punic
193n21, 238
pyrgosekon (πυργοσηκὼν )
53n10, 55–57, 60, 69–72
Qalʿat al-Muḍīq
105
See also Apamea
Qalʿat Yahmūr
198
Qalb Loze
37–40
Qartmīn
140, 151–152, 166, 168
Qaṣr ʾIblīsū
141, 153n32
Qelet
140, 161, 165, 173–176
Qubbet es-Sheikh
95–98
Qurra archive
307–309, 311
Qurra ibn Sharīk, governor of Egypt
307
Rabbinic sources
250
Rabbūlā bishop of Edessa
157–158
Raqqa
96n62, 138, 145
Rašīd ibn Ḫalīd, pagarch of Hermopolis
311n52, 314
Rasm al-Aḥmar
56n14
Rasm al-Ḥaǧal (Ǧabal Šubayṯ)
12, 32n21, 53–74
Rechtssprache
326
Red Sea, canal
299–300
renunciation
235–237, 240, 242, 244, 257–261, 334
Rhine
237
ritual experts
268–295, esp. 271, 280, 282, 285n64, 289–290
Christian
279
See also magicians
rituals (culture)
297
Roman empire
7, 79, 88, 226, 237n6, 238, 325, 328, 332
army
194, 224, 227, 239, 326
bureaucracy
223
colonies
194
rule
26n6, 194, 196, 224, 325
veterans
194
See also period, Roman
Romanization
19, 323n2, 325, 331
Rome
237, 323, 327
Saba, mosaic signature of
94–96
Sabas the Great
251–253, 256
Cyril of Scythopolis, Life of
252
See also Great Laura
Safaitic graffiti
126
Sahidic Coptic
276, 278
Ṣalāḥ
161, 165, 173–174
salām-greeting
310, 314
Šalmat, funerary stela of
29–30
Samaritan Aramaic
2, 108n17, 240
Samosata
27, 33, 84
Samuel of Kalamun (Coptic hagiography)
285
Şanlıurfa
See Edessa
Sanskrit
330
Sasanids
91, 106
Satan
278
scholastikos (σχολαστικός )
116, 118
Scopus, Mount
124
scribes
97, 126, 169, 172–177, 207, 268, 275, 289–290
bilingual and trilingual in pagarch offices
316
Jewish
277
lay Christian writing spells in Coptic
290
of magical texts
272–274
of manuscript
3, 14, 17
practices of
17, 288
village
4, 18, 279, 288
See also dipīr
script(s)
2, 11, 15–16, 44, 53, 101, 110, 112–115, 135–184
alphabetic
186, 192
Arabic
37–38, 120n64, 135
Arabic written in Syriac script (Garshuni)
328
Aramaic
2, 44
Coptic
206, 208–209, 211, 213–217, 219–221, 223, 225–227
Demotic
16, 206, 208–209, 216, 221–223, 225–227
Edessene Aramaic
28–29, 92, 135n1, 135–184
estrangela/Syriac monumental
3, 16–17, 101, 135–184
Greek written in Aramaic script
29
Hebrew square
107, 115, 277
Hebrew written in Greek script
277
Hieratic
16, 206, 208–209, 221–223, 227
Hieroglyphic
16, 206–209, 216, 221–223, 227
Latin
16, 206, 208–209, 213–216, 223–225, 227
Palmyrene cursive
110–111, 122, 127, 329
serto
136n2, 142n6, 180n88
Syriac adopted for Sogdian and Uyghur
328
Syriac cursive
3, 16–17, 135–184, 330
Scythia Minor
237
Scythian
244
Scythopolis
332
See also Cyril of Scythopolis
second language acquisition
8
See also language learning
Semitic languages
26n5, 67, 92n48, 136n3, 185, 190–192, 194–195, 197–201, 327
West Semitic
25, 190
Sepphoris
116n50
Septuagint
122n70, 323
See also Bible; Old Testament; Psalms
Sergios/Sergis
builder mentioned in the trilingual inscription (Zabad)
36–38, 53n9
mosaic signature of (church of John the Baptist, Umm Hartaine)
82n14, 98–99
St., martyr shrine (martyrion) of (Zabad)
36–38
St., Church of (Eneš)
166, 178–179
St., Church of (Dār Qītā)
40
Seridos (Barsanuphius’ confidant)
257–258, 261
Severus of Antioch
32n22, 44, 326
Shadrafa, god
120n64
Sheikh Sleiman
38–39
Shemaʿ prayer (Deut. 6:4–9)
See liturgy
Shibboleth
243
Sidon
188n11, 197
Sifre on Deuteronomy
250
signature
Greek and Syriac
79–101, 326
mosaics
79–101
remembrance prayer
98
self-fashioning
81–87
theory of
79–87, 172–177
Şıh Maksut
139, 159, 163
Silwan
123–124
Simeon, monk in Egypt (Institutes by John Cassian)
235–237, 253
Simeon, St. 42, 97
Sinai
209
Siout
See Assiut
Slavic dialects
238
socio-historical approach
6–10, 16
sociolinguistic situation (landscape, map)
1, 5, 53–58, 240, 328, 333–334
sociolinguistic theory
6, 9, 50–52
Sogdian
238, 328
Sogdiana
26
spells
4, 270, 272, 274–278, 282, 285n64, 287–290
Coptic
278, 288
Coptic Christian
290
Greek
290
Greek and Coptic
275, 289
of attraction
287
stamps (on amphorae)
208
statistical analysis
9, 15, 185–231
models
189
staurogram
277
Stephen, St.
62
Stobi
110
stonecutters
1, 12, 33, 50–104
stylite
11, 41–42, 97, 258
Şuaip
138, 159, 163
Ṣūġāna (Ǧabal Simʿān)
63–64
Sumerian
25
sumerogram (Sumerian cuneiform)
25, 25n1
Surqānyā
155
Susiya
199
Syene (Assuan)
209
symbols (culture)
297
synagogue
52n6, 79, 92n48, 105–132, 199, 323n2, 329
floor mosaic (Apamea)
106–107
paintings (Dura Europos)
112, 125–126, 329
synkathadros (συνκάθαδρος , of the synagogue)
114
Syria
3, 10, 25–49, 50–78, 79–104, 105–132, 135–184, 236, 240, 244, 247, 251, 260, 322
North
1, 259, 329, 332
Eastern
12
Syriac
2, 5, 10–17, 20, 25–104, 114, 125, 128, 135–184, 239–240, 247–251, 258–259, 262, 278, 305, 324–332, 335
diffusion in Antiochene
32, 43–44, 59n17
graffiti
135–184
inscriptions on magic bowls
136n1
Old Syriac documents (Dura Europos)
66, 112, 115, 125, 135, 135n1, 143, 145, 160, 164, 326
palaeography of
135–184
relations with Greek
32, 32n21, 32n23, 33–44, 50–51, 53–74, 79, 142n8, 153, 161
sub-imperial language
326
Tadmor
See Palmyra
Tall Bīʿa
96n62, 138, 143n10, 144–145
Tall Maġāra
138, 151n25, 159, 163
Tartaruchos
278
Tatian
29
Tektek Plateau
138, 145
Tel Ade (Teleda)
42–43
Tel Dan
25n2
Teleda
See Tel Ade
Tell Fekheriyeh
25n2
Tell Shiukh Tahtani
29
Temple of Jerusalem
189n16, 196, 199
Terenouthis (Kom Abu Billo)
209
Tetragrammaton
277
texts of ritual power
4, 18, 268–295
See also magical texts
Thebaid
244
Thebes
209, 221, 224, 273n16, 281n56
Theodore of Alexandria (Pachomian community)
244–245, 248
Theodoret
249
Religious History
247–248, 253, 260
Theodosius I
107, 127
Theon, multilingual ascetic (History of the Egyptian Monks)
245–246
Theotecnus, monastic superior (Religious History by Theodoret)
249
Thomas, apostle
44
Thomas, Sergios, and Onda (mosaicists), signature of (church of John the Baptist, Umm Hartaine)
82n14, 98
Tomb of the Three Brothers (Palmyra)
29n15
Torah
110, 112–113, 116n49, 128, 250
multilingual revelation of
250
shrine
112–113, 123n72, 126
tragedy, Greek, themes
29
Trajan, emperor
299
trakteutai
56, 60, 69–70, 74
translation
44, 59, 298, 310, 315, 324–325, 327, 330–331, 334
translators
15, 298n10, 304n32, 325, 334
Tribunus, bilingual ascetic (Lives of the Eastern Saints by John of Ephesus)
247
trilingualism
in Egypt
300
monasteries
251, 253
trilingual Greek-Syriac-Arabic inscription of Zabad
36–38, 53n9
trilingual individuals, pagarch offices
316
Tripolis (Lebanon)
62
Trisagion
44–45, 60, 65–66, 72–73, 252
Tunisia
81
Ṭūr ʿAbdīn
137–138, 140, 142n8, 145, 151, 161, 166, 173n76
Turfan inscriptions
136n2
Turkey
3, 16, 83–84, 87n28, 135–184
Tyre
26n5, 188, 190, 192, 196–197
Ugaritic
25
Umayyad caliphate
307
Umm Hartaine
82n14, 98–101
Uyghur
328
ʿUzzi, mosaic signature of
113
vainglory (ascetic vice)
259, 261–262
values (culture)
297
vertical direction of writing
35–37, 39, 145, 151, 153n29, 177n84
Victor, monk
274
Victor, son of Zoe
275
Victor, St., son of Romanos
274
village
community
4, 12–13, 50–78
officials, Egypt
308
scribes
4, 18, 279, 288
voces magicae
269, 280
See also magic
votive figurines
208
Wadi Sarga
209
Wasta, graffito
26n5
workshops (professional in antiquity)
81–87
builders
64
engravers
3, 180
mosaicist
14, 91
scribal
3
xenia-motifs
110–111
xeniteia
241, 243, 251
Yanouh (Lebanon)
27
Yiddish
243
Yolbilen
138, 144, 148, 150, 162, 165
Zabad
36–38, 53n9, 67
trilingual inscription of
36–38, 53n9
Zakkur
25n2
Zaʿūrā son of Marbayta, inscription of
142n8, 152–154, 156, 161
Zaydallat, mosaics of
28n10
Zāz
140, 166–167
Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra
90
See also Palmyra
Zenon, mosaic signature of
86
Zetemata Cyrilli, Anthimi et Stephani
279–281
Zeugma (Gaziantep)
84–85, 89, 137–138, 145, 145n15, 147, 166, 177, 248
House of Poseidon
84–85, 89
Zosimos (of Samosata), mosaic signature of
84–86, 89
Zubayd ibn Ḫudayğ, Egyptian official
310
Zʿura, ascetic (Lives of the Eastern Saints by John of Ephesus)
247