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This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder.
Free E-Book (PDF) download is sponsored by the Shi’a Research Institute Open Access Grant (Toronto),
Cover illustration: Nahj al-Balāghah (“The Way of Eloquence”). Cover calligraphy by Nihad Nadam, 2023.
The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at
LC record available at
Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download:
ISSN 2666-3759
ISBN 978-90-04-68259-7 (hardback)
ISBN 978-90-04-68260-3 (e-book)
DOI 10.1163/9789004682603
Copyright 2024 by Tahera Qutbuddin. Published by Koninklijke Brill BV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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