Index of Subjects
Several obvious entries do not appear in this appendix because of their overwhelming ubiquity across the volume and/or because they are represented in the other appendices (e.g. “Jerusalem,” “Josephus,” “Pseudo-Hegesippus,” “Rome/Romans,” “Translation,” “Yosippon”).
Aaron
66
abbey(s)
234–235, 239–240, 501, 509
Abraham (patriarch)
61, 62, 66, 83, 108, 355, 539, 555, 588
Abraham ibn Daud
173, 185, 194, 199–201, 204, 346, 601, 605
Abraham ibn Ezra
200, 446
Achaea
50
Adulis (port city)
562
Aegean Sea/region
427
Aelius Herodian
28
Africa(n)
17, 329, 334, 561, 563
aggadah
549
Agrippa I (Herod Agrippa)
7, 87–115, 157, 586, 611
Agrippa II
49, 160, 234, 241–242, 246, 248, 286, 318–320, 458, 566, 587, 606, 610
Ahasuerus
99, 191
Aksum(ite)
562–563, 568–569
Aleppo
329
Alexander II Zabinas
298, 305
Alexander Jannaeus
43, 219, 221, 246, 250, 281, 313, 408, 415, 417
Alexander Romance
169, 172, 175, 177–179, 188, 190, 192, 194–195, 328, 417
Alexander the Great
177–178, 212, 265, 447, 599
Alexandra Salome (Queen)
42, 154, 272, 313, 360, 393
Alexandria (Egypt)
31–32, 48, 58, 88, 95–98, 100–101, 307
aliya. see immigrants, immigration
Amalek(ites)
78, 82
Amharic
562, 567, 572
Ammon(ites)
69, 250
Amoraim
601, 606
Amsterdam IX
, 17, 603, 613–614, 616–617
Ananus II
33, 49, 51
angels
395
Anglo-Saxons
508
Anti-Christ
327–329, 340
anti-Christian
215
anti-Judaism
3, 15, 96–100, 329, 368, 383, 390, 399, 505, 513, 547, 574, 582
Antigonus (son of Hyrcanus I)
272, 280
Antiochus (son of Hyrcanus I)
272, 280
Antiochus I (Primus)
46
Antiochus IV Epiphanes
13, 180, 345–347, 350, 352–353, 358–359, 364, 382, 395, 565, 590
Antiochus V Eupator
176
Antiochus VII Sidetes
13, 180, 261, 301–304, 403–405
Antiochus VIII Grypus/Grippus
219, 246, 305–306
Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
305–306
Antipater (the Macedonian general)
426–427
antisemitism
98, 397, 532
Apion
96–99, 215
apocalypse, apocalyptic
12, 327–341, 541
apocrypha
10, 333, 407, 544
apologetics
3, 30, 60, 68, 106, 122, 162, 386, 398, 432
Aqedah/Akedah
356, 377, 395, 400, 520, 531–534, 538
aqueduct(s)
35
Arab(s)
328, 395, 399, 447
Arabia
250
Arabian Peninsula
571
Arabic language
14, 16, 174, 189, 204, 278, 283, 333, 392, 561–566, 568, 574, 588–589, 591
Aram
261, 302, 434, 586–587, 611
Aramaic language
45, 87, 191, 534, 547, 549, 583–584
Arameans
447
archaeology
30, 32, 39, 408, 432, 438, 490
Archelaus
566
Ariarathes VII Philometor
410
Aristobulus I
219, 246, 268–272, 274–275, 277, 310–312
Aristobulus II
154, 414–415
Aristobulus IV
586
aristocrats. see elites
Ark of the Covenant
572
Armenia(n)
408, 415
armor
284, 311, 341, 552
arms. see weapons
army, armies
44, 67, 158, 249, 262, 328–329, 336–340, 346, 396, 404–407, 409, 411, 415, 447, 545, 552, 586, 616
art
15–16, 185, 474, 497–529, 532
Artapanus
62, 67–68
Arsaces VI. see Mithridates I
Arsaces VIII. see Phraates II
ascetic(ism)
37–39, 43, 573
Ashkenaz
172–175, 179–181, 189, 195, 204, 607, 612–616
Ashkenazi Jews
392, 607, 611, 614, 616–617
assimilation
464, 547
Assyria(n)
393
astronomy
62, 408
Athens
1, 145, 148–149, 152
audience(s)
6–7, 25–57, 89, 94, 103, 116, 126–127, 134, 136, 139, 148–150, 152–153, 196, 204, 400, 448, 497, 500, 503, 506, 517, 523, 547, 573–574, 591, 603–604, 611–612
authoritative texts. see Scripture(s)
authorship
4, 10, 28, 59, 64–65, 184, 186, 200, 212–213, 215–218, 234, 288–289, 316, 347–349, 351, 353–354, 356, 360–361, 370, 383, 385, 386, 390–392, 396–397, 407, 418, 423, 432, 434, 438, 462–463, 478, 517, 537–538, 561, 566–568, 584, 592, 610–611
Babylon(ian)
170, 204, 299, 310, 355, 374, 408, 410, 412–413, 419, 581, 610, 615
bath(s), bathing
43, 425, 435, 437, 554
beard
499–500, 502, 504, 508, 512, 515, 519
Bede, the Venerable
498
Belial
334, 337, 373–374
Benedict of Mount Soracte
332
Ben Ezra synagogue (in Fustat)
179
Benedictine Abbey/Monastery
239, 513
Benjamin (son of Jacob)
65, 375
Benjamin, Bany Yamina
393
Benjamin, Tribe of
337, 392–393
Benjamin ben Abraham
183–184
Benjamin Bloom
479
Benjamin D’Israeli
458–459
Benjamin of Tudela
14, 423–440, 444–449
Beta Israel community
573
Bible, the
7–8, 10, 25, 28, 30, 32, 58–87, 132, 185, 190, 196, 212, 215, 265, 346, 358–359, 363, 372–377, 379, 385, 390–391, 393–394, 396, 444, 446, 448, 476, 498, 538, 549, 553, 562, 579, 582, 592
rewritten Bible
30, 59, 60, 547
biblical reception
7, 191, 574
bilingual(ism)
328, 425, 612–613
biography/biographical
30, 41, 96, 99, 101, 103–105, 108, 145, 191–192, 200, 332, 394, 532, 546, 604, 611
bishops
234, 341, 345, 509, 512, 588
blood(y)
121, 269–271, 275–277, 327, 330–331, 337, 375, 393, 397, 540
body, bodies
65, 271, 277, 351, 357, 360–362, 364, 519, 540, 554
bride
66
bridechamber
357
Britain
44, 396
Bulgars
593
Burning of the Talmud (1245)
184
Byzantium, Byzantine
184, 200, 327, 329–341, 393–394, 403, 406, 408, 414, 416–418, 427, 501, 508
Caesarea
34, 102, 159, 311, 318–319
Cairo
176, 570
Cairo Genizah
10, 171–181, 184–185, 188, 192–194, 204–205, 278, 283, 327, 368, 563, 565
Caligula, Emperor Gaius
27, 44–45, 88, 91–92, 95–101, 109, 186, 212, 215, 288, 458, 578
Canaan
61, 64
cannibalism
397
Cappadocia(n)
410–411
Carolingian Era
12, 327–332, 334–335, 339–341, 397
Carthage
329, 334
Cassiodorus
212, 236, 369, 505
Cassius Dio
504
Cassius Longinus
415
Cave of Machpelah
330
celibacy
36–39
Central Europe
169, 204
character
83–84, 93, 104, 151–152, 158, 160, 338, 385, 478, 534
of Josephus
466, 468, 470, 472, 474, 477, 483–484, 490–491
of Jacob Katz
474–476
of Samson
72–74
of Saul
75, 79–80
of Vespasian
48
Charlemagne
330–332, 335, 339–341, 429
childbirth
122
childhood
193
children
36–38, 58, 69–70, 131, 138, 162, 181, 184, 193, 335, 339, 356–357, 391, 393, 398, 457–458, 462, 469, 471, 474, 530, 538, 540, 555–556
Christians
18, 204, 328, 403, 419, 497–499, 506–509, 513, 519, 523, 561, 563, 571, 573–574, 578–579, 590, 601, 604, 612
Cicero
103–104, 118, 132, 139, 399, 416, 582
Cilicia, Cilicians
415
circumcision
251, 259, 261, 263, 271, 277–278, 304, 329, 347
civic life
43, 96, 616–617
civil war
46–47, 371, 386, 390, 399, 411, 413, 473, 482, 484, 531, 533
Claudius, Emperor
46, 88, 91, 94, 100, 586
Cleopatra
186, 196, 297, 305–308, 393, 396
clothing
284, 500, 502, 504, 508, 512–513, 515
Codex Italicus
175–177, 179
Codex Orientalis I
177–179
Codex Orientalis II
178
Codex Orientalis III
179–180
coins
26, 33–35, 39, 409–411, 413
comedy
117, 131
Constantine, Emperor
28, 506
Constantine Porphyrogenitus
395, 418
Constantinople
170, 198, 331, 341, 395, 591–592, 601, 604–607, 610, 616
Constantius II
506
constitution, national
58, 79, 116–144, 161
consul, Roman
44, 263, 267, 304–305, 424, 429–430
Coptic Christianity
561–574
corban. See ḥurban
counter-history
17, 330, 371, 384, 433, 448, 599–617
covenant
13, 59, 251, 259, 261, 263, 330, 335, 341, 363, 372, 376–379, 385, 446
Crassus, Marcus Licinius
415
crime, criminal
38, 44, 126, 269–270, 276–277, 373, 379, 381
critical editions
2, 9–10, 17, 89, 91, 145, 169–323, 327, 346–347, 349, 368, 392, 396, 399, 414, 424–425, 428, 431, 435, 446, 549, 564–567, 570, 572, 584–585
Cyprus
570
Cyrus (Persian king)
191, 393, 584–585
Dagon
71, 73, 237, 284, 300
David, King
77–80, 82, 330–331, 334, 336, 393–395, 425–426, 447
David ibn Naḥmias
604
Dan, Tribe of
328
Daniel (the prophet)
90, 170, 172, 174–175, 177, 180, 188, 191–192, 194, 198, 204, 359, 599
Daniel (biblical book)
191–192, 194–195, 198
Daniel (additions to)
191
Daniel and Bel
170, 191
Darius (Persian king)
180–181, 191
Dead Sea
37
Dead Sea Scrolls
32, 36, 39, 52, 394, 544, 549, 556
Delilah
71, 73
Demetrius (author)
30
Demetrius II, King
407, 412–413
Demetrius III, King
219, 246, 249–250, 303, 305
democratic
145, 148–150, 160,
desecration of the Jewish cemetery (Rome, 1270)
184
Devil, the
574
diaspora (Ethiopian)
571–572
diaspora (Jewish)
41, 88, 169, 192, 204, 329, 332, 334, 396, 536, 578
Dio Cassius. see Cassius Dio
Diodotus Tryphon (Seleucid ruler)
411–413
diplomacy, diplomats
27, 43, 470, 588
disease
64, 392
Dominicans
581, 588
Domitian, Emperor
8, 45, 47–48, 145
dress. see clothing
Dura-Europos
512
economics
32, 65, 117, 133, 467
Edom, Edomites
251, 254, 262, 330, 335–341, 397, 399, 434, 446, 578, 587, 607
education
3, 15, 30, 32, 87, 90, 105, 107, 391, 466–496, 516–517, 524, 540, 571
Egypt/Egyptians
47, 61–68, 97, 121, 126, 135, 158, 306–307, 329, 330, 358, 374, 561, 565, 570–571, 616
ekphrasis
134, 399
Eleazar ben Ananias
471, 566
Eleazar ben Asher ha-Levi
174, 189–190
Eleazar ben Yair
338–339, 458, 489, 537, 539
speech of at Masada
286, 318–320, 338
Eleazar (compiler of SY)
192
Eleazar (old scribe)
345–350, 360–361
Elijah (the Prophet)
328, 337
Elijah ben Moses (copyist)
196–197
Elijah ha-Melamed of Fano
582
elites
28, 32, 35, 42–44, 47–48, 79, 89, 94, 99–101, 148
empire
328, 330, 339, 394
four-empire scheme
328, 331–332, 334, 337, 339
Byzantine
329, 332
Carolingian
329, 332
Christian
333, 600
Jewish
340
Ottoman
604
Parthian
45, 413, 415–416
Roman
17, 32, 78, 80, 95, 327–329, 331–334, 337, 371, 440, 464, 474, 487, 578, 600
Holy Roman
512
Seleucid
404–405, 407–409, 411–413
En Gedi
37
English language
15, 170, 181, 191, 198, 424, 457–465, 483, 532, 609
Enoch
328, 573
Ephraim, Tribe of
337
Ephraim ben Yoav
202
epic
327–341, 397, 531, 534–535, 578
Eritrea
562
Ernesto the Magnificent (monk)
239
Esau
329–331, 337–338, 393, 397, 578, 588–589, 607
eschatology
327–328, 332–341, 446
Essenes
32, 36–39, 42, 311, 457
Esther
7, 87–115, 181, 191, 358, 565, 599
Ethiopia(n)
3, 58, 66, 67, 68, 561–576, 615
Ethiopic
14, 16, 204, 561–576
ethnic(ity), ethnos
39, 391, 397, 477, 578
Eucerus
215, 243, 246–250
eulogy
309, 312, 393, 400
Eupolemus
30
Euripides
64, 148, 154
Europe, European
2–3, 15, 17, 26, 169, 192, 204, 329–330, 332, 334, 389, 432, 464, 468, 512–513, 519–520, 524, 535–536, 546, 573, 577–598
Eurycles the Spartan
318–319
Eusebius of Caesarea
37, 187, 234, 414, 498, 503, 592, 602
Eutychus
92–93
evangelization
571
exegesis
126, 129, 139, 282, 328, 446, 554, 585, 599
exemplarity
7, 87–115, 361, 394, 469, 498
exemplum/exempla
87–115, 382
Exodus event
82, 374
Ezekiel, Book of
339, 444–446, 448, 606, 612
famine
61, 63–65, 397, 461, 566
Fannus, son of Marcus
263, 267, 304–305
father(s)
39, 48, 63–64, 68–69, 71–72, 101, 155, 158, 265, 272, 279–280, 316–317, 329, 338, 350, 354–355, 404, 410, 414, 429, 459, 482, 486, 499, 502, 513, 520, 530–535, 539, 569, 573
festivals
120–124, 127, 135, 136, 162
film
34
Flavian(s), Flavian dynasty
41, 45, 47–48, 52, 78, 89, 108
food
37, 43, 62, 458, 562
foreskin. see circumcision
Fourth Lateran Council
512, 519, 524
Franks, Frankish
327–328, 331–332, 592
Frederic II
505
free speech
145–166
freedom
62, 145–163, 469, 471, 474, 477, 485, 487, 489, 567, 616
Friedberg Genizah website
174, 176
Gaius Caligula. see Caligula, Emperor Gaius
Gaius Sempronius
263
Gaius Sentius Saturninus
44
Gaius Sosius
416
Galatia. see Gaul(s)
Galen
417, 608
Galilee
28, 32, 46, 49, 272, 279–280, 314, 415, 458, 461, 466, 469–475, 477–478, 481–482, 484, 487
Gallus Caesar
506
Gamala
38
Gamliel, Rabban
605
Gans, David
601
Gaul(s)
46–48, 328
Gaza
251–252, 254, 314–315, 483
Gə’əz. see Ethiopic
Gemellus
92, 155
geography
14, 17, 37, 41, 195, 253, 329–330, 332–333, 391, 423–453, 458, 463, 599, 608, 610
gender
32, 36, 74, 394
Geonim
601
Genoa
588
genre
60, 103, 118–119, 126, 130, 137, 184, 190, 371, 403, 499, 515, 544, 568, 573, 599
Gerald of Wales
578–580, 593
Gershom Meʾor ha-Golah
172, 180, 185–186, 188, 392
Gershom the great teacher
180, 184, 392
gesture
348, 500, 515–516, 522, 537
Gezer (Gazara)
412
Giannozzo Manetti
196–197, 203
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Count
580–582, 593
God
62, 66, 69–79, 82, 91, 93–95, 106, 120, 130, 134, 158–159, 186, 194, 199, 216, 262, 270, 272, 276, 279, 307, 313, 328, 330, 335–339, 348, 351–354, 356, 358–359, 361–364, 372, 374, 376–379, 385–386, 395, 398, 444–447, 457, 479, 486, 488–491, 530, 531, 533, 537–539, 553, 555, 570, 572, 574
Golden Calf
58
Golgotha
328, 336
Gospels
25, 34–35, 40–41, 44, 520
Goths, Gothic
592
Greece
328, 340, 426
Greek language & literature
3, 7–8, 14, 31, 45, 47, 49, 58–59, 68, 87, 103–104, 116–119, 125, 131–139, 145–163, 169, 178, 191, 196, 199–200, 213, 222–224, 238–239, 251–258, 264–267, 274–275, 278, 280–281, 328, 348, 350, 352, 394, 398, 406, 416–417, 472, 497, 535, 544, 547, 549–556, 562, 568, 581, 592 (et alibi)
Greek Jewish Scriptures
58–59, 90–91, 95, 106, 117, 125, 132, 190–191, 212, 352, 363, 417, 549, 553, 561, 563, 565, 572, 592
Greeks
46, 50, 89, 98, 106, 151, 271–272, 277, 328, 332–333, 346, 406–407, 426, 562
Guido de Gonzaga
234
Hadadezer, King
425–447
halakhah
28, 185, 550, 599–601, 605
Haman
96, 98–101, 191, 358
Hannah (story of, based on story of Susanna)
186
Hannah (story of, based on story of the Maccabean mother)
349, 590, 59
Hanukkah
185, 345, 395
Harun al-Rashid
332
Hasmonean(s). see Maccabees/Maccabean
heaven
61, 328, 348, 352, 354, 520, 616
Hebrew Bible
7, 58, 84, 87, 190, 346, 357–359, 363, 372–377, 448, 538, 553, 562
Hebrew language
9–11, 13, 87, 125, 169–202, 249–250, 252–258, 264–268, 277–279, 283–285, 327, 333–334, 346, 349, 357–359, 368, 370, 372–380, 382–383, 391, 399, 408–409, 416–418, 426, 430, 437, 442, 445, 447, 466, 468–469, 531, 535, 540, 579, 583, 589, 592, 609, 611–612 (et alibi)
modern Hebrew
16, 214, 532, 538, 541, 544–556, 564
rabbinic Hebrew
334
Helicon
97
hell
64, 373, 574
Hellenism, Hellenization
30, 34, 547, 553
Henry Aristippus
579
Hercules
70, 72, 397
heretic(al), heresy
459, 561, 573–574
Herod, King (the Great)
33–34, 88, 90, 95, 101, 126, 153–157, 211–212, 288–289, 306, 318–319, 334, 393–395, 399, 416, 498, 546, 548, 565–566, 586, 599
Herod Agrippa. see Agrippa I
Herod Antipas (Herod the Tetrarch; Antipater II)
95, 155, 234
Herod Archelaus. see Archelaus
Herodian dynasty
33, 49, 88, 90, 100–102, 154–157, 319, 395, 498, 566
Herodotus
8, 120, 124, 126, 135–136, 139, 149
High Priest
33, 47, 80, 154–155, 162, 177, 212, 265–266, 268, 300–301, 347, 373, 377, 403, 408–409, 414, 428, 608
Hippocrates
126, 608
historian(s)
1, 5, 8, 13, 26, 32–34, 39, 46, 59–66, 68–70, 72–74, 78–81, 83, 97, 103, 106, 126, 135, 215, 230, 234, 368, 371, 390–391, 397–399, 405, 407, 410, 430–432, 436, 457, 460–461, 464, 466, 468, 470–471, 473–474, 476–478, 480, 482, 484, 506, 523, 535, 547, 561, 567, 579, 588, 600, 602, 617d
historiography
2, 12, 26, 29, 32, 48–51, 83, 89, 103–105, 119, 135–136, 139, 159, 174, 190, 203, 213, 329, 370–371, 384, 386, 390, 397, 403, 466, 469, 504, 535, 538, 547, 553, 561, 568–569, 578, 603, 608
ancient
26, 32, 83, 89, 103–106, 119, 135–137, 139, 397, 547
ancient Jewish
26, 48, 578
Christian
370–371
Hebrew
403
Israeli
466
medieval Ethiopian
3
medieval Jewish
2, 12, 190, 371, 384, 390
modern Jewish
535, 538
Holocaust
395–396, 532
Holofernes
186, 458
Holy Sepulcher
332
Homer
397
humanities
31
ḥurban
601
Hyrcania
409–411, 416, 418
Hyrcanus I (John Hyrcanus)
13, 42–43, 211, 219, 230, 246, 254, 259, 261–263, 272, 274–275, 279, 284, 296, 299–300, 302–310, 313, 360, 396, 403–419
Hyrcanus II
408, 415
iconography
410, 499, 512
idols/images, idolatry
35, 49, 77, 336, 339, 355, 398, 572
Idumea/Idumeans
38, 100, 250–251, 253–254, 260–262, 283, 285, 303–304, 314, 380, 408
illness. see sickness
illuminations
231, 499–524
immigrants, immigration
471, 531, 535, 540
imperial(ism)
27, 49, 91, 96–97, 99, 103, 136, 157, 327–328, 330–341, 391, 428–430, 449, 502–506, 570, 578, 600
impiety
95, 102, 137, 270, 276
India
396, 562
instruments, musical (lyre, harp). see music
interpolations
169–170, 172, 174, 177–180, 188, 192–196, 198, 200, 204, 338, 561, 564, 579–580, 583, 592, 610
irony
45–48, 76, 88–89, 94, 101, 370, 424, 433, 447, 592
Isaac
58, 62, 520, 531–534, 588
Isaiah, Book of
393, 444–445, 448
Ishmaelites
63, 328, 336
Isidore of Seville
498
Isidorus
96–98, 100
Islam(ic)
403, 571, 601–602, 607
Israel
202, 330–331, 375, 396–399, 444–447, 476–478, 552, 572, 580, 586, 606
children of
58
daughters of
69
elders of
75, 77
Jews of
574
land of
440, 446, 468–469, 474, 532
lawless of
202
Messianic kingdom of
337
modern nation
3, 15, 466, 477, 479–480, 483, 485, 490–491
people of
120, 335, 470, 472, 474–475, 478, 590, 606–607
remnant of
605
righteous of
337
sins of
591
ten tribes of
615
Italian language
202, 332, 580
Italians
187, 190, 196, 423
Italy
11, 14, 29, 48, 170, 172–189, 183–185, 187–188, 191, 193–196, 198, 201–204, 327–330, 333–334, 386, 392, 403, 417–419, 436, 438, 440, 445, 447–449, 497, 541, 579, 605
Jacob
58, 63, 64, 329, 330, 331, 375, 578, 588, 591, 599
house of
607
Jamnia
251, 606
Japhet, sons of
329, 332
Jephthah
68–70, 83
Jeremiah, Book of
374, 378, 396, 444
Jerome of Stridon (= Hieronymus)
212, 369, 391, 394, 498, 519
Jerusalem
13, 17, 34, 37, 43, 45, 49–50, 87, 95, 98, 134, 159–160, 169–175, 177, 180–186, 191–192, 197–198, 205, 212, 254, 262, 283, 301, 327–329, 331–341, 350, 364, 368, 371–372, 375–377, 380–381, 383, 385, 393–397, 399, 406–410, 412, 414, 416, 424, 427–428, 432–433, 436, 444–448, 458, 462, 470, 472, 475, 481–482, 484, 489, 497–498, 503, 506, 508, 513, 539, 562, 565–567, 570–571, 577, 583–587, 590, 602–603, 605, 616
Jeshu (evil adviser of Emperor Caligula)
186
Jeshua ben Pandera/Paltera
202–203
Jesus of Nazareth
35, 44, 201–203, 328–329, 336, 340, 383, 393, 463, 497, 508, 577–583, 585, 587, 593, 608
Jesus son of Ananias
458
Jesus Christ
35, 44, 196–197, 201–203, 328–329, 336, 340, 383, 393, 458, 463, 497, 508, 577, 579–581, 583, 585, 587, 593, 608
jihad
418
Joab, King David’s General
426, 435, 437, 447
Job (biblical book)
114, 185, 458
John III of Naples, Duke
229–230, 289
John of Gischala
49, 316, 334, 338, 373–374, 458, 468–470, 472–473, 479, 482
Joseph ben Gorion (= Josephus Gorionides)
187, 190, 193–194, 199–200, 426, 561, 563–568, 570, 573, 584–586, 592
Joseph (son of Jacob)
7, 63–66, 83, 87–115, 159, 329–330, 333, 358
brothers of
63
house of
607
Joshua
79, 158–159, 552, 573
Jotapata
368, 398, 457, 468
Jubilees, Book of
40, 84, 373, 568
Judah, tribe of
263, 277, 444, 616
Judah ben Solomon of Camerino
201
Judah the Maccabee
158, 212
Judah Mosqoni
173, 198, 200–202, 605
Judahites
71
Judas the Essene
311
Judas Maccabeus. see Judah the Maccabee
Judea
3, 7, 26–27, 32, 37, 41–48, 74–76, 371, 383, 386, 409, 414–416, 448, 473, 483–484, 562, 565, 580, 586, 591
Judeans
99, 134, 371, 445
Judges (of Israel)
79, 133
Judith
186, 393, 458
Julian (“the Apostate”), Emperor
506
Julian of Viterbo
234
Jupiter (Jove)
330, 429
justice
69, 75, 133, 270, 372, 377, 432
Justus of Tiberias
28, 49, 462, 479
Kabbalah
392, 440
Karaites
201, 204, 601
kingdom. see monarchy
kingship. see monarchy
Kittim
329
korban. see ḥurban
Lake Tana
573
lament
158, 378–379, 444, 601, 605
Latin language/literature
10, 14, 103–104, 107, 126, 128, 132–133, 169, 190, 196, 200, 211–323, 327–328, 333, 348, 350, 352–353, 360, 363, 368–370, 374, 376, 380, 384–385, 390–391, 397, 399, 406, 416, 509, 537, 539, 544, 583, 590–593, 602, 608, 611
law(s)
8, 28, 42–44, 89, 103, 116–144, 145–166, 263, 271, 277, 350, 354, 361–362, 385, 415, 476, 498, 515, 546, 555, 573, 606–607, 615
legend(s), legendary
12, 15, 33, 68, 84, 98, 187, 332, 335, 339, 425–426, 433, 438–440, 448–449, 565, 572–573, 599, 615
letter(s), alphabetic
231–232, 235, 265, 446, 498, 516, 519–520, 553, 566–567, 608, 613–614
letter(s), epistolary
12, 98, 101, 134, 175, 187, 191, 215, 327–329, 335, 340–341, 396, 411, 415, 541, 579–581, 612, 616
Levant, the
438, 446, 570
lexicography
8, 116–139, 145–163, 376–379
literary issues
4, 6–9, 12–13, 16, 29, 31, 34–35, 39–40, 49, 81, 87, 89, 97–98, 101–103, 107, 118, 145, 169, 203–204, 214, 282, 328, 330, 340, 347, 363, 369, 390, 395, 397, 417–418, 434, 438, 472, 475, 479, 491, 498–503, 523, 531, 537, 544, 556, 561, 563, 568, 571–572
linguistics
7, 12, 14–16, 31, 116, 118–120, 122, 127–128, 134, 139, 333, 374, 377, 406, 571, 590–591
liturgy
184, 328, 335, 345, 377, 433
Livy
10, 103, 230, 393, 416
Liza (story of)
186
Lombards, Lombardy
330, 425, 435, 437, 592
Lord (Lord), the. see God
Luke-Acts
28, 41, 44
LXX. see Greek Jewish Scriptures
Maccabees/Maccabean
12, 174, 176, 333, 345–355, 357–363, 377–378, 382, 390, 413, 415, 460, 553, 561, 563, 572–574, 591
Macedonia, Macedonians
248–249
Macrobius
399, 416
Maimonides
608
Mantua
17, 170, 172, 187, 188, 193–195, 203, 234, 599–600, 604–607, 610–611, 615
manuscripts
9–11, 15, 29, 59, 169–210, 211–323, 327, 328, 334–335, 339, 352, 368, 376, 378, 397, 399, 417, 427, 429, 435, 442, 446, 497–529, 545, 549, 563–567, 570–572, 577, 579, 580, 583–584, 587–599
Marc Antony
396, 416, 586
Marcus Aurelius
399
marginalia
218, 232, 249
Maria Story
368, 397, 400, 562, 566
Mariamme
154, 155, 158, 394, 397
Mark, Gospel of
41, 44, 117
marriage
36–39, 64, 67, 155, 157, 547
Marseilles
424
Martin, Saint
513, 515
martyrdom
12–13, 16, 92, 204, 338, 340–341, 345–367, 418, 440, 531–532, 534–537, 539–540, 565, 572, 590–591
Mary, Queen of Scots
393
Masada
16–17, 28, 176, 181, 184, 187, 211, 318–319, 328, 335, 337–339, 341, 359, 368, 378, 384, 394, 398, 458, 472, 481–482, 484–485, 489–491, 530–543, 566, 599, 603, 605
maternal. see mother(s)
Matthew, Gospel of
41, 44
Matthias (= Amitai)
368–386
Mattithias (Matityahu)
212, 395–396
Medes
404, 411
Media, kingdom of
328, 584, 591
medical doctor
151, 361
Mediterranean
3, 5, 32, 122, 169, 204, 416, 443, 570
Menelik I
572
Meroe
562
messenger (of God)
197, 263
messiah
203, 329, 331, 335, 337, 339, 393–395, 446, 577, 585
messianism, messianic
190, 328, 330, 334–337, 339–340, 446, 458
Middle Ages, the
2, 10, 14–15, 17, 169
Michael (the Archangel)
337
midrash
191, 201, 327, 329–332, 339, 355–356, 390, 393, 399, 441, 446–447, 531, 534, 605, 606, 609
mikva’ot
554
Milan
202, 588
miracles
202, 574, 580, 605
misreadings
245, 253, 256, 259, 272, 282, 287
Mithridates VI (King of Pontus)
414
Mithridates I
410
Modi’in
395
monarchy
34, 45, 74–83, 91, 96, 100, 145, 149, 154, 156–158, 328–329, 331–332, 334, 337, 358, 393, 396, 405–406, 408, 410–413, 416, 429, 437, 505, 562–563, 569
Davidic
606, 607, 609
Judean
74–83
monastery/monasteries
259, 505, 509, 513, 515–516, 571
morality/immorality
26, 37, 69–70, 81, 83, 89–90, 93, 103–109, 149, 151–153, 155, 159–161, 480, 483
Mordecai
191, 565
Mordecai ben Benjamin
202
morphology
117, 122, 128
Moses
8, 42, 44, 58–59, 66–68, 79, 106, 108, 120–123, 125, 127–128, 130, 134, 136–139, 145, 146, 149, 161–163, 359, 374, 464, 601
Moses ben Yequtiel ha-Kohen
185
mother(s)
12–13, 72, 94, 148, 154, 271, 277, 300, 345–365, 377–378, 382, 393, 530–531, 534, 562, 566, 569, 572, 590–591
Mount of Olives
329
Mount Vesuvius
441
Mucianus
46, 48
multilingual(ism)
329, 339
murder
42, 46, 80, 99, 101, 129–130, 137, 155, 181, 184, 268–271, 276–277, 300, 310, 317, 335, 341, 360, 372, 378–379, 394, 399, 473, 481, 534, 536–537, 539, 608
music
317
Muslim(s)
332, 336, 341, 403, 418–419, 513, 563, 569, 583
Mycenean
394
myth(ology)
12, 106, 192, 327, 333, 338, 394, 485, 531–532, 535, 573, 578, 588–589, 591
Nabateans
264, 399, 438, 447
Naples
225, 229, 287, 289, 403, 417, 426, 429, 434–435, 437–438, 440–442, 448
nationalism
16, 49, 378, 390, 464, 467–469, 473, 479, 481, 489, 491, 540, 547
Nazirite
70, 72
Near East
169, 172, 178, 204, 432
Nero, Emperor
46, 429, 586
New Testament, the
30–32, 40, 52, 117, 145, 498, 582
Nicolas Donin
184
Nicholas of Damascus
31, 41, 394–395, 404
Nicholas of Valencia
602
Nile
65, 562
Noah
377, 520, 565
Norman conquest
508
Notker of St. Gall
332
Nubia(n)
562
numismatics. see coin(s)
Nymphidius
46
omissions, textual
7, 37, 58, 74, 76, 98, 83, 124, 193, 199, 216, 221–222, 227–228, 232–234, 236, 238, 240, 245, 247–248, 251, 253–255, 257, 259–261, 264, 267–268, 275, 278–279, 282, 285–286, 290, 296–299, 319–320, 457–464, 538, 548, 582, 591, 593, 606, 611, 613
Onias I (son of Iaddus)
266
oral tradition
68, 391, 427
Orosius
329, 391, 416, 505
Otho, Emperor
46
Ottoman Empire
469, 604
pagan(s)
68, 137, 332, 398–399, 403–406, 408, 417, 428, 572–574, 608
paideia. see education
paleography
175–176, 218, 231, 235, 282, 517
Palermo
588–590
papacy, the
433
parizim
580, 583, 586
Parthia(n)
13, 34, 45, 157, 403–422
paternal. see father(s)
patriarch
61–62, 64, 66, 93, 373, 375, 568
patriotism
98, 362, 364, 378, 385
Paulina
364, 394
Pepin, father of Charlemagne
429
Persia, kingdom of
68, 149, 174, 328, 412, 555, 584, 591, 615
Persian(s)
68, 95–96, 109, 191, 332, 406, 555, 565
Peter the Monk
328
Petronius
99, 101
Pharaoh
61–67, 91, 93–94, 358, 374, 393
Pharisees
30–31, 33, 39–44, 308–309, 457, 580
Philip (Phrygian Governor)
347
Philippi
396, 611
Philistines
70–73, 77–78
Philo of Alexandria
31–32, 34–39, 65, 96–98, 125, 133, 13–138, 153, 169, 186, 191–192, 196, 549
Philopoemen
50
philosophy
39, 41, 43, 105, 138, 146, 150, 153, 160, 185, 196, 353, 397, 417, 446, 482, 541, 544, 547
Phoenician(s)
250, 446
Phraates II
405–406, 408, 410, 416
Phrygian cap
512
piety
42, 90, 107, 331, 338, 347, 353, 374, 413, 440, 516–517
pirates
153, 415–416
piyyutim
180, 185–186, 345, 399, 418
Plato
8, 118, 119, 133, 137–139
Pliny the Elder
36–39
Plutarch
7, 50–51, 89, 103, 105, 107–109, 126, 146, 148, 150–153, 155–158, 160–163
Poetry, poetics. see literary issues
polemics
17, 97, 186, 200–201, 204, 215, 371, 377, 396, 398–400, 424, 430, 436, 449, 577, 579, 581, 583, 600, 604, 607
politics, political
7–8, 30, 33, 41, 43, 50–51, 79, 83, 137–138, 145–150, 160, 379, 404, 416, 418, 431, 433, 464, 466, 471, 473, 475, 481, 486, 500, 504, 547, 563, 567–571, 600, 616
Polybius
25, 50–51
Politeia
7, 119, 120, 127–130, 132–134, 136–139
Pompeius Trogus
405–406, 410–411, 414–416
Pontius Pilate
34–36, 610
Pope, the
427–428, 432–433
pork
347, 350, 354, 360
Porphyry of Tyre
37
Portugal
600, 604
post-colonial theory
32
posture
41, 70, 500, 502, 512
Potiphar’s wife
63–64, 92, 94, 159
prayer
1, 38, 71, 82, 92, 125, 158, 185, 191, 327–328, 334–335, 337, 358–359, 374, 376, 395, 440, 517, 600, 605
priest(s), priesthood
28, 33, 41, 47, 62, 66, 80, 87, 122, 127, 130, 134, 154–155, 158, 162, 177, 187, 190, 194, 262–263, 265–266, 268, 347, 373, 376–377, 380–382, 395, 403, 408–409, 414, 428, 498, 547, 567, 591, 608
printed editions
15, 170, 172–173, 187–188, 193–195, 198, 203, 213–214, 216–217, 286, 316, 457–464, 563–564, 583, 591–592, 599–602, 604–607, 610, 612–616
prophecy
66, 94, 311, 339, 442, 444–446, 448–449, 457–458, 498, 503–505, 573, 585, 605–606, 609, 613
prophets
75, 77–79, 82, 158, 197, 269, 309, 337–338, 354, 375, 444–445, 474, 479, 501, 503–508, 512, 515, 523, 547, 553, 607
Proverbs (biblical book)
185
providence
93–95, 102, 270
Psalms (biblical book)
183, 185, 573
pseudepigrapha
544, 610
psychology
394, 480, 532, 547
Ptolemies
68, 393
Ptolemy I Soter
427
Ptolemy II Philadelphus
565
Ptolemy Psychon
305
Ptolemy son of Abubus
300
qinah
541, 605, 607, 612
qorban. See ḥurban
Queen of Sheba
572
Qumran
32–33, 36, 39, 52, 394, 544, 549, 556
Qusqam
570
R. Samuel ha-Nagid
199
rabbis, rabbinic
28, 30–32, 40–43, 169, 190, 199, 328, 331–334, 338, 341, 345–346, 349, 355–357, 362–363, 392, 394–395, 400, 406, 418, 431, 436, 440, 446, 472, 475, 486, 488–491, 536, 544, 547, 549, 555, 600–601, 604, 606, 608
Raphael Cohen
201
Rashi
392, 442, 446
Raymond Martini
581, 583
recensions (of SY)
170–181, 186–189, 191–205, 253, 327, 334, 335, 370, 378, 406–408, 418, 585, 599, 604–605
reception
3–5, 9, 10, 12, 14–17, 25–29, 32, 170, 171, 191, 200, 204, 212, 213, 340, 345, 360, 364, 423, 424, 498, 523, 524, 561–563, 573, 574, 577–598, 602–605, 607, 608, 610, 613
Rechabites
427
Red Sea
562
redaction, redactor
181, 184, 192, 200–201, 214, 253, 327, 329, 331, 334, 345, 360–361, 391–392, 403–404, 408, 414, 416–417, 419, 423, 433, 443–446, 448, 458, 585, 587, 590, 593, 608
register variation
116–144
religio
302
religion(s)
62, 67, 147, 475, 491, 544, 563, 569, 571–573, 580, 582
Remacle of Stavelot, St.
239
Renaissance, the
2, 14, 17, 28, 185, 499, 568, 577–578, 580, 588, 593
resurrection
362–364, 577, 582
Reuben (son of Jacob)
64
revelation(s)
65, 279, 486
revolution, revolutionaries
395, 480–481, 483, 533, 570
rewritten Bible
30, 60
rhetoric
4, 7, 26, 29, 32, 37, 45, 49, 59, 64, 66, 78, 97, 103, 118, 127, 137, 160, 214, 369, 384, 390, 394–395, 397, 399–400, 436, 470, 539, 561–562, 573, 599
Rhineland
189, 340
Robert of Cricklade
579
Romulus
201, 330, 336–337, 426, 429, 434–439
Rothschild Miscellany
173, 180–182, 185–188, 192–193, 196, 203, 205
royal(ty)
47, 49, 61, 65, 395, 571
Rufinus of Aquileia
369, 498, 505, 592
Russia
395, 470, 531–533, 535, 538, 540
Sabbath
38, 345, 347, 405, 458, 540, 616
Sabines
153, 392–393
Sabinus
47
sacrifice of Isaac. see Aqedah/Akedah
sacrifice
120–124, 126–127, 130, 135–136, 338, 339
Sadducees
39, 42–44, 308–309, 457
Sahara, the
562
Saint Martin
513, 515
saint(s), sainthood
13, 35, 341, 345, 360, 364–365, 515–516, 523
Salome III
154–155, 158
Salome Alexandra. see Alexandra Salome
Samaria
236, 251–252, 254, 261–262, 285, 296–297, 306–307, 314, 393, 483, 487
Samaritan(s)
303
Samson
70–74, 83
Samuel
75–79, 82–83, 158
sons of
75
Samuel ibn Naḥmias
604
Samuel Rikomin
604
Samuel Shullam
616
Samuel the copyist
392
Samuel the monk-scribe
508–509, 523
Sara
61–62, 555
Saracens
403, 418–419, 512–513
Sardinia
329
Satan
277, 373
satire
393–394
Saturninus, Cn. Sentius
44–45
Saul
74–83, 158
scholarship/scholars, ancient
400
scholarship/scholars, medieval
169, 198, 200, 203, 392–393, 395, 400, 403, 406, 431–432, 442, 509, 577, 579–580, 588–589, 592–593, 601, 604, 606, 608, 611–612
scholarship/scholars, modern
1–18, 26, 28–32, 36–37, 40–41, 49, 50–53, 60, 67, 87, 89, 103–107, 116, 122, 170, 212–214, 229, 231, 292, 328, 331–332, 349, 352, 363, 368–369, 385, 398–400, 409, 417, 423–424, 430–433, 436, 440, 449, 459, 468, 472–473, 475–477, 479, 482–483, 485–486, 491, 497, 501, 535, 538, 545–549, 556, 563, 578–579
Classics
116
Biblical Studies
116
school(s)
15, 36, 39, 41–43, 45, 392, 466–491
Scripture(s)
7, 11, 42, 59–84, 87–110, 333, 335, 354–355, 372–375, 377, 383, 398–400, 445–446, 498, 523, 547, 579
scroll(s)
36, 39, 52, 333, 336, 338, 417, 449, 512, 515, 519, 544, 549
Scythians
135, 136, 393, 406
Second Temple (destruction of)
170, 184, 204, 333, 487, 489, 577, 586, 599, 602
Second Temple period
169, 190, 203, 217, 368, 370, 384, 386, 390, 398–400, 413, 417–418, 469, 481–482, 485, 546, 584, 606–607, 610
Second Temple writings
544
sects. see Essenes, Pharisees, Sadducees, Zealots
Seleucia
251–252, 315, 410
Seleucids
13, 219–222, 224, 237, 246–248, 250, 281, 305, 345–346, 404, 406–409, 411–413, 426–428
Seleucus I Nicator
346, 426–427
Senate
44, 101, 263, 411, 416, 430, 432–433
senators
101, 424, 429–430
Seneca the Younger
138, 399
Septuagint. see Greek Jewish Scriptures
sex, sexuality
317
Shabtai the scribe
185
Shechem
249, 262
Sheol
359, 373, 375
shibutz
399
Shilo
392
Shoah. see Holocaust
Sicarii
338, 468, 487, 537
sickness
268–269, 311, 425, 435, 605
Sila
157, 158
Simon bar Giora
316, 334, 338, 371, 374
Simon ben Gamliel
608
slave(s), slavery
37, 61, 65, 67, 75, 90, 121, 131, 148, 152, 154, 162, 339, 396, 399, 512, 569
Sodom and Gomorrah
441–442
Solomon (king of Israel)
191, 215, 358–359, 393–394, 552, 569, 572
Solomonic Dynasty
569, 572
Sons of Ishmael. see Ishmaelites
sorcerers
573–574
Sorrento
425–449
souls
76, 133, 162, 271, 277, 348, 362–363, 469–470, 517, 540
Southern Italy
11, 14, 172, 174–176, 179, 187, 204, 329, 333, 386, 403, 418–419, 497, 541, 588
Spain
14, 187, 195, 197, 204, 505, 600, 604
Spanish
200, 425, 591, 601–602
speech(es)
8, 13, 26, 31, 33, 38, 40, 44–45, 48–49, 64, 76–78, 83, 103, 118, 127–128, 130, 136, 139, 145–163, 234, 286, 316–320, 334, 338, 341, 348, 357, 359–360, 364, 368, 372, 379–383, 457–458, 470, 481, 489, 535, 539, 541, 550–552, 561–562, 602
Stavelot
234–235, 239–240, 259
stoning
375
Strabo
271, 277–278, 207, 307–308, 312, 404, 415
subversion
27, 88–89, 101, 105–107, 109
Sudan
562
Suetonius
103, 504
suffering
65, 75–76, 100, 162, 184, 269, 316, 341, 354, 358, 363, 379–380, 399, 488, 504, 538, 562, 604–605
suicide
16, 81, 163, 186, 216, 335, 340–341, 378, 395, 398, 457, 484–485, 490, 536–537
Sulpicius Severus
483
supersessionism
498, 506–507, 522–523, 593, 600, 615
Strabo
271, 277–278, 297, 307–308, 312, 404, 414–415
synagogue
17, 179, 512, 600, 604, 616
Syria, Syrians
99, 101, 250–251, 254, 257, 259, 261, 298, 303, 305–306, 315, 404, 407, 412–413, 416, 447, 571
Syriac language
14, 328, 568, 571
Tabernacle
134
Tabernacles, Festival of
162, 555
Tacitus
25, 28, 44, 103, 145
Talmud
180, 184, 331, 355, 391–392, 408, 419, 442, 601, 608
Tannaim
601, 606
Tarquinius (Lucius Tarqinius Superbus)
429–430
Tarsus
329
teknophagia. see Maria Story
Temple, Jerusalem
13, 17, 41, 71, 73, 95, 97–98, 122–123, 128, 132, 137, 159, 162, 169–170, 184, 187, 190–191, 203–204, 211, 215, 217, 262, 288–289, 307, 329, 331, 334–339, 346, 359, 368–370, 376–377, 381, 383–384, 386, 391–395, 398–400, 406, 413, 417–419, 429, 438, 447–448, 464, 469, 472, 479, 481–485, 487, 489, 498, 506, 508, 531, 536–537, 540, 544, 546, 562, 566, 577, 584, 586, 591, 599, 602–611, 613, 615
Testimonium Flavianum
169, 175, 180–181, 186–187, 194, 196–198, 201–203, 497, 507–508, 519, 523, 577–583, 610
Textbooks
15, 466–491
textual authority. see Scripture(s)
textual criticism
9, 11, 281, 352, 556
Thallus
30
theodicy
378, 385
theology, theologians
13, 27, 29–30, 62, 79, 83, 213, 372, 376–379, 460, 464, 486, 491, 498–499, 503, 505–509, 520, 522–523, 537, 547, 573, 580, 602, 607–608
Thucydides
8, 25, 139, 149, 398
Tiber River
17, 329, 440, 600, 606, 616
Tiberias
49
Tiberius, Emperor
34–35, 92–94, 429, 579
Tiberius Julius Alexander
47
Tigellenus
46
Tigranes II
408, 410, 415
Timagenes (the Jerusalemite)
151, 221, 271, 277–278, 312
Tisha be-Av
184
Titus, Emperor
3, 47–48, 184, 187, 192, 194–195, 212, 328, 334, 337–340, 368, 397, 424–425, 429, 432–424, 449, 457–458, 462, 470, 472, 483, 488, 502–503, 505–506, 512, 566, 584–585, 591, 605–606, 608–609, 616
Tobiad family
109
Torah
8, 44, 200, 263, 336, 350–351, 359, 361–364, 378, 475–476, 536, 583, 606
torture
13, 75–76, 82, 155–156, 277, 347–348, 350–351, 353, 360, 364
Tunis
17, 600
tragedy
73, 117, 148, 372, 400, 562–563
Trajan, Emperor
27, 108
Troy
333, 397
Trinity, doctrine of
459
tyranny, tyrant(s)
45, 75, 79, 100, 109, 147–150, 152–153, 155–157, 159–161, 163, 228, 301, 338, 354, 371, 379, 383, 472
Tyre
318–319, 417, 425, 442–449
Ukraine
532
Unitarianism
459
Valencia
602
Vergil
10, 327, 329–333, 335, 339–340, 397, 416, 578, 582
Vespasian, Emperor
38, 46–48, 163, 200–202, 212, 328, 334, 337, 428, 457, 458, 469, 470, 488, 489, 502–506, 512, 515, 584, 591, 608, 611
virtue
7, 37, 39, 50, 62, 63, 68, 81, 87, 88, 94, 100, 103, 107, 109, 145, 146, 149, 160, 353, 354, 384, 461–462, 472, 530
Visigoths
397
Vitellius, Emperor
46, 48
volcano
438, 442
Vorlage
91, 173, 187, 188, 189, 194, 239, 274, 392, 549, 561, 566, 574, 611, 612
Vulgate (Latin Bible)
10, 352–353, 363, 416, 585
weapons
48, 160, 284, 341, 395, 447, 541, 552
wedding
58, 70, 351, 356–357, 364
Weingarten
513, 515, 517, 519, 523–524
women
36–37, 61, 64, 66, 70, 72–73, 121–123, 126, 162, 181, 184, 317, 347, 356, 360, 364, 382, 392–393, 397–398, 429, 490, 512–513, 538, 547, 554, 566, 590
woodcuts
612–613
Yahweh. see God
Yavneh
41, 43, 98, 475, 489, 605–606
Year of the Four Emperors
371
Yemenites
392
Yeraḥme’el ben Solomon
174, 181, 190–192
Yiddish language
17, 198, 396, 532, 603, 606, 611–614, 617
Yodfat
163, 468, 470, 472–475, 478–479, 481, 483, 487, 490
Yohanan ben Zakkai
331, 468, 475, 489–490, 605–606, 608–609
Zaddokites
396
Zealots
16, 38, 468, 470, 472, 473, 476, 481–482, 484–485, 487–490
Zechariah, Book of
201, 605–606, 609, 612
Zerubavel
170, 172, 180, 184, 191–192, 398
Zionism, Zionist(s)
16, 395, 468, 470–471, 474–475, 479, 483, 485, 488, 490–491, 531, 535, 541