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Index

abatement 9, 111, 136, 235
absolute liability 55, 56
access
to courts 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 75, 86, 228, 240, 258, 267, 272, 273, 299
to information 10, 13, 15, 17, 53, 231, 232, 233
to justice 3, 6, 31, 38, 42, 43, 51, 56, 57, 86, 87, 97, 98, 99, 102, 103, 112, 113, 159, 194, 215, 216, 217, 231, 232, 240, 249, 251, 266, 267, 269, 278, 279, 282, 288, 292, 298, 299, 300, 306, 308, 309
accountability 14, 38, 46, 53, 54, 55, 57, 292
adaptation 4, 5, 108, 185, 186, 203, 204, 307
Administrative Appeals Tribunal (Australia) 21
administrative decision 10, 13, 15, 21, 170, 172, 249, 301
adversarial legal system 263, 276
advocacy 74, 83, 180
afforestation 293
air pollution 46, 123, 125, 127, 130, 133, 145, 187, 189, 190, 199, 202, 205, 207, 219, 229, 234, 235, 308, 309
alternative dispute resolution 18, 33, 96, 97, 100, 121, 122, 138, 234, 250, 251, 270, 271, 275, 276, 282
amenity values 90, 91
Anthropocene 152, 153, 162, 178
appeal 40, 50, 52, 53, 56, 75, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 96, 98, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 110, 111, 112, 114, 166, 167, 170, 191, 192, 201, 233, 237, 239, 240, 256, 257, 259, 260, 263, 270, 276, 294, 296
appellate court 67, 72, 76, 79, 82, 104, 107, 252, 254, 255, 256, 260, 262, 273, 274, 299
appointment process 44, 54, 19
appraisal 143
arbitration 124, 128, 130, 131, 132, 144, 149, 170
Asian Development Bank 278, 281, 297
Asian Environmental Justice Forum 68
Asian Judges Network on Environment 281, 297
Australia 16, 20, 21, 35, 45, 158, 289, 292, 294, 295, 299
Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct 43
Bangladesh 249, 250, 251, 252, 254, 258, 260, 262, 263, 266, 267, 269, 270, 271, 273, 275, 276, 279, 280, 282
best practices 68, 180, 203, 215, 217, 229, 231, 234, 249, 251, 254, 282, 298, 308
Bhopal 35, 36, 253, 268
Bhutan 250
bias 43, 48, 49, 50, 272, 278
biodiversity 4, 7, 36, 78, 79, 81, 113, 165, 166, 205, 231, 232, 236, 249, 250, 282, 308
burden of proof 125, 137, 143
capabilities approach 9, 40
carbon 8, 163, 165, 166, 187, 235, 241, 293
case management practices 53
caseload 35, 36, 67, 219, 221, 222, 223, 240, 292
centralized jurisdiction 12, 21, 217, 224, 239, 240, 241, 294
China 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 289, 293, 294, 295, 298, 299, 300
citizen participation 40
citizen suits 65, 66, 70, 71, 164, 167, 168, 170, 171, 298
circuit courts 67, 217, 229, 253
civil action 64, 71, 72, 74, 79, 299
civil court system 143
civil liability 225, 230, 237
civil society 74, 75, 78, 79, 80, 159, 174, 179, 180, 296
class actions 298
climate action 185, 188, 295, 307, 308
climate change 14, 20, 22, 73, 79, 92, 108, 109, 113, 160, 162, 163, 168, 170, 180, 185, 186, 187, 188, 193, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 211, 237, 238, 241, 250, 292, 295, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309
climate change litigation 14, 152, 154, 160, 162, 163, 173, 180, 192, 237, 238, 239, 304, 306, 307
climate crisis 179, 185, 188, 195
climate legislation 238, 241
coast 73, 78, 90, 91, 99, 134, 176, 200, 210, 253
common law 17, 89
community 32, 38, 40, 45, 57, 65, 75, 79, 80, 81, 83, 96, 168, 199, 208, 276, 282
comparative analysis 249, 251, 271
compensation 40, 55, 126, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 141, 144, 157, 163, 165, 166, 216, 225, 228, 230, 235, 236, 237, 238, 255, 256, 257, 280, 292
competence 3, 6, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 31, 32, 38, 39, 44, 45, 47
compliance 12, 38, 46, 48, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 68, 72, 73, 111
comprehensive jurisdiction 12, 16, 21, 176, 215, 217, 229, 230, 295
conciliation 18, 19, 22, 23, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 149, 270, 276
conflict of interest 44, 49, 102, 272
conservation 79, 80, 81, 168, 176, 189, 191, 199, 231, 235, 250, 254, 275, 282, 288, 294, 300
constitution 88, 89, 92, 95, 110, 112, 122, 176
Constitution of Australia 21
Constitution of India 34, 252, 257, 293
Constitution of Indonesia 155, 157, 176
Constitution of Pakistan 185, 188, 190, 193, 194, 201, 294
Constitution of the Philippines 64, 66, 67, 68, 70, 72, 77
constitutional court 157, 188, 193, 204, 209, 211
constitutional rights 65, 68, 71, 74, 75, 294
contamination 46, 127, 130, 138, 140, 142, 201, 219, 220, 231, 232
courts
access to 13, 17, 75, 299
administrative court 158, 159, 161, 164, 176, 178
appellate court 67, 72, 76, 79, 82, 107, 166, 256, 260, 274
civil court 95, 125, 143, 164, 175, 255
commercial court 154, 179
comprehensive courts 5
constitutional court 157, 188, 193, 204, 209, 211
court of first instance 163, 167, 170, 171
criminal court 95, 255, 256
environmental court 34, 35, 49, 64, 67, 68, 121, 122, 152, 153, 154, 155, 158, 160, 174, 177, 178, 179, 180, 215, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 229, 234, 235, 236, 237, 239, 240, 241, 249, 252, 256, 262, 266, 267, 273, 277, 280, 289, 291, 296, 301
general court 121, 158, 217, 282, 290, 291, 296, 302, 306, 308
procedure 42, 75
European Court of Human Rights 43
International Framework for Court Excellence 32
specialised court 4, 25, 51, 95, 154, 159, 175, 176, 179
covid-19 87, 94, 105, 106, 111, 146, 240, 299, 308
criminal law 16, 230, 296
damage
ecological damage 163, 166
ecosystem damage 171, 202
environmental damage 56, 70, 79, 139, 148, 167, 206, 230, 237, 257
health damage 133, 134
irreversible damage 52, 294
prevention of damage 148
property damage 134, 257
damages 65, 75, 127, 129, 135, 136, 139, 141, 142, 144, 148, 149, 166, 186
data 46, 133, 163, 203, 205, 209, 228, 233, 249, 251, 261, 277, 292, 300
decision-making 10, 11, 15, 21, 22, 31, 32, 37, 38, 39, 46, 47, 49, 52, 57, 90, 94, 95, 97, 102, 156, 179, 191, 209, 216, 231, 232, 263, 274, 298, 301, 304, 305
deforestation 187, 205, 230
democracy
environmental democracy 112
general 19, 110, 156, 198, 202
participatory democracy 13
representative democracy 112
developed countries 310
developing countries 35, 51, 159, 251, 269, 271, 276, 282, 290, 300, 310
discretion 15, 48, 81, 82, 106, 112, 128, 276
dissenting opinion 81, 83
due process 56
duty of care 261
ecological damage 163, 166
ecological restoration 163
ecological rights 83
ecology 7, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 75, 77, 79, 82, 83, 99, 102, 190, 198, 201
economic development 57, 154, 156, 178, 199
economic growth 124, 137, 156, 172, 173, 177, 178, 179, 239, 308
economic inequality 309
economic model 180
economic wellbeing 91, 288
ecosystem 76, 80, 81, 90, 91, 106, 148, 163, 165, 171, 187, 201, 202, 205, 226, 232, 241, 249, 250, 282
efficiency 90, 99, 100, 101, 102, 109, 274, 291, 293, 303
emissions 8, 109, 187, 189, 190, 206, 232, 235, 259
emission standards 234
energy 162, 164, 176, 188, 210, 232, 239, 241. See also: renewable energy.
enforcement 55, 64, 66, 67, 68, 95, 111, 189, 191, 192, 194, 202, 216, 217, 222, 227, 234, 235, 278, 304
environmental impact assessment 72, 77, 169, 202, 232, 233, 234, 236, 259, 266
environmental judges 5, 154, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 165, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 180
environmental lawyers 79, 82, 83
environmental organizations 156, 219
environmental principles 17, 197, 198, 199, 263
environmental rights 64, 66, 67, 68, 185, 188, 189, 192, 193, 195, 196, 198, 203, 204, 209, 210, 236, 289, 304, 306
environmental rule of law 15, 17, 32, 38, 39, 43, 45, 50, 56, 57, 306
equity
general 292
intergenerational equity 9, 17, 90, 197, 200, 294, 295, 307
intragenerational equity 17
evidence 8, 34, 47, 64, 72, 75, 76, 78, 79, 83, 88, 94, 96, 97, 100, 102, 126, 129, 147, 160, 170, 233, 258, 261, 262, 263, 267, 269, 274, 282, 287, 302, 303, 308
executive 4, 13, 14, 20, 21, 95, 112, 114, 121, 156, 178, 204, 207, 272, 288, 297
experts 45, 46, 47, 78, 79, 96, 102, 106, 127, 140, 142, 146, 170, 206, 208, 263, 270, 275, 278, 302, 304, 306
expert members 19, 24, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 52, 127, 146, 258, 274, 278
expert witnesses 76, 79, 97, 99, 100, 102, 263, 274
expertise
judicial 159, 221, 249, 251, 261, 271, 274
scientific 24, 36, 37, 122, 144
technical 24, 122, 191, 252, 275
externalities 7
fairness 10, 31, 32, 39, 48, 100, 271
forests 50, 78, 80, 81, 123, 163, 167, 170, 171, 173, 174, 196, 200, 205, 220, 229, 250
forestry 78, 162, 164, 176, 230, 263, 301
fossil fuels 78, 114
fundamental environmental rights 64, 67
fundamental freedoms 43
fundamental rights 65, 185, 187, 188, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 293, 294
future generations 84, 91, 109, 195, 196, 198, 200, 204, 211, 307
gender 188, 208, 209
glaciers 186, 187, 250, 293
governance
climate governance 239
environmental governance 35, 36, 52, 215, 217, 221, 232, 235, 240, 281
general 11, 19, 33, 196
good governance 49, 51, 196
judicial governance 32
local governance 221
government agencies 67, 71, 73, 77, 82, 126, 205, 208, 209, 211, 219, 255, 259, 277, 299
green bench 154, 155, 162, 174, 180, 250, 251, 289, 290, 302
green court 67
green judges 121, 290
Greenpeace 75, 76, 169, 172
gross domestic product 186, 221
habitat 8, 70, 71, 91, 199, 200, 236, 250
hazardous substances 55, 189, 190, 191
hazardous waste 230, 259
health 9, 55, 56, 75, 76, 77, 78, 123, 91, 125, 130, 133, 134, 137, 142, 143, 144, 167, 186, 188, 193, 194, 200, 202, 203, 206, 208, 216, 209, 308
right to health 305
healthcare 194, 196, 308
human rights
general 8, 11, 36, 42, 43, 65, 113, 176, 195, 204, 211, 288, 289, 304, 305, 306
to a healthy environment 8, 36, 65, 66, 70, 75, 77, 79, 82, 168, 170, 185, 188, 193, 194, 195, 206, 210, 257, 293, 295, 305
to life 8, 36, 42, 185, 193, 194, 196, 197, 200, 201, 202, 204, 211, 293, 305
India 37, 42, 57, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 256, 258, 262, 263, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 275, 276, 279, 280, 281, 282, 289, 292, 293, 299, 307
indigenous people 18, 300, 305, 306, 309
Indonesia 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 159, 161, 162, 165, 170, 174, 176, 177, 179, 180, 289, 290, 291
interdisciplinary 24, 38, 45, 275, 296
international environmental law 17, 197, 252, 257, 263, 277, 278, 295, 304
interpretation 98, 197, 226, 231, 263
intrinsic values 91
irreversible harm 52, 75, 76, 77, 236, 294
Japan 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 135, 137, 141, 148, 289
judicial independence 31, 32, 39, 43, 44, 45, 156, 157, 158, 297
judicial innovation 215, 217, 222, 234
justice
access to 3, 6, 31, 38, 42, 43, 51, 56, 57, 86, 87, 97, 98, 99, 102, 103, 112, 113, 159, 194, 215, 216, 217, 231, 232, 240, 249, 251, 266, 267, 269, 278, 279, 282, 288, 292, 298, 299, 300, 306, 308, 309
climate justice 188, 189, 199, 204
distributive justice 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 21, 23
economic justice 198, 202
environmental justice 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 31, 32, 33, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 46, 47, 48, 51, 57, 65, 66, 68, 84, 86, 87, 95, 102, 103, 112, 113, 152, 153, 155, 157, 158, 159, 173, 174, 179, 185, 195, 198, 199, 202, 204, 209, 215, 217, 222, 250, 257, 263, 268, 270, 271, 272, 279, 282, 287, 290, 291, 292, 297, 303, 306
procedural 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 23, 48
judges
activist judges 42
environmental judges 5, 32, 46, 56, 94, 96, 110, 121, 154, 160, 161, 162, 163, 165, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 180, 288, 290, 295, 297, 303
general court judges 290, 296
judicial accountability 57
judicial activism 160, 210, 278
judicial expertise 159, 221, 249, 251, 261, 271, 274
judicial impartiality 227, 278
judicial independence 31, 32, 39, 43, 44, 45, 156, 157, 158, 297
judicial innovation 215, 217, 222, 234
judicial training 261
jurisprudence
climate jurisprudence 168
environmental jurisprudence 16, 17, 36, 171, 287, 289, 290, 292, 293, 294, 295, 302, 303, 304, 306, 310
general 17, 67, 89, 163, 188, 192, 199, 209, 297
Karachi Environmental Tribunals 269
Lahore Environmental Tribunal 265, 269
Land Valuation Tribunals 104
lawyers
public interest lawyers 82, 83
general 38, 42, 43, 79, 96, 102, 127, 137, 216, 255
legislation 36, 90, 91, 98, 106, 107, 112, 113, 114, 144, 177, 197, 204, 256, 292, 298, 304, 305
legislature 14, 15, 20, 160, 190, 226, 297
liability
absolute liability 55, 56
civil liability 225, 230, 237
criminal liability 230
general 129, 132, 227, 230, 235, 240, 261, 263, 264
strict liability 55
marine ecosystems 69, 70, 71, 80, 81, 200
mediation 18, 19, 22, 23, 74, 101, 102, 104, 124, 125, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 144, 149, 215, 217, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 270, 276, 301
mining 5, 37, 65, 67, 135, 143, 168, 170, 176, 202, 203, 206, 229, 308
National Green Tribunal of India 20, 24, 31, 32, 44, 50, 253, 289
natural resources 7, 9, 25, 81, 84, 90, 91, 120, 156, 159, 175, 187, 196, 198, 211, 229, 230, 264, 288
ngos 40, 216
noise 37, 123, 124, 127, 128, 130, 133, 136, 137, 139, 140, 143, 145, 189, 190, 205, 210, 219
Pacific Islands 289
Pakistan 185, 186, 187, 204, 210, 249, 250, 251, 253, 259, 262, 264, 265, 269, 271, 272, 273, 275, 276, 277, 279, 280, 281, 282, 294, 302
Papua New Guinea 289, 291
Paris Agreement 305
Philippines 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 153, 291, 299
planning law 7, 13, 90, 91, 296
Planning Tribunal (New Zealand) 88, 89
plastic waste 37, 143
polluter pays principle 9, 36, 52, 55, 163, 170, 197, 257, 263, 264
Punjab Environmental Tribunal 260
precautionary principle 56, 64, 75, 76, 77, 148, 193, 197, 198, 257, 263, 264, 294, 306, 307
precedent 17, 55, 139, 192, 307
public interest litigation 13, 82, 83, 84, 185, 188, 193, 205, 210, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 223, 225, 226, 227, 228, 230, 234, 235, 236, 298
public participation 11, 13, 15, 17, 87, 92, 95, 100, 103, 107, 114, 179, 208, 216, 221, 232, 233, 240, 290, 291, 297, 298, 305
public trust doctrine 83, 179, 196, 198, 199, 201
regulation 37, 64, 65, 68, 70, 77, 93, 96, 113, 167, 169, 173, 176, 199, 203, 226, 254, 265, 282, 288, 294, 296, 305
regulatory agency 37, 53, 191, 219, 238, 240, 268
regulatory instruments 98
remedial measures 51, 145, 202, 206, 207, 235, 255, 281, 292
remedies 66, 68, 80, 81, 82, 215, 217, 218, 222, 227, 234, 237, 257, 279, 280, 292, 305
renewable energy 92, 104, 237, 238, 239
Republic of Korea 122, 289, 292
research 6, 80, 203, 232, 251, 275
right to health 305
roaming court 97
self-represented parties 99, 100
separation of powers 20, 21
settlement 72, 74, 101, 125, 130, 238
soil pollution 123, 145, 229
standing 20, 36, 40, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71, 97, 170, 199, 215, 217, 218, 221, 226, 227, 231, 233, 236, 237, 298, 299
Stockholm Declaration 189, 198, 257
suo motu jurisdiction 40, 41, 42, 185, 188, 196, 200, 258
sustainable development 3, 4, 6, 15, 17, 36, 52, 170, 189, 191, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 257, 263, 281, 294, 295
Sweden 189, 273
Thailand 289, 290, 291
training 34, 67, 152, 154, 160, 161, 162, 163, 170, 171, 174, 175, 179, 180, 192, 232, 261, 263, 265, 277, 278, 289, 290, 292, 296, 297, 301, 302, 303
transparency 31, 32, 38, 39, 53, 54, 55, 95, 261, 272, 287, 298, 299, 300
United Kingdom 261
United Nations 3, 209
United Nations Climate Change cop 27, 250
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment 189, 253, 257
United Nations Environment Program 5, 10, 31, 38, 48, 53, 54, 120, 121, 153, 229, 231, 234, 237, 250, 277, 279, 281, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 298, 299, 300, 302, 303, 304, 306, 308, 309
United Nations General Assembly 8, 305
United Nations Human Rights Council 303, 305
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 43
United Nations Sustainable Development Summit 2015 3
United States of America 20, 65, 306
Vanuatu 289
waste 9, 37, 48, 52, 66, 123, 124, 133, 137, 140, 141, 142, 143, 148, 174, 190, 199, 200, 209, 210, 259, 264
water pollution 106, 112, 123, 125, 127, 133, 148, 187, 189, 220
water scarcity 187, 204, 205, 209
wetlands 8, 50, 91, 224, 229
wildlife 174, 200, 201, 250
World Wildlife Fund 200
World Bank 157
Writ of Continuing Mandamus 64, 72, 73, 74, 75, 80, 170, 299
Writ of Kalikasan 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 299
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Environmental Courts and Tribunals in Asia-Pacific

Best Practices, Challenges and the Way Forward

Series:  Brill's Asian Law Series, Volume: 13
Cover Environmental Courts and Tribunals in Asia-Pacific
E-Book ISBN:
9789004695863
Publisher:
Brill | Nijhoff
Print Publication Date:
30 Oct 2024

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