Index
Abenguefith (see Ibn Wāfid)
abezar (see ambezar)
abraheo
87
Abstand
315
Acacemia Nacional del Judeoespañol (ANJ)
309–311, 317, 320–321, 323–326, 328–329
accent
236, 238–240, 246, 248–249, 252
accented syllable (see syllable; word)
accent retraction
238
accentuation
139, 239
falling accent
239, 245–246
high accent
243–244
low accent
240
nuclear accent
239, 244–245, 249, 252
pitch accent
235–238, 246, 252
prenuclear accent
238, 240
rising accent
235–236, 239, 243–244, 248–249
unaccented syllable/word
238, 248 (see also syllable)
wide accent
245–246
word accent
77–78
accusative
185, 264–265
accusative clitic (see clitic)
accusative object (see object)
achiramistas
87
acrolect
198
adafina
73
adjective comparison (see comparison)
address, forms of
9–10, 105–126
caballero
108
él, ella
105, 107, 119, 122
ermano mío
118
merced
117
pačhá hermano
115
señor, señores
107–108, 110, 112–115, 117–119
su merce(d), sus mercedes
107, 118, 122
tú
106–113, 122
tu merced
107
vos
105–109, 112–117, 119–122
vosotros
113, 120
vuestra majestad
107
vues(tr)a merce(d), vuestras mercedes
106–109, 116–118, 122
vuestra señoría
107, 117
adstratum
11, 197
affricates
16, 32, 259–260
Africa
African countries
282, 315
North Africa
4, 139, 169, 227
agrand(e)ar
87
aínda (see Lusisms)
Aki Yerushalayim
290–291, 317–319, 328 (see also spelling; transcription; writing)
Al-Andalus
1, 2, 23, 28, 55
Alfonso de Valladolid
El mostrador de justicia
88
Tĕšuvot la Mĕharef
88
Alfonso X, King of Castile
Estoria de España
179
General Estoria
88, 90–91
Alfonso XI, King of Castile
Libro de la montería
41
alhad
73
Alhambra Decree
191
aljamía
8, 60–61, 68, 74, 130
aljamiado texts
74, 131, 149
Alliance Israélite Universelle
169, 230, 258, 316
almesha (see Lusisms)
alphabet
24, 34, 37, 75, 77, 81, 87 (see also graphic systems; spelling; writing)
Arabic alphabet
27, 31
Basque alphabet
319
Cyrillic alphabet
17, 76
Greek alphabet
77–78
Hebrew alphabet
13–15, 34, 47, 204, 229
Latin alphabet
8, 17, 24, 29, 74, 258, 319
Spanish alphabet
317, 322
amargar
88
amaxar (see Leonese language)
ambezar
74, 88
ambiguity
116, 121–122, 153, 157–158, 167, 259, 263
Andalusi Romance language
8, 25, 27–28, 31–32, 37, 47–48, 168 (see also Romance languages)
Andalusian dialect (see Spanish language)
aphaeresis
132, 134
apiadar(se)
88
Arabic language
14, 23–25, 27–34, 36–40, 42–46, 48, 73, 168, 229, 256, 258, 264–265
Arabisms
42, 44, 48, 91
Aragonese language
2, 27–28, 32, 36–37, 48–49, 72, 169, 229
demandar
72
demudarse
72
kalér
72
lonso
72
Navarro-Aragonese
1, 3
Old Aragonese
24–27, 32, 35–36, 39
Aramaic language
60, 72–73, 92, 196
archaisms in Judeo-Spanish varieties (see Judeo-Spanish varieties)
Archivio storico della Communità Ebrea (Pisa)
127, 138
Archivo Diocesano de Cuenca
8, 54–55
Archiv of the DEM
84–88, 92–93
Argentinian Spanish dialect (see Spanish language)
argument structure
145–148, 155–156, 160–161, 169, 180
Ariza Viguera, Manuel
129
Arnald of Villanova
33
article (grammatical category)
definite article
132, 161, 235
indefinite article
208, 236
Ashkenazi
Ashkenazi communities
197, 200, 205
Ashkenazi forms
65
Ashkenazi writing conventions (see writing)
Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (ASALE)
310, 312, 323
aspiration of f-, absence of (see consonant)
assimilation (phonology)
132, 134
assimilation of liquids
10, 139
assimilation of voicing
260
assimilation of vowels
274–275
complete assimilation
260
Asturian language
79
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal
175, 258
Ausbau
315
Ausbausprachen
315
Austria
192, 196, 200
Austrian German dialect (see German language)
Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino i su Kultura (ANLK)
312, 314, 317–321, 325–326, 328, 341
Autosegmental-Metrical Model
235
av (see Hebraisms)
Avicenna (see Ibn Sīnā)
aviv (see Hebraisms)
Ayala, Pero López de
88
Rimado de Palacio
88
Ayifto
73
Bacugino, Israel
140
bafo
88–89
Balat (neighborhood of Istanbul)
231, 233, 266
Balkanic Turkish (see Turkish)
Balkan languages
184, 213, 215, 229
Balkan Sprachbund
167, 184, 213, 215, 228
Balkans
192, 200–201
Balkan varieties of Judeo-Spanish (see Judeo-Spanish varieties)
Baruch, Kalmi
113, 153, 196, 259
Basque language
319
Behar, Isaak
195
Belgrade
152, 198–199, 330
Benoliel, José
196
Berlin
193, 201, 218
Bible
59–60, 68, 75
BibliaJudCrist
88
Ferrara Bible
74, 83, 88
vernacular Bible translations
5, 73–74, 87, 89, 92
Bilbo/Bilbao
285
bilingual
bilingual dictionaries
7
bilingual glossaries
7, 23, 25, 32, 33
bilingual speakers (see speakers)
Bocados de Oro
88–89
borrowings
167–168, 170–171, 276
borrowed words
3, 8, 72–74, 78–80, 90–91, 93, 196, 203–204, 261 (see also loanword)
Bosnia
76, 130, 143, 192–193, 200–201, 208, 214
boundary tone (see tone)
Brazil
106, 169
Bridge verbs (see verb)
Bucharest
209, 259, 330
Bulgaria
76, 143, 166–167, 169, 181, 193, 195, 201–202, 208, 214, 261
Bulgarian language
11, 76, 167–168, 170, 172–174, 176–182, 184–187, 202, 204, 208, 228, 238, 257, 261–261, 264
Bulgarian intonation (see intonation)
Bulgarisms
202, 261
Caceres, Ester de (see Paz, Ester de)
Caceres, Mosico de
137
Calila Digna
88, 90
calque, calques
45, 217
morphological calques
73, 80, 92, 18
orthographical calques
205
semantic calques
80, 92
syntactic calques
207
calque language
5, 7
Canones Albateni
89
Cardoso, Sara
136
Castile (Crown/Kingdom)
3, 4, 8, 54–55, 59, 63, 65, 169
Castile (region)
167
Castilian language (see Spanish language)
medieval Castilian (see Spanish language)
northern Castilian dialects (see Spanish language)
re-Castilianization (see re-Hispanization)
Catalan language
2, 3, 8, 24, 27–28, 34, 36–37, 45–50, 72, 169, 229
Catalanisms in Old Spanish
34
Medieval/Old Catalan
24–25, 41–45
change
changes in information structure
185
contact-induced change
169–172, 184–185
language change
1, 3, 11, 81, 144, 167, 176
morphological change
135, 184, 186
phonological change
10, 135, 138, 167, 171, 263, 268, 272–275
pragmatical change
112
semantic change
74–75, 80, 82, 87, 92, 156, 161–163, 167, 169, 209
writing system change
290
Chaves, Rosa de
137
Christians
1–4, 8–9, 23, 54–55, 59–60, 64, 71–73
New Christians (conversos)
4–5, 39, 60
Classical Spanish language (see Spanish language)
clause, clauses
finite complement clauses
144–145, 154–155, 159–160
infinite clauses
145, 150–152, 155, 157–158
interrogative clauses
149, 155, 158
matrix clause
149, 154, 173, 177–178, 184
relative clauses
146–147, 152, 154, 158, 171
clitic, clitics
10, 116, 143, 155, 166, 171, 182–183, 186, 260 (see also pronoun)
clitic ce
162–163
clitic climbing
167
clitic distribution
167, 173, 181–182, 184, 186
clitic doubling
11, 167, 173, 181–183, 185–186
clitic system
11, 177–179, 184
cognates
72, 293, 308
comparison (inflection)
262
complementizer
10, 143, 151, 155, 159–163
complementizer phrase
160
consonant, consonants
absence of the aspiration of f-
10, 130, 131, 133–134, 137
loss of word-final -d
6, 8, 11
loss of intervocalic -d-
10, 11
simplification of consonant clusters
6, 7, 9, 11
constraint
177
contact (linguistics)
contact-induced change (see change)
contact languages
2, 16, 17, 18, 20, 33
language contact
2–8, 10, 14, 15, 33, 166–190
conversos (see Christians)
Coromines i Vigneaux, Joan
88
corpus, corpora
1, 11, 80, 83–84, 86, 92, 109, 119, 121, 129, 134–135, 149, 180, 191, 197, 209, 257, 266, 274–277, 307–308
Archivo Digital de Manuscritos y Textos Españoles (ADMYTE)
84
Biblioteca Digital de Textos del Español Antiguo
84
Corpus de documentos españoles anteriores a 1800 (CODEA+2015)
84
Corpus del diccionario histórico (CDH)
84
Corpus del español (CE)
84
Corpus del Nuevo diccionario histórico del español (CNDHE)
84
Corpus de referencia del español actual (CREA)
213
Corpus diacrónico anotado del judeoespañol (CoDiAJe)
79, 81
Corpus oral anotado del judeoespañol (CoOrAJe)
12, 234, 268
Corpus diacrónico del español (CORDE)
83–84, 213
Corpus Hispánico y Americano en la Red: Textos Antiguos (CHARTA)
84
courtesy
107–109, 121 (see also address)
deferential scale of courtesy
108
Crews, Cynthia
80, 149, 196, 259
“Proyecto Crews”
81
Croatia
192, 201
database
82–83, 86–87 (see also corpus)
dative
180–181, 183, 185, 187
demander (see Aragonese language)
demudarse (see Aragonese language)
derivation (morphology)
derivational morphemes (see morpheme)
derivative nouns
88, 90, 91
derivatives of the base
92
determiner
143, 171 (see also article)
dhimmah
230, 257–258
diachrony (see variation)
dialect
1, 3, 5–6, 8, 32, 47, 72–74, 80, 105, 130, 193, 195–196, 198, 201, 229, 259–260, 262, 283, 315 (see also variation)
dialectal differences
122, 193
dialect continuum
200
dialect leveling
9, 122
dialectology
283, 326
diaphasic level (see variation)
diaspora
4–4, 10, 47, 92, 168, 229, 231–232, 256, 259–260, 276, 317, 339
diastratic level (see variation)
diasystem
71, 81, 93, 193, 195, 218, 227, 229, 323, 332 (see also variation)
diatopic level (see dialect; variation)
dictionary, dictionaries
8–9, 65, 71, 75–77, 79–80, 82–83, 85–87, 91–93, 213, 215, 217, 282–283, 320, 327
Diccionario del español medieval (DEM)
35, 42, 83, 85–88, 92–93
Diccionario del español medieval electrónico (DEMel)
9, 71, 79, 84–87, 89–93
Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico (DEEH)
82
Diccionario histórico del español de Canarias (DHECan)
84
Diccionario histórico del judeoespañol (DHJE)
79, 81
Diccionario crítico etimlógico castellano e hispánico (DCECH)
26–28, 32, 35–36, 39, 41–45, 47, 83, 85, 88, 90–91, 213, 215
Diccionario crítico etimológica de la lengua castellana (DCELC)
83
Diksionario Amplio Djudeo-Espanyol—Ebreo
317
Nuevo diccionario histórico de la lengua española (NDHE)
84, 93
Nuevo diccionario histórico del español (NDHE)
84
diminutive morpheme (see morpheme)
direct questions (see question)
discourse traditions
208, 219
distance, linguistic (see Abstand)
distribution
49, 139, 145, 148–149, 154–157, 264, 268–269, 271
clitic distribution (see clitic)
djendjivres (see Lusisms)
domains (linguistics)
3, 169, 172, 195
domingo
73
Egypt
73
Einbau
320, 329
El mostrador de justicia (see Alfonso de Valladolid)
El Prezente
317
él, ella (see address)
elaboration, linguistic (see Ausbau)
elliptical questions (see question)
elision
264, 273, 291
embezar
88
emigration
9, 170, 192, 227, 231, 258–259, 284 (see also migration)
emotive significance
77
enbezar (see embezar)
endonormativity
316, 320
English language
73, 75, 79, 143, 158, 171, 199, 202, 208, 217, 234, 266, 293, 320
enmentar
74
epenthesis
10, 26, 31, 132–133, 138, 264
epitaphs
74
Equatorial Guinea
316
eskapar
74
eskariño
78
ethnolinguistics
283
etymology
8, 27, 71, 75–77, 79, 82, 85–87, 93, 197, 202, 205
multiple etymology
197
exonormativity
316, 323
expulsion
4, 7–10, 54, 71, 73, 79, 100, 167–170, 256, 311, 314
Falchi, Giulia
129
factive predicates (see predicate)
feature, features (linguistics)
3, 8, 10–12, 14, 72, 74, 77, 92, 129–135, 138, 149, 159–161, 163, 166–173, 180, 182–184, 186, 191, 194, 196, 198, 205–206, 209, 213, 252, 254, 256–257, 259–265, 291, 293, 312, 315, 324
feúzia
74
finite complement clauses (see clause)
Flanders
169
flexive morphemes (see morpheme)
289
focus (information structure)
contrastive focus
171
narrow focus
228, 245–246
new information focus
246
formative types
87
forms of address (see address)
France
4, 7, 33, 233, 235, 258, 282, 324
French language
6, 73, 75–78, 90–91, 162, 169, 172, 192, 199, 202, 210–211, 214–217, 229, 233, 235, 246, 256, 258, 266, 274, 282–283, 293, 315–316
français populaire
162
Quebec French
162
frequency
138, 154, 156–157, 171, 197, 205, 218, 281, 294
fricatives
10, 15–16, 32, 205, 259–260
frónja (see Lusisms)
fronting, stylistic
11, 167, 173, 176–177, 181–182, 184–186
fueros
86
Galata (neighborhood of Istanbul)
231, 234
Galician Spanish dialect (see Spanish language)
Gallicisms
78, 202, 215
nostalgie
78
Gemara
62
General Estoria (see Alfonso X)
Generative Grammar (see grammar)
Genoa
130
geosynonyms (see synonyms)
Gerem ha-Maʿalot (see Yehoshuaʿ ben Yosef ibn Vives al-Lorqi)
German language
6, 11, 16, 73, 75–76, 173, 191–218, 315
Austrian German dialect
191, 202, 217, 219
Germanisms
11, 191, 198, 201, 202, 214–215, 217–218
Germany
195–196
glide, glides
272
opening of glides
130, 136
palatal glide
291–292
glossary, glossaries
75, 80
medico-botanical glossaries
7, 23–50
glottonyms (see names)
glottopolitical perspective (see language policy)
Gomez Salcedo, Isaac
129–130, 133
grammar
3, 166, 171, 181, 276, 282, 328
Generative Grammar
159, 171
grammatical information
76–77
grammatical works
80
grammatical ending
265
grammaticality
182
agrammaticality
148, 151, 182
grammaticality judgements
172–173, 181–182
Grammaticalization
9–10, 120, 122, 147, 158, 170, 184, 186
Grand Duke of Tuscany
131
grapheme, graphemes
14, 201, 203, 206, 324 (see also graphic system; spelling; writing)
graphic system
93, 319–320, 324–326, 332 (see also alphabet; spelling; writing)
Grecisms
nonno
78
Greece
193, 196
Greek language
5, 31, 73, 77–78, 93, 168, 228, 256, 274
Habsburg
Habsburg Empire
200–201, 217
House of Habsburg (Dynasty)
192
Haggada, Haggadot
61–62, 75
Hakitia language
227, 260 (see also Judeo-Spanish varieties)
Hamburg
139, 193, 218
Hebraisms
3, 8, 16, 40, 54, 65–68, 72–73, 78, 91, 196, 260
av
91
aviv
91
nikúr
78–79
nikurína
79
Hebrew language
2, 5, 7–8, 16, 34, 54–70, 227–232, 234, 238, 256, 274, 286, 291, 306, 315
Hebrew alphabet (see alphabet)
Hebrew cursive script (“Rashi”)
14–16
Hebrew etyma
13, 76
Hebrew literature/texts
5, 8, 14, 34, 54, 60–63
Hebrew manuscript
54
Hebrew script
2–3, 16, 23–53 (see also alphabet; spelling; writing)
Hebrew spelling (see spelling)
Hebrew square script
14
Hebrew translations (see translations)
Israeli Hebrew language
232, 244, 251
knowledge of Hebrew
2, 8, 56–58
pronunciation of Hebrew
14, 196
Sephardi Hebrew
274
usage of Hebrew
2, 8, 56–58, 168–169
Henriques Miranda, Jacob
129, 135
Hippocrates of Kos
Aphorisms (see Ḥunayn ibn ʾIsḥāq)
Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies (HSMS)
83
history of the vocabulary
93, 105
Histoire des Mots
93
history of the meanings
79
Holocaust
259
Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq
30
Kitāb al-Fuṣūl
30
Hungarian language
196, 214, 216
Iberia, medieval
3–5, 7, 9, 74
Iberian Peninsula
1, 4, 9, 23, 39, 46, 55, 71, 75, 79, 87, 227, 229, 256–257, 311, 314
Ibero-Romance varieties (see Romance languages)
Ibn Janāḥ
48
Ibn Juljul
31
Ibn Sīnā
25, 39
Kitāb al-adwiya al-qalbīya
25
Kitāb al-Qānūn
25
Ibn Wāfid
30, 91
Kitāb al-adwiya al-mufrada
30
Tratado de la agricultura
18
ideology
200, 230, 317, 319, 328, 331
idiolect
195–196, 263
including process (see Einbau)
infinite clauses (see clause)
information structure
167–168, 171–172, 174, 176, 184–187 (see also focus; topic)
innovations in Judeo-Spanish varieties (see Judeo-Spanish varieties)
Inquisition, Holy
4, 8, 55, 65, 205, 337
Instituto Cervantes
325, 329–331, 333
interfaces
168, 171–172, 185–187
external interfaces
172
interface hypothesis
171
interface between syntax and information structure
167–168, 172, 186, 187
interface between syntax and prosody
167, 172
internal interfaces
171–172
interferences
6, 92, 198, 216, 235
interpolation, syntactical
92, 198, 216, 235
interrogative, interrogatives
10, 12, 150, 157–160, 248–252 (see also clause)
main interrogatives
143, 149, 158–160, 163
embedded interrogatives
144–148, 157–158, 160–161
intonation
12, 261
intonational patterns
227–252
Bulgarian intonation
228, 261
Turkish intonation
261
isoglosses
193, 201
Israel, Arón
140
Israel, State of
6, 12–13, 33, 227–228, 231–234, 259, 282, 284–285, 288, 291, 306, 311–314, 316–317, 324–325, 328–333
Istanbul
5, 12, 153, 208, 228, 231, 233–234, 248, 256–259, 262, 266, 273, 276, 315–316
Istanbul Judeo-Spanish (see Judeo-Spanish varieties)
Italian language
4, 6, 47, 73, 76, 78, 91, 127, 132, 134, 196, 202, 204–205, 215, 229, 256, 258, 273–274, 293, 315–316, 325
Italianisms
78, 129, 132
nánni nánni
78
nefretico
91
nònno, nono
78
nostalgìa
78
nulità
78
Izmir
119–120, 153, 208, 228, 230, 233–235, 266, 315
Jerusalem
285, 288, 312, 317, 328, 331
Jewish community
10, 55, 64–65, 72, 135, 138, 200, 235
Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena
89
Libro de los estados
89
Judaizers
2, 8, 54–55
Judeo-Spanish (JS) varieties
1, 4–17, 71–335
archaisms in Judeo-Spanish
11, 32, 74, 77, 166–168, 181–184, 186, 256, 259–260, 263
Balkan varieties of Judeo-Spanish
73, 143, 149, 156, 259, 262
Bulgarian Judeo-Spanish (BJS)
167–168, 172, 181–187, 201, 261–262, 274, 276–277
Eastern Judeo-Spanish varieties
74, 208, 227, 260
innovations in Judeo-Spanish
134, 166, 173, 229, 256, 259–260, 263
Istanbul Judeo-Spanish (IJS)
12, 227–281
Judezmo (see Judeo-Spanish varieties)
kalér (see Aragonese language)
kara
74
Kitāb al-adwiya al-mufrada (see Ibn Wāfid)
Kitāb al-adwiya al-qalbīya (see Ibn Sīnā)
Kitāb al-Fuṣūl (see Ḥunayn ibn ʾIsḥāq)
Kitāb al-Qānūn (see Ibn Sīnā)
Knesset Israel (parliament)
317
koineization
9–10, 117, 314–315
konseja
234
korban
77
Kuzguncuk (neighborhood of Istanbul)
266
La sinonima de los nonbres delas medeçinas griegos e latynos e arauigos
27–29, 40, 42–44, 48, 91
labialization
260
Ladin language (Switzerland)
325
Ladino (see Judeo-Spanish varieties)
Ladinokomunita
318–319
Ladino translations (see translations)
language
contact language (see contact)
language acquisition
2, 171
language attrition
198
language contact (see contact)
language of proximity (Nähesprache)
195
language policy
13, 226, 231, 310, 314, 322–323, 326, 331–332
language shift
169, 194, 228, 232, 259
linguistic distance (see Abstand)
linguistic elaboration (see Ausbau)
model/target language
76, 170, 199
pluricentric language
262, 310
source language/replica
76–77, 170, 197, 199
verb second language (see word order)
Latin language
2, 8, 23–25, 28–29, 32, 36–37, 44–46, 48, 73, 88, 126, 132, 168–169, 173
Latin alphabet (see alphabet)
Latin America
12, 316
Latin American Spanish (see Spanish language)
Latinisms
18
Latin script
7–8, 16, 24, 27, 29, 34, 61, 65, 67–68, 74, 204, 229, 258, 290, 319–320, 325–326, 332 (see also alphabet; graphic system; spelling; writing)
Lehmann, Marcus
198
Leipzig
193, 200
Leipzig Glossing Rules
166
lemma, lemmata
9, 14, 23–25, 37, 76, 78, 86, 92, 289–301, 320
Leone, Alejandro
141
Leonese language
2, 26–28, 47, 72 (see also Asturian language)
amaxar
72
Old Leonese
26–28
lexemes
32, 65, 72, 205, 273
lexical items
8, 14, 86, 155–156, 261
lexical meaning
81, 161
lexical stress (see stress)
lexicalization
10, 143–144, 149, 162, 273, 293
lexicon
3–5, 8–9, 11–12
lexicography
71–101
lexicostatistic
279
Libro de Alexandre
88
Libro de Apolonio
88
Libro de la Infancia y Muerte de Jesús
90
Libro de la montería (see Alfonso XI)
Libre dels Tres Reys d’Orient
90
Libro de los estados (see Juan Manuel)
89
lingua franca
196
linguistics
1, 75, 77, 87, 194, 196, 217–218, 283, 292
Hispanic linguistics
92, 283
Romanian linguistics
197
literature
3, 28, 75, 86, 89, 169, 183, 197, 199, 327
literature in Hebrew (see Hebrew language)
Rabbinical literature
8, 68
Livorno (Leghorn)
129–130, 132
loan translation
45, 73, 80, 92, 206–207, 212, 216 (see also calque)
loanword, loanwords
13, 45, 73, 76–80, 93, 196, 238, 260–261, 264–265, 271, 274–275, 282, 291, 293, 306 (see also borrowings)
loke
143–165
londje (see Lusisms)
lonso (see Aragonese language)
Lorki (see Yehoshuaʿ ben Yosef ibn Vives al-Lorqi)
low tone (see tone)
Lusisms
73
aínda
73
almesha
73
djendjivres
73
frónja
73
londje
73
shambashaga
73
Luria, Max A.
80, 149–151, 154, 156, 158, 259, 262
Machado, Isaac Israel
129, 134–135, 138–1389
macro- and microstructure (lexicography)
8, 25, 76
Medieval Catalan language (see Catalan language)
Medieval Hispano-Romance languages (see Romance languages)
Medieval Spanish language (see Spanish language)
Medinaceli
8, 54–55, 59, 65, 68
Middle Ages
1–6, 13, 15–16, 27
Meʿam loʿez
75, 105
meldar
56, 73, 300
meldadura
73
merced (see address)
merchants
3–4, 10, 129–131, 133, 193, 235
merger
10, 135, 263
merger of vibrant phonemes
10, 134, 136–139
merger of voiced and unvoiced sibilants (see seseo; sibilants)
merger of voiced bilabials
10, 131–132, 134–135, 137–138
metathesis of liquids
135, 139, 260
migration
9, 170, 192–194, 227, 229, 231, 233–234, 258–259, 284, 286 (see also emigration)
miṣrayim
114–115 (see also Egypt)
mochiguar
89
modifier, nominal
145, 149, 153–156
morpheme, morphemes
75, 87, 145, 215, 238, 274, 290, 293
diminutive morpheme
135, 293
flexive morphemes
289
derivational morphemes
75, 78
morpho-syntax
3, 72, 75, 143, 149–150, 191, 207, 314, 324, 333
morphological calques (see calque)
Moshe ben Barukh Almosnino
117
Mozarabic (see Andalusi Romance language)
mudéjar
2
Müller, Bodo
83, 85–86, 91
Müller, Max
170
Muslims
2, 55, 230, 234, 257–258
naftalína
79
names
drug names
7, 23
glottonyms
4, 7, 285, 310, 314, 318
place names
11, 203–204
plant names
7, 27
proper names
11, 55, 64, 77, 79, 136–137, 191, 197, 203–204, 232
namus (see Turkisms)
namuzli (see Turkisms)
nandúk
79
nánni nánni (see Italianisms)
nanninnanér
78
nariz
79
narizánka
79
narizóta
79
narrow focus (see focus)
Nathan ha-Meʾati
25
native speaker (see speakers)
navaja
90
Navarro-Aragonese language (see Aragonese language)
Navarro, Moises de Jose
129, 133–134, 136, 138–139
Nebrijo, Antonio de
Vocabulario de romance en latín
29, 132
nefrético
91
nefritico (see Italianisms)
negligente
78
neglizar
78
neglizavle
78
neglizé
78
neglizensa
78
negregura
91
negro
91
newspapers
197, 199–200, 208, 218, 258, 311, 324 (see also press)
niqqur
78
nikúr (see Hebraisms)
nikurína (see Hebraisms)
nochada
79
nochadía
79
nocturno
91
nominación
90
nominal forms of address (see address)
nominal modifier (see modifier)
nònno, nono (see Italianisms)
normativity (see endonormativity; exonormativity)
nostalgìa (see Italianisms)
nostalgie (see Gallicisms)
nostalžia
78
nuclear accent (see accent)
nulità (see Italianisms)
objects
156, 161, 180, 181
direct objects
11, 145, 182, 186 (see also accusative)
indirect objects
187 (see also dative)
prepositional objects
145
Occita language
8, 24, 50, 79
ogaño
74
Old Aragonese language (see Aragonese language)
Old Castilian language (see Spanish language)
Old Catalan language (see Catalan language)
Old Ibero-Romance languages (see Romance languages)
Old Leonese language (see Leonese language)
Old Romance languages (see Romance languages)
Old Spanish language (see Spanish language)
onde
74
Orden de oraciones
89
Ottoman Empire
4, 6, 14, 75, 139, 169, 192–193, 227–231, 266–267, 316, 320
palatal glide (see glide)
palatalization
269
Pan-Hispanic Project
12, 283–286, 288, 303–305, 307
pan-Hispanism
13, 310, 314, 322–324, 326, 332
Papo, Michael
14, 16, 200, 201, 205–207, 211–217
parnas, parnasim
128–129, 131–132, 135, 137, 140
Paz, Ester de (or Ester de Caceres)
129, 135, 137–138, 140
Paz, Jacob de
137
Paz, Mordojai de
137
Pentateuch of Constantinople
74
perception verbs (see verb)
Periñan, Blanca
129
Petaḥ Tiqva
228, 233–234
Philippson, Ludwig
198–199
phonemic transcription (see transcription)
phonology
3, 5–6, 10–12, 72, 161–162, 169, 171, 177, 203–204, 206, 227–252, 256–276, 314–315, 323, 332
phraseology
5, 203, 217
physicians
3, 23, 33, 112
Pisa
10, 127–135, 137–140
pitch accent (see accent)
pluricentricity
13, 262, 310, 314, 322, 324, 332
Polish language
214
polycentricity (see pluricentricity)
polymorphism
195, 217, 291–293
Portuguese language
2, 4, 6, 72–73, 88–89, 127, 130, 132, 134, 143, 146, 151, 169, 184, 229, 267, 325
Portuguesisms (see Lusisms)
Praat (computer software)
267
pragmatics
71, 93, 106, 171–172, 184–186, 238, 251
Pre-classical Spanish (see Spanish language)
Pre-classical Spanish pronoun system (see pronoun)
predicate, predicates
158, 161
factive predicates
157, 159
prenuclear accent (see accent)
prepositions
160, 228, 235–236, 238
press
13, 105, 197, 199, 203, 311–312, 316, 330
prominence (linguistics)
187, 228, 235–236, 238
pronoun, pronouns
9, 106, 116, 119, 121–122, 143, 155, 163, 177, 180, 184, 186–187
Classical Spanish pronoun system
108–109
Pre-classical Spanish pronoun system
106–107
pronunciation
14–15, 54, 65, 76, 196, 203–206, 256, 262, 266, 275, 290, 293
proparoxytones (see word)
proper names (see names)
prosody
139, 167, 172, 246, 261
prosodic break
243
prosodic word (see word)
psycholinguistics
283
Puerto Rico
283
Quebec French (see French language)
question, questions (see also interrogative)
elliptical questions
147, 151, 155, 159
direct questions
147, 150, 152, 155, 158
wh-in-situ
148, 151, 155, 159
question words (see word)
Real Academia Española (RAE)
7, 13, 82–84, 310–311, 322–323
re-Castelianization (see re-Hispanization)
re-Hispanization
6, 200–201, 215, 217
relative clauses (see clause)
remasija, remazija
89
Republic of Turkey (see Turkey)
responsa literature
75, 106, 109–112, 114–116, 118–121
Rhodes
196
rhotacism (phonology)
134, 138
rhythm (linguistics)
261
Rimado de Palacio (see Ayala)
Rodriguez Mercado, Abraham
130, 132, 141
Romance languages
3, 7, 9, 14, 16, 23–25, 30–32, 34, 45, 48–50, 62, 85, 92–93, 143, 169, 184–185, 205, 229
Andalusi Romance
25, 27–28, 31–32, 37, 47–48
Ibero-Romance
1–9, 13–16, 23, 27, 92
Italo-Romance
3
Judeo-Romance
73, 92
Old Romance
173, 176–177 (see also Aragonese language; Catalan language; Leonese language; Occitan language; Spanish language)
romanceamientos
73, 83, 86
Romania
197, 259
Romanian language
197, 215, 325
Romanian linguistics (see linguistics)
roofing process (see Überdachung)
Ruse (city in Bulgaria)
208
Russian language
199
Sacuto Silvera, Isaac
131, 135
Sadique de León, Samuel
131–132, 140
Safrana, Rafael Isquiau
129, 135–139
Salonica (see Thessaloniki)
sandhi
external sandhi
132
Saragossa
8, 49, 54–55, 72
Sarajevo
73, 114, 143–144, 149–153, 200, 208
second generation speakers (see speakers)
Sefer Gerem ha-Maʿalot (see Yehoshuaʿ ben Yosef ibn Vives al-Lorqi)
Sefer Ḥešeq Šelomo
74
semantics
5, 91, 161, 171, 184
historical semantics
77
semantic calques (see calque)
semantic change (see change)
Semo, Shem Tov
195, 198–199, 205, 209–211
Sepharad
62, 338
Sephardim
72–73, 75, 78, 169, 192–194, 197, 214–215, 217–218, 227–229, 231–235, 257–259, 266–267, 290–291, 293, 303–305
Bulgarian Sephardim
11, 201, 214
Western Sephardim (from Portugal)
139
Serbia
130, 192–193, 201, 214
Serbian language
208, 214
Serbo-Croatian language
76, 214–216
seseo
10, 131–133, 135, 138 (see also sibilants)
shambashaga (see Lusisms)
shammash
129, 137 (see also Hebraisms)
sibilants
10, 131–138, 258
siddur, siddurim
60–62, 67
Siena
131, 140
Slavic languages
11, 73, 93, 196, 256, 320
South Slavic languages
93
Slovak language
196
sociolect
195–196
sociolinguistics
1, 3, 11, 109, 169, 195, 213, 228, 283, 285–288, 306, 308, 310
sofer, soferim
133
Sofia
76, 143, 150–152, 155, 158, 172–173, 182, 208, 259, 261–262
source language (see language)
Spain
4, 10, 30, 73, 129, 167–170, 185, 187, 191, 227, 238, 258, 286, 289, 301, 307, 312, 314, 324, 326, 329
Spanish language
1, 4–6, 8–10, 13, 23, 27–28, 31–32, 34, 36–37, 45–49, 56, 60, 62, 65–68, 72–73, 79, 83–85, 90, 105–106, 116–117, 119–121, 127–132, 123–135, 139, 144, 147, 150–152, 156–157, 159–160, 166–167, 169, 184, 191–192, 195, 201, 213, 217, 227, 229, 236, 240, 248, 251–252, 256, 261, 263, 267–269, 275, 283, 293, 310, 312–315, 319–320, 322, 324–325, 329–333
Andalusian Spanish
169
Argentinian Spanish
146–147, 181, 183
Castilian Spanish
72, 167, 261, 267–269
Classical/Golden Age Spanish
108, 114, 122
Galician Spanish
146
Latin American Spanish
12, 143, 181, 183, 246, 252
Los Angeles Spanish
171
Medieval/Old Spanish
2–3, 8–9, 11, 24–28, 34–37, 40–50, 56, 71–75, 77, 79, 82, 84–93, 121, 134, 156, 166–170, 172–174, 176–184, 186–187, 229, 257, 259, 273–274
Mexican Spanish
243, 252
Modern Peninsular Spanish
10, 74, 76, 79, 89–91, 108, 122, 143–144, 149–150, 167, 170, 172–174, 176–177, 179–187, 210, 212–213, 215, 227, 229, 238, 256, 258, 260, 267–269, 315
Northern Castilian Spanish
131
pan-Hispanic Spanish
322–323, 332
pre-classical Spanish
106
speakers of Judeo-Spanish
1–4, 6–7, 11–13, 74, 81, 92
bilingual speakers
185, 261
native speakers
11–12, 81, 152, 228, 230, 232
second generation speakers
232
speech act verbs (see verb)
spelling
10, 32, 36, 40, 43, 139, 203–206, 229, 290–291, 293, 319–320, 323, 325–326
Aki Yerushalayim spelling
290–291, 319, 325 (see also transcription)
Arabic spelling
31, 38 (see also alphabet)
Hebrew spelling
13, 14, 16, 31 (see also alphabet; Hebrew language; writing)
Latin spelling
325–326 (see also alphabet; writing)
medieval spelling
16
spelling conventions
17 (see also writing)
spelling system (see graphic system; writing)
spirantization (phonology)
260
Sprachbund
196
standardization
5, 7, 13, 16–17, 169, 195, 263, 310, 315–316, 319, 325–326, 328, 331
stress
236, 238, 243–246, 251–261, 264 (see also accent; syllable; vowel)
lexical stress pattern
236, 238, 246, 264, 272
nuclear stress
240
stress pattern of Bulgarian Judeo-Spanish
261
style
3, 56, 169, 194, 234, 238, 244, 315–316 (see also variation)
emphatic style
239
stylistic fronting (see fronting)
su merced, sus mercedes (see address)
Subak, Julius
144, 150–151, 196, 259, 262
subjects
174–176, 182
null-subject
166, 174, 176
suprasegmentals
261 (see also accent; intonation; phonology; rhythm; syllable; word)
Switzerland
198, 311, 325
syllable
235–236, 238, 265, 267
closed syllable
267, 271
final syllable
238–239, 243, 271–272
initial syllable
236, 239, 264, 275
open syllable
263, 267, 269, 271
penultimate syllable
236 (see also word)
post-tonic syllable
244
pre-tonic syllable
243, 274
stressed syllable
235–236, 238, 246
syllable-final position
134
syllable with nuclear accent
239–241
unstressed syllable
262, 264, 271
synagogue
59, 67–68, 133, 168–169, 192–193, 195, 233, 238, 240, 243–245, 247, 251–252, 266
synonym lists, medico-botanical
7, 14, 23–50
synonyms
32, 34, 36, 282, 306, 310
geosynonyms
198
syntax
3, 5–6, 10–11, 72, 75, 109, 134, 139, 143–163, 166–187, 191, 207, 209, 229, 314, 323–324, 332
syntactic features (see feature)
syntactic structure
10–11
Tadjer, Avraam Moshe
201–202, 204–205
Talmud
62
Tanzimat reforms
258
Taqqanot of Valladolid
59, 71
testaments
74, 133
testimonies
54, 60, 62, 65, 75
Tĕšuvot la Mĕharef (see Alfonso de Valladolid)
textbooks
80
Thessaloniki
73, 77, 198–199, 202, 257, 259, 315–316
Tobler-Mussafia law
177–179
Toleranzpatent
192
tone (phonetics and phonology)
235
boundary tone
235–236, 243, 261
high tone
235–236, 243, 251
low tone
243
mid tone
251
tonal pattern
236
topicalization
207
translations
5, 7–8, 25, 30, 33–34, 60, 62, 65, 66, 68, 73–74, 76–77, 87, 91–92, 172, 198–200, 205, 218 (see also romanceamientos)
Hebrew translations
7, 25, 33, 44, 199, 234
Ladino translations
77
non-literary translations
86
transliteration (see transcription)
transcription
15–17, 23–25, 34, 40, 47, 109, 129, 133, 191, 236, 244, 259
phonetic/phonemic transcription
76–77, 207
systems of transliteration
14–15, 93
Transylvania
196
Tratado de la agricultura (see Ibn Wāfid)
Treaty of Belgrade
192
Trianda (neighborhoud in Izmir)
109, 120
tu merced (see address)
tú (see address)
Turkey
6, 12, 193, 195, 200, 208, 228, 231–232, 236, 238, 252, 259, 285, 317, 324, 330
Republic of Turkey
227, 232, 234, 257–258
Turkification
227, 231
Turkish language
5, 12–13, 73, 77–78, 93, 133, 202, 228–229, 231–233, 235, 238–240, 244, 251, 256–261, 263–266, 268, 271–272, 274–276, 291, 306, 315, 318, 320
Balkanic Turkish
76
Turkish intonation (see intonation)
Turkisms
namus
78
typography
206–207, 214
Überdachung
323
Valladolid
24–25, 59, 72, 88
variation
9–10, 127–129, 143–144, 146–147, 149, 154, 159, 209, 218, 263, 267–268, 283, 290, 292, 308, 323
diachronic variation
1, 9–10, 71, 74, 81–82, 84, 105, 144, 156–159, 161, 163, 193–195, 198, 206, 218
diatopic variation (see dialects)
diaphasic variation
3, 81, 194–195 (see also style)
diastratic variation
81, 194–195
variaties of languages
72, 74, 81–82, 143–144, 146–147, 157, 160, 166–167, 180, 184, 191, 214, 216, 218, 228, 236, 240, 245, 248, 251
Balkan varieties
149, 156
contact varieties
181, 183
Jewish varieties
71
varieties of Judeo-Spanish (see Judeo-Spanish varieties)
verb second structure (see word order)
verb, verbs
73–74, 78, 87–89, 109, 177, 184, 207, 210, 214, 216, 236, 239–240, 246
auxiliary verb
207
bridge verbs
148, 155–156, 160
embedded verb
160
finite verb
149, 176–178, 184
infinite verb
157
matrix verb
174
perception verbs
156–157, 159
psych verbs
180
speech act verbs
159
unaccusative verbs
174
verb classes
274
verb inflection
166
vibrants
10, 138–139 (see also merger; rhotacism)
Vidal ben Labi (see Yosef Vidal ibn Labi)
Vienna
11, 33, 40–41, 109, 191–202, 204–205, 208–209, 214, 218, 259
vocabulary, vocabularies
75
Vocabulario de romance en latín (see Nebrija)
Vocabulario medieval castellano
82
Vojvodina (province of Serbia)
196
vos (see address)
vosotros (see address)
vos todos (see address)
vowel, vowels
16, 32, 132, 204, 238, 263, 265, 267, 269, 272–273, 275
epenthetic vowel
26, 31, 132, 264
vowel alternations
272
vowel formants
267
vowel harmony
12, 257, 272, 274–276
vowel lengthening
243
vowel production
268
vowel quality
267–268
vowel raising
261, 264, 267, 274, 276
vowel reduction
267
vowel reinforcement
292
vowel signs (niqqud)
16, 23 (see also alphabet)
vowel system
130, 257, 261, 263–264
vuesa merced (see address)
vuestra majestad (see address)
vuestra merced, vuestras mercedes (see address)
vuestra señoría (see address)
Wackernagel law
177–179
Wagner, Max Leopold
15, 80, 88, 150–151, 196, 201, 238, 259, 262
Weinreich, Uri
73–74, 160, 171
wh-feature
159, 161
wh-in situ (see question)
wh-questions (see question)
wh-words (see also word)
word formation
75–76, 87, 191, 203, 212
word order
11, 167, 173–176, 181, 186–187, 207, 246
verb first structure (V1)
158
verb second structure (V2)
173–174, 176
word list
71, 75–76, 80, 286, 289, 294, 303, 306, 308
Judeo-Spanish word lists
75
medical-botanical word lists (see synonym lists)
word, words
13, 26, 28–29, 31–32, 37, 42, 44, 46–49, 54, 56, 59, 62, 64–68, 72–74, 76–83, 85–93, 109–110, 112, 115, 131, 134, 136, 139, 205–206, 213–216, 235–236, 239, 243, 245, 267, 282, 285–286, 289–294, 301–302, 303–308 (see also lexeme; prosody; stress)
etymology
86
function word
236, 238, 273
learned words
130, 135, 138
loanwords (see borrowings; loanword)
proparoxytones
238, 272
prosodic words
235–236, 264, 267, 271, 273
stressed words
236, 238
unstressed words
236, 238
wh-words (question words)
143, 145, 147–148, 151, 155, 159, 161–163, 247–248 (see also pronoun; question)
word accent
77 (see also accent; stress; syllable)
word-boundary
260
word classes
86, 109, 274
word-final position
12, 16, 263, 271–276
word history
9, 93
word-initial position
16, 130–131, 260
word-internal position
16, 130, 260
word stem
265
writing
3, 15–16, 56, 59, 64, 77, 134, 204, 218, 290–291, 306, 308, 315 (see also alphabet; graphic system; spelling)
Ashkenazi writing conventions
15, 206 (see also Hebrew language)
handwriting
136
Sephardic cursive writing
14 (see also Hebrew language)
Sephardic writing conventions
16 (see also Hebrew language)
writing traditions
195, 290, 308, 319
writing systems
7, 8, 11, 93, 290–291 (see also alphabet; graphic system; spelling)
Yahuda, Abraham
196
Yehoshuaʿ ben Yosef ibn Vives al-Lorqi
24–25, 33
Sefer Gerem ha-Maʿalot
8, 24, 33–34, 37–38, 40, 45–46, 48–49
yeísmo (merger of voiced palatal laterals and fricatives)
10, 133, 138 (see also merger)
Yiddish language
196–198, 203–204, 208
Yosef Vidal ibn Labi (translator of the Sefer Gerem ha-Maʿalot)
8, 33, 49 (see also Yehoshuaʿ ben Yosef ibn Vives al-Lorqi)
Young Turks
258
Yugoslavia
196, 262
Zaragoza (see Saragossa)
Zemlinsky, Adolf von
193, 195
Zionism
169, 259