Figures
2.1 Photograph showing the horseshoe-shaped bastion with foundations bonded in herringbone technique (opus spicatum) from the Lerna III (EH II) fortification walls at Lerna in the Argolid 33
2.2 Photograph of the EC II–III interior enclosure wall and one of the horseshoe-shaped bastions at Chalandriani Kastri on Syros 35
2.3 Plan of Malthi-Dorion showing the enclosure wall and interior structures, including those built adjoining the wall 53
2.4 Plan of the three construction phases of the citadel at Tiryns. A indicates the LH IIIA1 phase; B refers to the LH IIIB1 phase; C refers to the final phase constructed in LH IIIB2 55
2.5 Plan of the three construction phases of the fortification walls at Mycenae. 1 indicates the LH IIIA2 phase; 2 indicates the LH IIIB1 phase; 3 shows the addition of the Northeast Extension at the end of LH IIIB2 57
2.6 Plan of the LH IIIB2 enclosure wall at the acropolis of Athens 60
2.7 Plan of the citadel at Gla showing the fortification walls that date to LH IIIB1 61
2.8 Plans of the four gateways that punctuate the circuit wall at Gla, including their guardrooms and the ramp leading to the South gate 62
2.9 Photograph of the Phylakopi III-i–ii phase “Town Wall” showing carefully worked limestone blocks with interstitial stones and the sharp, rectangular corner of a projection 65
3.1 Obverse side of a bronze dagger with a lion hunt from Shaft Grave IV of Grave Circle A at Mycenae (P394) 91
3.2 Primary components of Aegean swords 93
3.3 Back of the Warrior Krater (P1426) from Mycenae showing a combatant using a small spear as a thrusting weapon 98
3.4 Photograph of the grave stele from Grave V of Grave Circle A (P1428) at Mycenae showing a box chariot with a driver 109
5.1 EM–MM I seal, CMS VS 1A, no. 294 165
5.2 MH II pithos fragment from Kolonna. After Siedentopf (1991) pl. 38.162 168
5.3 Enlarged drawing of engraving on the face of the Combat Agate sealstone from Pylos. Stocker and Davis (2017) Fig. 10 170
5.4 “Battle in the Glen” signet ring from Mycenae, CMS I 16 171
5.5 LM I sealing showing a sword fighter attacking an unarmed opponent from behind. CMS II.6 15 171
5.6 LBA I–II seal showing a warrior with a spear and another with a bow fighting a lion. CMS IX no. D 7 175
5.7 LM I sealing showing male figures fighting with spears around a pillar. CMS II.6 17 175
5.8 LM I sealing. CMS II.7 20 176
5.9 Drawing of a scene from the Silver Battle Krater. From Blakolmer (2007) 176
5.10 LM I seal showing a spearman fighting a lion. CMS IX 152 177
5.11 Front of the Warrior Krater (P1426) from Mycenae showing warriors marching in single file 188
5.12 LH IIIC krater fragment from Kynos 189
6.1 Boxer Rhyton from Ayia Triada showing a boxer with balled fists in the third register. Grayscale image created from color photograph 215
6.2 Assembly on the hill fresco from the North Frieze of Room 5 of the West House at Akrotiri showing warriors with boar’s tusk helmets, swords, and tower shields 224
7.1 Battle Scene I from the Palace of Nestor at Pylos, Hall 64. Lang (1969) color plate M, lower right. Watercolor by Piet de Jong 251
7.2 Major types of Aegean swords according to Karo and Sandars. 1. Type A; 2. Type B; 3. Single-edged; 4. Type C; 5. Type Di; 6. Type Dii; 7. Type Fii; 8. Type Gi; 9. Type Gii; 10. Type Naue II 252
8.1 Marble figurine of a male “warrior/hunter” from the Cyclades, probably 2300–2200 BC. Reg. no. 2011,5007.1 273
8.2 A suggested reconstruction of the LH I Siege Rhyton from Shaft Grave IV, Grave Circle A, Mycenae 276
8.3 LH IIIA–B carved ivory head of a warrior wearing a boar’s tusk helmet from Tomb 16, Enkomi, Cyprus. Reg. No. 1897,0401.1340 281
8.4 LH IIIB wall-painting of a male hunter amongst collared hounds and wild boars 283
8.5 LH IIIA2 amphoroid krater with chariots from Maroni, Cyprus. Reg. no. 1911,0428.1 285
8.6 LH IIIC Tomb 2 from Spaliareika Lousikon, Achaea. From Giannopoulos (2008) Taf. 6 290
9.1 Bronze corslet from Thebes in Boeotia, dating to LH IIIB (Andrikou 2007: Pl. CIIa) 312
9.2 A bronze Type Naue II sword from Tholos Tomb B at Mouliana on Crete dating to LM IIIC (left) and an iron Type Naue II sword from Grave 9 at Vitsa in Epirus dating to the seventh century (right) (after Kilian-Dirlmeier 1993: Figure 36 no. 242, Figure 53 no. 396) 317
9.3 Common spearheads of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in the Aegean (left to right) Höckmann Type Dii from Chamber Tomb B at Kallithea in Achaia (LH IIIC), Höckmann Type Five from Grave XIX at Ialysos on Rhodes (LH IIIA), Snodgrass Type A from Grave 34 of the Kerameikos cemetery in Athens (Protogeometric), Snodgrass Type G from Grave 2 of the Kerameikos cemetery in Athens (Geometric), Snodgrass Type J from Grave Mound L Burial A at Vergina in Macedonia (Protogeometric) (after Avila 1983: fig. 16 no. 107, Figure 21 no. 60F, Figure 35 no. 885, Figure 36 no. 90, Figure 42 no. 951) 318
9.4 Fresco fragments from Knossos on Crete of LM II–IIIA date showing a figure carrying two spears (detail of Evans 1928: Pl. XIII) 319
9.5 Late Geometric II Attic oinochoe (Fitzwilliam Museum GR.1.1935) showing figures carrying two spears and “Dipylon” shields (right) 320
9.6 Bronze helmet facings from Grave XXVIII at Tiryns, of Submycenaean date (Verdelis 1963 Pl. 6, Pl. 7) 321
9.7 The bronze Kegelhelm from the Odeon Area Tomb 45 at Argos, of LG II date (Courbin 1957 figs. 39–40) 322
9.8 Fragments of a krater from Tiryns of LH IIIC date (Slenczka 1974: Pl. 2.1) both showing “rail” chariots 325
9.9 A Late Geometric IIb Attic neck-handled amphora showing “rail” chariots (Athens National Museum 17935) 326
10.1 Visualization of dogs chasing deer in the miniature painting from the northeast bastion at Ayia Irini (Morgan 2020, fig. 7.17). Note the white dots showing foam on the waves of the sea at the bottom. A pink zone lies between the blue of the sky and the yellow of the land, interpreted as representing the early morning or early evening sky on a partially cloudy day; white blobs painted on top of the blue sky probably represent clouds (Morgan 2020, 184). Artist: Lyvia Morgan 375
10.2 Plan of Phylakopi (Earle 2016, fig. 6.2, after Renfrew 1985, fig. 3.1; Renfrew et al. 2007, fig. 2.1; Whitelaw 2005, fig. 6) 377
10.3 Plan of Ayia Irini, showing the later MC (Period V) fortification wall and buildings of several LC phases (after Schofield 2011, pl. 2). The earlier MBA (Period IV) fortification wall is not included on this plan. Drawn by W. Willson Cummer (1982) based on plan by Roger L. Holzen (1976) 381
10.4 Minoanizing “adorant” figurine (a) and terracotta female figures (b–d) from the Temple at Ayia Irini. Not to scale. a) Caskey (1964), no. K3.563, pl. 56a; b) Caskey (1986), no. 1-1, height 0.98 m, pl. 4a; c) Caskey (1986), no. 5-1, height 0.68 m, pl. 33a; d) Caskey (1986), no. 8-1, height 0.69 m, pl. 44a. Photographers unknown 383
10.5 Some daggers from Ayia Irini and Troullos on Kea. a) K6.404, from Area G, late MC or LC I; b) K3.631, hilt and start of blade, from House A, LC II; c) K6.248, possible votive, from Troullos, chronologically mixed deposit; d) B-4.21, from the Temple, LC I or II. Photographers unknown 390
10.6 Visualizations of chariot (above) and hunter (below) in the miniature wall paintings of the Northeast Bastion at Ayia Irini (Morgan 2020, figs. 7.10a, 7.16). Artist: Lyvia Morgan 393
10.7 Visualization of the arrival of boats to a seaside town, where men work over tripod cauldrons, in the miniature wall paintings of the Northeast Bastion at Ayia Irini (Morgan 2020, fig. 7.8). Artist: Lyvia Morgan 394
12.1 Plan of LBA Troy including remains outside the citadel (Jablonka and Rose 2004, fig. 3) 458
Maps
1.1 Locations in Central and Southern Greece 19
1.2 Locations on the island of Crete 20
1.3 Locations in Western Anatolia and place names from Hittite documents 21
Tables
1.1 Main relative phases of Aegean Bronze Age chronology 4
10.1 Schematic Aegean Chronologies. Absolute dates (high) after Manning (2010) and (low) after Younger (2017). Abbreviations: Middle Bronze Age (MBA), Late Bronze Age (LBA), Middle Minoan (MM), Late Minoan (LM), Middle Cycladic (MC), Late Cycladic (LC), Seismic Destruction Level (SDL), Volcanic Destruction Level (VDL) 357
12.1 Relative chronological phases of Troy and the Mycenaean world. (Relative positions and terms are the author’s compilation after Manning (2010) table 2.2; Mountjoy (1999b) table 1, (2017) 90; Vitale (2006) table 3). All dates and synchronisms are approximate 449