0.1 Spanish Colonial, Gold Bullion, 1622, gold, 11.9 cm, Art Gallery of Ontario, AGOID.29439 4
0.2 Giorgio Vasari, Portrait of Alessandro de’ Medici, 1534, oil on panel, 157 × 114 cm, Gallerie degli Uffizi, inv. 1890, no. 1563 5
0.3 John Singer Sargent, The Wyndham Sisters: Lady Elcho, Mrs. Adeane, and Mrs. Tennant, 1899, oil on canvas, 292.1 × 213.7 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 27.67 6
0.4 Kehinde Wiley, Barack Obama, 2018, oil on canvas, 213.7 × 147 cm, National Portrait Gallery, NPG.2018.16 7
0.5 Giorgio Vasari, Bernardo Buontalenti, and Alfonso Parigi the Elder, Gallerie degli Uffizi, 1560–81. Piazzale degli Uffizi, 6; Florence, Italy 9
0.6 Peter Paul Rubens, The Sense of Sight, 1617, oil on panel, 64.7 × 109.5 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P001394 10
0.7 David Teniers the Younger, The Archduke Leopold William in His Picture Gallery in Brussels, 1647–51, oil on copperplate, 104.8 × 103.4 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P001813 11
0.8 Antonio Canova, Perseus with the Head of Medusa, 1804–6, marble, 242.6 × 191.8 × 102.9 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Fletcher Fund, 1967, 67.110.1 12
0.9 Belvedere Apollo, Hadrianic age—Antoninian age, marble, 224 × 118 × 77 cm, Musei Vaticani, MV.1015.0.0 13
0.10 Gustave Courbet, Exhibition et vente de 40 tableaux et 4 dessins de l’œuvre de Gustave Courbet, June 1855. Pavillon du Réalisme; 7 Avenue Montaigne; Paris, France 14
0.11 Edgar Degas, Self-Portrait with Albert Bartholomé (1895–1900), ca. 1895–97, photograph, 9.6 × 13.3 cm, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, EO-53-PET FOL 15
0.12 Installation view, First Annual Exhibition of the Society of Independent Artists, April 10–May 6, 1917. Grand Central Palace; Lexington Avenue and 46th Street; New York City, NY. Philadelphia Museum of Art, Library and Archives, Arensberg Archives, WLA, Box 63, Folder 9, No. 001 16
0.13 Yves Klein, Le Vide, April 28–May 12, 1958. Galerie Iris Clert; 3 Rue des Beaux-Arts; Paris, France 17
1.1 Titian, Emperor Charles V at Mühlberg, 1548, oil on canvas, 335 × 283 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P000410 19
1.2 Titian, Philip II Offering the Infante Fernando to Victory, 1573–75, oil on canvas, 335 × 274 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P000431 22
1.3 Titian, Religion Assisted by Spain, 1572–75, oil on canvas, 168 × 168 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P000430 23
1.4 Titian, Tityus, ca. 1565, oil on canvas, 253 × 217 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P000427 24
1.5 Titian, Sisyphus, 1548–49, oil on canvas, 237 × 216 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P000426 25
1.6 Juan Pantoja de la Cruz (after Titian), The Emperor Charles V, 1605, oil on canvas, 183 × 110 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P001033 27
1.7 Juan Bautista Martínez del Mazo and Diego Velázquez after Peter Paul Rubens, Philip IV of Spain on Horseback, ca. 1645, oil on canvas, 393 × 267 cm, Gallerie degli Uffizi, inv. 1890, no. 792 39
2.1 Jacques Jonghelinck, Sol, ca. 1570, gilt-bronze, 198 × 71 × 44 cm, Patrimonio Nacional, Madrid, 10003151 45
2.2 Jacques Jonghelinck, Venus, ca. 1570, gilt-bronze, 117.5 × 40 × 52 cm, Patrimonio Nacional, Madrid, 10003153 46
2.3 Jacques Jonghelinck, Jupiter, ca. 1570, gilt-bronze, 208 × 103 × 48 cm, Patrimonio Nacional, Madrid, 10010387 47
2.4 Jacques Jonghelinck, Saturn, ca. 1570, gilt-bronze, 190 × 95 × 62 cm, Patrimonio Nacional, Madrid, 10010386 48
2.5 Jacques Jonghelinck, Mars, ca. 1570, gilt-bronze, 243 × 80 × 45 cm, Patrimonio Nacional, Madrid, 10010389 49
2.6 Jacques Jonghelinck, Luna, ca. 1570, gilt-bronze, 187 × 88 × 50 cm, Patrimonio Nacional, Madrid, 10003152 50
2.7 Jacques Jonghelinck, Mercury, ca. 1570, gilt-bronze, 200 × 38 × 80 cm, Patrimonio Nacional, Madrid, 10010388 51
2.8 Leone Leoni and Pompeo Leoni, Emperor Charles V and the Fury, 1551–55, bronze, 251 × 143 × 130 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, E000273 52
2.9 Leone Leoni and Pompeo Leoni, Philip II, 1551–68, bronze, 171 × 72 × 46 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, E000272 53
2.10 Leone Leoni and Pompeo Leoni, Mary of Hungary, 1553–64, bronze, 175 × 60 × 70 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, E000263 54
2.11 “El Emperador Carlos V,” from Diego de Villalta, Tratado de las Antiguedades de la memorable Peña de Martos; donde al principio se trata de las Estatuas Antiguas, con particular mención de algunos Bultos, y Figuras de Nuestros Reyes de España ([S.l.]: [s.n.], 1590), unpaginated 56
2.12 “Estatua del Emperador Trajano,” from Diego de Villalta, Tratado de las Antiguedades de la memorable Peña de Martos; donde al principio se trata de las Estatuas Antiguas, con particular mención de algunos Bultos, y Figuras de Nuestros Reyes de España ([S.l.]: [s.n.], 1590), unpaginated 57
2.13 “Estatua de Semyramis Reyna de Babylonia,” from Diego de Villalta, Tratado de las Antiguedades de la memorable Peña de Martos; donde al principio se trata de las Estatuas Antiguas, con particular mención de algunos Bultos, y Figuras de Nuestros Reyes de España ([S.l.]: [s.n.], 1590), unpaginated 58
2.14 “Estatua de Scipion,” from Diego de Villalta, Tratado de las Antiguedades de la memorable Peña de Martos; donde al principio se trata de las Estatuas Antiguas, con particular mención de algunos Bultos, y Figuras de Nuestros Reyes de España ([S.l.]: [s.n.], 1590), unpaginated 59
2.15 Leone Leoni and Pompeo Leoni, Emperor Charles V and the Fury (The Nude Figure), 1551–55, bronze, 251 × 143 × 130 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, E000273
2.16 José de Ribera, Tityus, 1632, oil on canvas, 227 × 301 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P001113
2.17 José de Ribera, Ixion, 1632, oil on canvas, 220 × 301 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P001114
2.18 Cesare Sebastiani and Giovanni Pietro del Duca, Germanicus, 1651, gilt-bronze, 190 × 74 × 41 cm, Patrimonio Nacional, Madrid, 10010390 75
2.19 Cesare Sebastiani and Giovanni Pietro del Duca, Satyr in Repose, 1651, gilt-bronze, 183 × 59 × 45 cm, Patrimonio Nacional, Madrid, 10010391 76
2.20 Cesare Sebastiani and Giovanni Pietro del Duca, Discus-Thrower, 1651, gilt-bronze, 184 × 79 × 49 cm, Patrimonio Nacional, Madrid, 10003154 77
2.21 (a–c) François Perrier, Segmenta nobilium signorum e statuaru … (Rome: [s.n.], 1638), plates 88–90, Bibliothèque de l’Institut national d’histoire de l’art, collections Jacques Doucet, FOL EST 168 79
2.22 (a–c) François Perrier, Segmenta nobilium signorum e statuaru … (Rome: [s.n.], 1638), plates 2–4, Bibliothèque de l’Institut national d’histoire de l’art, collections Jacques Doucet, FOL EST 168 81–83
2.23 (a–f) François Perrier, Segmenta nobilium signorum e statuaru … (Rome: [s.n.], 1638), plates 81–86, Bibliothèque de l’Institut national d’histoire de l’art, collections Jacques Doucet, FOL EST 168 84–89
2.24 (a–g) François Perrier, Segmenta nobilium signorum e statuaru … (Rome: [s.n.], 1638), plates 92–98, Bibliothèque de l’Institut national d’histoire de l’art, collections Jacques Doucet, FOL EST 168 90–93
2.25 Anonymous, The Boy with the Thorn (Spinario), ca. 1652, bronze, 73 × 45 × 55 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, E000163 95
3.1 Diego Velázquez, The Toilet of Venus (“The Rokeby Venus”), 1647–51, oil on canvas, 122.5 × 177 cm, National Gallery, London, NG2057 97
3.2 “The Actual Damage Done to the Rokeby ‘Venus’ by the Suffragette with a Chopper.” Illustrated London News 54, no. 1401 (March 14, 1914): 407 98
3.3 Titian, Adam and Eve, ca. 1550, oil on canvas, 240 × 186 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P000429 100
3.4 Titian, Tarquin and Lucretia, ca. 1571, oil on canvas, 188.9 × 145.1 cm, Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge, PDP 914 101
3.5 Titian, Venus with an Organist and Cupid, ca. 1555, oil on canvas, 150.2 × 218.2 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P000421 102
3.6 Titian, Danaë, 1551–53, oil on canvas, 115 × 194 cm, Wellington Collection, Apsley House, 256.B 102
3.7 Titian, Venus and Adonis, 1554, oil on canvas, 186 × 207 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P000422 103
3.8 Titian, The Rape of Europa, 1562, oil on canvas, 178 × 205 cm, Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, P26e1 104
3.9 Titian, Diana and Callisto, 1556–59, oil on canvas, 187 × 204.5 cm, National Gallery, London, and National Galleries of Scotland, NG6616 105
3.10 Titian, Diana and Actaeon, 1556–59, oil on canvas, 184.5 × 202.2 cm, National Gallery, London, and National Galleries of Scotland, NG6611 106
3.11 Titian, Perseus and Andromeda, ca. 1554–56, oil on canvas, 183.3 × 199.3 cm, Wallace Collection, P11 107
3.12 Titian, Venus with a Mirror, ca. 1555, oil on canvas, 124.5 × 105.5 cm, National Gallery of Art, Andrew W. Mellon Collection, 1937.1.34 108
3.13 Peter Paul Rubens, The Three Graces, 1630–35, oil on panel, 220.5 × 182 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P001670 109
4.1 Titian, The Glory, 1551–54, oil on canvas, 346 × 240 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P000432 128
4.2 Jacopo Robusti Tintoretto, The Washing of the Feet, 1548–49, oil on canvas, 210 × 533 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P002824 130
4.3 Correggio, Venus with Mercury and Cupid (“The School of Love”), ca. 1525, oil on canvas, 155.6 × 91.4 cm, National Gallery, London, NG10 131
4.4 Raphael, The Holy Family, or “The Pearl,” ca. 1518, oil on panel, 147.4 × 116 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P000301 132
4.5 Andrea del Sarto, Virgin and Child between Saint Matthew and an Angel, 1522, oil on panel, 177 × 135 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P000334 133
4.6 Plan of the Chapter Room of the Prior, 1657–60, drawing on laid paper with brown wash, 45.5 × 75.1 cm, Real Biblioteca de Palacio, Madrid, Patrimonio Nacional, IX/M/242 138
4.7 Titian, Christ on the Cross (framed), ca. 1555, oil on canvas, 208 × 103 cm, Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Patrimonio Nacional, Madrid, 10014803 145
4.8 Domenico Tintoretto, Penitent Magdalene (framed), ca. 1590, oil on canvas, 158 × 128 cm, Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Patrimonio Nacional, Madrid, 10014558 146
4.9 Mirror, 1656–60, carved and gilded wood, 139 × 122 × 19 cm, Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Patrimonio Nacional, Madrid, 10014796 147
4.10 Sandro Botticelli, Annunciation (framed), 1489–90, tempera on wood, 150 × 156 cm, Gallerie degli Uffizi, inv. 1890, no. 1608 154
4.11 Maurice-Quentin de La Tour, Portrait of Gabriel Bernard de Rieux (framed), 1739–41, pastel and gouache on blue paper, mounted on canvas, 200.7 × 149.9 cm, J. Paul Getty Museum, 94.PC.39 157
4.12 Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Judith Beheading Holofernes (framed), ca. 1599, oil on canvas, 145 × 195 cm, Gallerie Nazionali di Arte Antica—Palazzo Barberini, 2533 160
4.13 Detail of the frame on Domenico Tintoretto, Penitent Magdalene, ca. 1590, oil on canvas, 158 × 128 cm, Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Patrimonio Nacional, Madrid, 10014558 161
4.14 Detail of the frame on Domenico Tintoretto, Penitent Magdalene, ca. 1590, oil on canvas, 158 × 128 cm, Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Patrimonio Nacional, Madrid, 10014558 162
4.15 Alonso Cano, The Martyrdom of Saint John, ca. 1667, pen, brush, and brown ink, 22.38 × 14.29 cm, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Gift of Graphic Arts Council, M.77.54.2 164
5.1 Matteo Bonuccelli, Lion, 1651, gilt-bronze, 75 × 61 × 107 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, O000453; Lion, 1651, gilt-bronze, 75 × 61 × 107 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, O002939; Lion, 1651, gilt-bronze, 75 × 61 × 107 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, O002940; and Lion, 1651, gilt-bronze, 75 × 61 × 107 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, O002943 177
5.2 Diego Velázquez, Mercury and Argus, ca. 1659, oil on unlined canvas, 127 × 250 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P001175 182
5.3 Peter Paul Rubens (and workshop), Mercury and Argus, 1636–38, oil on canvas, 180 × 298 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P001673 187
5.4 Diego Velázquez, The Spinners, or the Fable of Arachne, 1655–60, oil on canvas, 220 × 289 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P001173
5.5 Peter Paul Rubens, Pallas and Arachne (sketch), 1636–37, oil on panel, 26.67 × 38.1 cm, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, Adolph D. and Wilkins C. Williams Fund, 58.18 189
5.6 Peter Paul Rubens, The Rape of Europa (sketch), 1636–37, oil on panel, 18.9 × 13.7 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P002457 190
5.7 Peter Paul Rubens, Cupid and Psyche (sketch), 1636–37, oil on panel, 26.6 × 24 cm, Musée Bonnat-Helleu, CM 2 191
5.8 Titian, The Flaying of Marsyas, probably 1570s, oil on canvas, 220 × 204 cm, Archbishop’s Palace, Kroměříž, KE 2370, O 107 193
6.1 Diego Velázquez, Las Meninas, 1656, oil on canvas, 318 × 276 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P001174 197
6.2 Carlos Manso and Manuel Olivares, Gallery 15A of the Museo Nacional del Prado, 1977. Museo Nacional del Prado; Calle de Ruiz de Alarcón, 23; Madrid, Spain 199
6.3 Juan Bautista Martínez del Mazo, Las Meninas, 1656–77, oil on canvas, 142.2 × 121.9 cm, Kingston Lacy Estate, Dorset, National Trust, NT 1257140 207
6.4 Juan Bautista Martínez del Mazo, Queen Mariana of Spain in Mourning, 1666, oil on canvas, 196.8 × 146 cm, National Gallery, London, NG2926 209
6.5 Diego Velázquez, Infanta Margarita in a White Dress, ca. 1656, oil on canvas, 105 × 88 cm, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Gemäldegalerie 3691 212
6.6 Italian, Titian and His Son, ca. 1560–70, gold, wax, seed pearl, and wood, 13 × 12.9 × 2.3 cm, National Museums Scotland, K.2004.38 215
6.7 Agostino Ardenti, Titian (1488/90–1576), ca. 1563, lead, 10.3 cm, Bowdoin College Museum of Art, gift of Amanda Marchesa Molinari, 1966.106.21a 216
6.8 Juan Bautista Martínez del Mazo, The Family of the Artist, 1664–65, oil on canvas, 149.5 × 174.5 cm, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Gemäldegalerie 320 219
6.9 Juan Carreño de Miranda, Charles II, ca. 1675, oil on canvas, 201 × 141 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P000642 223
6.10 Juan Carreño de Miranda, Queen Mariana of Austria, ca. 1670, oil on canvas, 211 × 125 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, P000644 226
7.1 Luca Giordano, Homage to Velázquez, ca. 1692–1700, oil on canvas, 205.2 × 182.2 cm, National Gallery, London, NG1434 233