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Index

Addoms, Jeramy, 162
adultery, 82, 170171
agriculture, 2930, 136, 212n3
alcohol, 8283, 148, 157161, 182183
Algonquians, 221, 230
Allin, John, 128
Anderson, Virginia DeJohn, 4, 9
Anglicanism, 10n41, 29, 55, 6365, 179
fasting in, 117119
Antichrist, 27, 237
Antinomians, Antinomian controversy and, 187n48, 200n108, 214, 216, 218, 248
Hutchinson, accused of the sin of, 18, 95, 185210
gender paradigm in, 186187, 189190, 195196, 199206, 209
Pequot War and, 18, 95
Puritan theology in conflict with, 186191, 193199, 206207
Underhill in, 170
Wheelwright accused of the sin of, 18, 134, 185210
Aplegate, Elisabeth, 165
Apologia of Robert Keayne (Keayne), 106109
Arabella (ship), 34, 42, 125
Arminianism, 189
The Atlantic Migration (Hansen), 6
atonement, 26, 105106, 113, 130, 133, 147148, 251
austerity, 3, 251
authenticity, 74, 79, 9495, 97, 115
authority, Puritan, 10, 12, 106n91, 151, 165, 175. magistrates ; ministers
communal humility enforcing, 240
expulsion for challengers of, 177
gendered, 7879
Hutchinson challenging, 143, 201
on merchants, 105108
Pequot challenging, 213, 220
punishment of servants under, 166168
waning of, 5657, 240, 243248
Autobiography (Shepard), 4849
Axtell, James, 220, 249n34
Bailey, Richard A., 231n79
Bainton, Roland H., 224
Baker, John, 133
banishment, 14, 18, 143, 175n165, 209. expulsion
Barlet, Robert, 165
Battis, Emery, 187n48
Baxter, Richard, 61, 68, 7273, 75
on prideful men, 82
Bay Psalm Book, 55
Beckwith, Matthew, 169
Bedle, Robert, 149
Bennett, John, 130
Bennett, Samuel, 167
Bernard, Richard, 65
bestiality, 34, 153, 173174
the Bible, 16, 20, 2728, 3941, 44, 46, 5556, 235
gender and, 81, 205206
original sin in, 70, 81, 96
printed in Indigenous languages, 231
bilboes as punishment, 13, 17, 158159, 165
Black Legend, Spanish, 215
blasphemy, blasphemers and, 28, 145, 163, 229, 232
Pequot as, 235, 240241, 249
Bonomi, Patricia U., 70n51
Bozeman, Theodore Dwight, 78, 85, 144n18, 188n50, 189n55
Bradford, William, 3, 29, 67, 130131, 221, 227, 234
on human weakness, 8798
on Lyford, 179181
on Morton, 182
on Puritan discipline, 175176
on Puritan Separatists, 125
on transatlantic voyages, 3133, 37, 49
on violence by Native Americans, 215
Bradstreet, Anne, 5051, 5354, 5960, 87, 109, 203
published works by, 7881
branding as punishment, 12, 17, 145, 149150, 158, 175, 240n116
Breen, T. H., 235n96, 236n99
Bremer, Francis, 89, 9n38, 9192, 94
Bright, Timothy, 172
British Protestantism, 15
Broadstreet, John, 167168
Browne, Edmund, 33, 216
Browne, James, 158159
Brumfield, William, 150
Bulkeley, Peter, 54, 95, 190
Buscott, Peter, 166
Bussaker, Peter, 158
Butler, Judith, 12
Bynum, Caroline Walker, 115116
Caldwell, Patricia, 90, 9293
Calvin, John, 224
Calvinism, 24, 73, 90, 144, 146147, 224
Cambers, Andrew, 75n77
Cambridge Synod of 1637, 209
Camp, John, 151
capital crimes, 148n34, 153154, 156
Capp, Bernard, 100, 172
Caryl, Joseph, 52
Catholicism, 23, 25, 29, 41, 6466, 115116, 118
Cave, Alfred, 217, 232n84
Charity (ship), 179
Charles I (King), 137138, 236n99
Cherry, Conrad, 78
childbirth, 49, 80, 153154, 196197, 209210
children, 3536, 99, 154155, 161
Pequot, 211, 219, 250251
Christ, 20, 27, 48, 53, 60, 7072, 191192
as capable of deliverance, 96
days of fasting and, 117118
Hutchinson and, 106
mandates of, 224
Shepard on, 8384
“Christ Humbled Himself” (Willard), 7071
“Christs Exhaltation Purchast by Humiliation” (Sibbes), 96
churches, Puritan, 1314, 78, 146, 177180, 235n96, 236n99. ministers, Puritan
days of humiliation mandated by, 17, 127132
membership, 9091, 92, 114115, 172, 187, 243
Church of England, 5n25, 22, 6364, 117, 196n86
“city on a hill,” Puritan narrative, 68, 16, 27, 6162, 111112, 119, 230
Civil War, English, 6466, 92, 117n23, 121122, 137138, 223
Clap, Roger, 226
cleft sticks as punishment, 13, 165166
Cohen, Matt, 213n6
Cole, Robert, 157
collective consciousness, 6162
collective performances, of thanksgiving, 17, 114115
collective sin, 62, 113, 119, 138
collective thanksgiving, 137138
collective trauma, 95
college, 102
Collinson, Patrick, 5n25, 118
colonization, 14, 6, 13, 21n5, 68, 183, 212
Atlantic context of, 89, 11, 15, 2122, 32, 50, 5152
Common Law, English, 144, 144n20
communal fasting, 116118, 137138, 191, 207
communal humility, 1112, 14, 17, 6769, 71, 88, 140, 247
communal piety, 61, 118
communal sin, 68, 119
communion, 84, 115116, 141, 191192
confession, 12, 85, 141, 145146, 163, 180
gender paradigms and, 100
lack of direct, 194, 198
public, 87101, 126127, 171172
repentance and, 13, 129130, 168176, 207208
confessions
court systems mandating, 168
in Puritan theology, 169170
conformity, 62, 93, 115, 118, 134, 144, 175, 190191
Conforti, Joseph A., 222n41
Congregational Communities (Bremer), 89
Congregational Way, 22, 103, 141142, 245246
Connecticut, 12, 211, 214, 218219, 245, 248, 251
court, 130, 148149, 150, 162
Winthrop on, 238239
Connecticut Valley, 221, 226
Pequot in the, 18, 222, 222n44
conversion, 12, 7374, 231n79, 232n82
narratives, 13, 8795, 93n29, 102
Pequot resisting, 14, 231232
Cornish, Jephrey, 38
corporal punishments, 147148, 150151
Cotton, John, 1718, 47, 54, 63n9, 188n50, 225226
conversion narratives and, 90, 9697
Fiennes addressing, 207208
Hutchinson and, 189190, 195196, 198200, 200n108
on the New World, 8
ordination of, 127128
on pride, 72
on sanctified affliction, 98
sermons by, 39, 90, 128, 138
Vane and, 187188
Wheelwright and, 134
Wilson and, 193194
court systems, 1314, 17, 131, 137, 227, 248
on capital crimes, 153154
confessions mandated by, 168
Connecticut, 130, 148149, 150, 162
on Hutchinson, 197204, 209, 218
on Lyford and Oldham, 180
Massachusetts Bay, 106, 159, 162, 169
on proud speech, 162166
public shaming by, 142149, 157160
on usury, 105106
on Wheelwright, 194
Covell, William, 65
“covenanted militia,” 235236, 235n96, 236n99
“covenant of grace” vs “covenant of works,” 1718, 134, 188193, 195, 200, 205206
Cremer, Andrea, 250
Cressy, David, 23, 3233, 32n55, 34n69, 39
crimes, criminal persecutions and, 10, 16, 105, 142150, 168
capital, 148n34, 153154, 156
role of sin in, 1314, 130131
of speech, 163164
Cromwell, Oliver, 1, 131, 137138
Crowder, Richard, 40n96
crusades, 224
culture
of discipline, 140141, 175176
oral, 13, 63
shame, 143, 155, 163164
Cushman, Robert, 2, 32, 76, 82, 227
sermons by, 6869, 101, 202
“The Danger of Desertion” (Hooker), 111
Davenport, John, 5153, 68, 7172, 105, 199
on conversion narratives, 9697
on humiliation, 110111
Davies, John, 156
Davis, John, 167
“The Day of Doom” (Wigglesworth), 38, 109110, 244
Dayton, Cornelia Hughes, 204
deaths, 3233, 3638, 39, 41, 56, 175, 197
executions, 153155
at Fort Mystic, 233234
of Hutchinson, 210, 228
King Philip’s War, 248
martyrdom and, 23
of Maverick, 140
of Metacom, 249250
of Oldham, 180181, 181n14, 227228
penalty, 14
Pequot, 211, 219
smallpox, 124
of Stone, 219220, 226
of Tilly, 230
declension model, 7, 9n38, 57, 70, 70n51, 242243, 251
Delbanco, Andrew, 9, 32n55, 88, 106n91, 188n50
on conversion narratives, 92
deliverance, 96, 123124
by God, 20, 24, 4760, 119, 132, 247, 251
transatlantic voyage, 20, 32, 34, 3940, 43, 4760, 215216
Demos, John, 6, 78, 164
deviants, 12, 14, 193, 252
public punishment of, 17, 142143, 152
sexual, 8283
devotional manuals, 73
diaries, 7475, 75n77, 8586, 85n125
Diehl, Huston, 65
diplomacy, 211, 218219, 226
discipline, culture of, 140141, 176
diseases, 3234, 37, 214, 216, 222n44, 225, 246
divine, divinity and, 2532, 3739, 4344, 4950, 60
justice, 175, 323
wrath, 4142, 121, 235, 238, 240241
Dorsey, Andy, 95
Doumoux, Thomas Cornell, 117n23
droughts, 113, 135137, 246
drunkenness, 8283, 142143, 148, 157161, 182183
Dudley, Thomas, 4, 103
Durkheim, Émile, 141
Dutch settlers, 183, 219, 222n44, 226227, 232n84, 240
trade and, 212213, 212n3
Dwight, Timothy, 220
Dyer, Mary, 209
Eagan, Jim, 84
economics, 45, 25, 105106, 182n22, 217218
emotional, 36, 100
Pequot War related, 213, 232n84
spiritual, 103
Edmonds, Willis, 156
Edmunds, John, 148149
education, 75, 84, 102103, 102n67, 146147
English, 8
Edwards, William, 130
Eliot, John, 108, 231
Elkyn, Thomas, 152
emotional economics, 36, 100
emotional suffering, 24
Endecott, John, 183, 228
endurance, 24, 52, 98, 117, 176
England, 32n5, 4950, 62, 101102, 105106
Common Law, 144, 144n20
conversion narratives in, 9293
English Civil War, 6466, 92, 117n23, 121122, 137138, 223
Puritans leaving, 12, 45, 79, 2531
English, 8
identity, 9
Puritanism, 9, 2122, 63n10, 92, 216
eroticism, 8384, 183, 185
Errand into the Wilderness (Miller), 7
eternal damnation, 72, 97, 208
evangelism, 214, 231, 232n82
Evens, Henry, 173
exceptionalism, 2223, 36, 62
excommunication, 115, 132133, 146, 154, 157, 167171, 173, 207
for witchcraft, 164165
execution, 153155
expulsion, exile and, 18, 67, 115, 154, 177, 252
construction of pride to justify, 14
of Hutchinson, 134, 163, 186187, 193, 199, 207209, 241
of Lyford, 181
from Plymouth, 181, 193, 227228
of Wheelwright, 12, 134, 186, 193195, 208209
The Faithfull Shepherd (Bernard), 65
families, Puritan, 30n47, 7881, 102, 154156
familism, 190
famine, 4, 118, 124
fasting, fast days and, 1213, 114115, 119120, 124135, 132n98
communal, 116118, 137138, 191, 207
in Plymouth, 136137
in Puritan theology, 116117, 117n23, 126
sermons on, 121123, 191193, 197, 208, 243, 246247
Felton, Benjamin, 149150
feminization, 24, 57n183, 84, 155, 171172
Fenn, Humphrey, 107
Ferling, John, 236
Fiennes, William, 207208
Finch, Martha L., 36, 115, 151, 153
fines as punishment, 107, 145, 151, 157160
fires, 246
Fiske, John, 95
Fitch, James, 251
Fitzgerald, Monica D., 100, 170, 183, 204
floggings, 12, 151
floods, 135
Fort Mystic, massacre at, 12, 14, 211212, 218219, 225, 231238, 241
Fowler, Richard, 167
frostbite, 57
Games, Alison, 30n47
Gardiner, Lion, 185, 213n5
Garland, John, 152
Garrett, Richard, 56
gender paradigms, 6, 24, 7980, 173, 218, 228229, 232n82
Antinomian controversy and, 186187, 189190, 195196, 199206, 209
in the Bible and, 81, 205206
confession and, 100
eroticism and, 183
hierarchies in, 18, 78, 199, 201204
power in, 18, 82, 197, 202203, 203n126
pride and, 18, 82, 186187, 201204
punishment and, 152156, 171172
Gibbons, Edward, 58
Gildrie, Richard, 15
Glover, Pelletian, 132
God (Christian), 34. divine, divinity and
deliverance by, 20, 24, 4760, 119, 132, 247, 251
displeasure of, 14, 17, 3839, 87, 95, 119, 125, 160, 177, 209210, 246251
grace of, 11, 16, 26, 251
patience of, 97
Pequot rejecting, 18, 211, 214, 220, 223, 228234, 240
proximity to, 11, 40n96
Puritans as chosen people by, 12, 911, 1819, 2628, 4760, 132, 252
thunder as the voice of, 4546
will of, 1011, 2223, 26, 3233, 56, 100, 227, 238
wrath of, 61, 6869, 83, 89, 110, 113, 124, 126127, 177178, 235, 237, 241, 243244
Godly Clergy in Early Stuart England (Webster), 117
“God’s Controversy with New England” (Wigglesworth), 242243
God’s Promise to His Plantation (Cotton), 225
Goodman, Nan, 109, 144n20
Good Newes from New England (Winslow, E.), 76
Gordis, Lisa, 186
Gorton, Samuel, 67, 157
government, 15, 22, 29, 103, 130, 144, 163
Grandjean, Katherine, 217, 227, 240
gratitude, 1011, 17, 91, 114, 249250. thanksgiving
Graves, Thomas, 33
Gray, Katherine, 152
Great Awakening, 26
Great Migration, 4, 25, 35
Great Swamp fight (1676), 249
greed, 2, 11, 105106, 232n84
“Greenfield Hill” (Dwight), 220
Griffin (ship), 196
Gustafson, Sandra M., 13, 63, 63n9
Hales, Sarah, 153154
Hall, David D., 6, 15, 22, 63n10, 146, 186, 192
on fasting, 116117
Haller, William, 15, 85
Hallet, James, 149
Hambrick-Stowe, Charles, 115
Hansen, Marcus Lee, 6
harvests, 113, 126, 136137, 246
Harward, Simon, 45
Haukes, Samuell, 165166
Hawkins, Jane, 196197
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 6, 145, 242
Heavenly Merchandize (Keayne), 105
Heimert, Alan, 214n7
Heller, Agnes, 142
heretics, heresy and, 14, 1718, 185210
Hertzberg, Arthur, 27
Hett, Anne, 173
Hibbens, Anne, 164165
hierarchies, Puritan, 8, 17, 68, 166, 230, 252
gender, 18, 78, 199, 201204
punishment, 140, 151152, 162163
Higginson, Francis, 2627, 27n29, 32, 3738, 40
on fasting, 123124
Hindersam, Margaret, 158
Hoberman, Michael, 27
Holland, 2729, 62
Holt, Mary, 148149
holy city/colony, Puritan, 12, 7, 9, 30, 177, 236. “city on a hill” imagery
holy missions, 2123, 32n5, 224, 234
holy wars, 12, 18, 211214, 225, 232, 234235, 241
Hooke, William, 52
Hooker, Thomas, 47, 63n9, 219, 244
on conversion, 95, 111
ordination of, 129
sermons by, 2526, 63n9, 98, 232233
Winthrop and, 238239
Hubbard, William, 219220, 222, 227, 230, 237238
Humanism, 172
human pride, 2, 56, 89
humiliation, 1213, 31, 3435, 110111, 137, 228
days of, 10, 17, 113119, 126135, 138139, 190193, 243, 247, 249250
fasts and, 115121
forced, 99, 139, 219
maximum, 140, 143
performing, 7377, 123134, 142146
public, 88101, 150, 158, 165, 173
humility, 1, 35, 5n25, 32, 44, 5253, 83. pride-humility dichotomy
as the “chosen people,” 1819, 28, 4760
communal, 1112, 14, 17, 6769, 71, 88, 140, 247
decline in, 35, 244249, 251
enforced, 149150, 212, 241
excessive, 9394, 252
false, 205
fasting as a demonstration of, 246247
of first-generation settlers, 813, 23, 5455, 243244, 247248, 251
Keayne on, 106109
Pequot lacking, 211212, 228233
performances of, 1213, 1719, 21, 62, 7378, 87100
public, 1213, 17, 113119
Puritan narratives emphasizing, 2021
repentance and, 108, 141
servitude and, 166168
shaming and, 146
spiritual, 61, 128, 204205, 251
Hunting, John, 128129
Hutchinson, Anne, 12, 14, 143, 178, 196n86, 214, 217n19, 252
Antinomian controversy and, 18, 95, 185210
Cotton and, 189190, 195196, 198200, 200n108
courts on, 197204, 209, 218
crimes of speech by, 163
death of, 210, 228
exile of, 134, 163, 186187, 193, 199, 207209, 241
insolence of, 18, 195, 218
ministers and, 197198, 201202
Satan associated with, 198199, 205, 208209
hygiene, 34
hypermasculinity, 170, 183
identity, 7, 15, 55, 245246, 252
Puritan, 5n25, 9, 10n41, 12, 14, 16, 2122, 26
religious, 9, 16
indentured servants, 182
Indians. see Native Americans
individuality, 10, 81, 95, 116117
insolence, 14
of Hutchinson, 18, 195, 218
Natives associated with, 18, 217220, 245
of the Pequot, 18, 218220
Institutes of the Christian Religion (Calvin), 224
Isaac, Rhys, 36
Israelites, Puritans compared to, 18, 21, 2729, 36, 49, 88, 236, 251
Jennings, Francis, 217, 232n84
Johnson, Edward, 3, 42, 48, 73, 220221, 237
Johnson, Virginia DeJohn, 23
Judaism, 2728, 71
Jupe, Benjamin, 108
jurisprudence, Puritan, 144
Juster, Susan, 225
just wars, 224, 224n50
Kamensky, Jane, 162163, 204
Karlsen, Carol, 197
Kauffman, Michael, 186187
Keayne, Robert, 5, 105109, 133
Keltridge, John, 66
Kempe, Robert, 129
Kennedy, Kathleen, 171n145
Key, Robert, 156
Kieft’s War, 240
King Philip’s War (1675–1676), 14, 214, 229n72, 231232, 240, 245251
day of thanksgiving following, 135136
Kopelson, Heather Miyano, 13
Lambert, James, 74, 75n77
lamentations, 50, 57, 74, 88, 110118, 123124, 200
land, conflicts with Native Americans over, 217, 221222, 226
Leatherland, Willyam, 173
legal codes, 31, 70, 141n5, 142, 145, 169176, 248
Connecticut and Massachusetts Bay, 130131, 143, 147148, 163164
New England, 17, 146152
Puritan, 14, 34, 141n5, 144, 168
Legg, John, 156
Lepore, Jill, 229n72, 245246
Levett, Christopher, 36
Leyden congregation, 29, 69
lightning, 45
Lipman, Andrew C., 181n14
literacy, 75
literary tropes, 23, 76
Little, Ann M., 225n54, 229
Love, W. DeLoss, 116, 187188
Lusher, Eleazer, 129130
Luson, John, 129
lust, 11, 8284
Lutheranism, 145
Lyford, John, 14, 17, 178191, 200, 227, 252
magistrates, Puritan, 10, 13, 17, 190191, 193, 218, 249
on drinking, 159160
Gorton on, 67
ministers and, 103
on proud speech, 162
Stone on, 226
Magnalia Christi Americana (Mather, C.), 58, 134135
Maibom, Heidi L., 143
Manchester, Thomas, 148
Margerum, Eileen, 81
maritime experiences, 23, 2937
marriages, 78, 82, 181
martyrs, martyrdom and, 16, 19, 21, 2324, 30, 88, 225
Marven, Mathew, 169
masculinity, 24, 7880, 183, 203, 228230, 232n82
confessions and, 100
militarized, 170
religious, 172
Mason, John, 7677, 211, 220, 233235
Massachusetts Bay, 2, 5, 35, 211, 214, 216, 219, 222, 238239
Antinomian controversy in, 18, 185210
conversion narrative utilized in, 92
Court, 106, 159, 162, 169
days of humiliation in, 130
dissenters in, 67, 177, 180181
drought in, 137
legal codes, 130131, 143, 147148, 163164
during the Pequot War, 236237
public shaming in, 142143
Winthrop as governor of, 99, 103104, 125126, 154155, 187188, 194199, 204206, 209210
masturbation, 85, 85n125
Mather, Cotton, 30, 4546, 5759, 73n69, 124, 250
days of thanksgiving called for by, 134135
on power and authority, 145146
Mather, Eleazer, 58
Mather, Increase, 45, 243244, 246, 249
Mather, Richard, 33, 38, 4245, 58, 132, 243, 248
on fasting, 127
Maverick, John, 140
Mayflower (ship), 2, 3132, 101, 124125
maypoles, 182183, 182n21
“Meat Out of the Eater” (Wigglesworth), 54
“Meditations Divine and Moral” (Bradstreet), 5354
meekness, 2, 72, 8182, 110, 243244
merchants, 105109. traders, trade and
Metacom (Chief, King Philip), 246251
Miantonomo (sachem), 222
Middlekauff, Robert, 7
midwives, 196197
Miller, Perry, 78, 9n38, 15
ministers, Puritan, 1314, 1618, 159, 179181, 190, 218
addressing dissenters, 177178
addressing proud congregations, 6369, 246
addressing women, 79
on days of fast, 114
Hutchinson and, 197198, 201202
migration of, 2531, 50
pride of, 103105
miracles, 17, 198
miscarriages, 153154
modesty, 38, 61, 75, 81, 109, 203, 218
Mohegans, 221222, 231n79, 233, 240
Moody, Joseph, 73n69, 85n125
moral law, 144, 146147
Morgan, Edmund, 5n25, 6, 15, 78, 89, 91n17, 114
Morison, Samuel Eliot, 6
Morris, Amy, 55
Morris, Michelle, 155156
mortality, 4, 125126, 200
Morton, Thomas, 14, 76, 143, 181185, 182n17, 209, 252
Murphey, Murray, 94, 97
Narragansetts, 4, 221222, 233, 245, 250
Native Americans, 4, 21n5, 56, 225n54, 242, 246. Pequot nation
Algonquians, 221, 230
alliances with settlers, 14, 18, 219, 221222, 222n21, 231n79, 232n84, 239240, 250
characterized as proud, 14, 211212, 214, 245, 247250, 249n34
considered “savages,” 12, 2829, 215, 217, 219
Morton and, 182185, 209
Niantic nation, 219, 231n79
violence against, 18, 142, 211219, 217n19, 225, 230241, 232n84, 240241
Newell, Goody, 156
New England, 13, 45, 214, 225n54, 231, 236n99. settlers ; transatlantic voyage ; specific colonies
as a “city on a hill,” 68, 16, 27, 6162, 111112, 119, 230
first generation of settlers in, 3, 716, 9n38, 23, 5556, 177178, 242243, 247248, 251
legal codes, 17, 146152
second generation settlers in, 38, 5658, 7071, 84, 186, 242244, 247248, 251
winters, 57, 124, 126, 133
New England Canaan (Morton), 184185, 184n30
New Haven colony, 131, 142, 145, 147148, 148n34, 168, 173174, 212n2
New World, 1, 7, 10
wilderness of the, 23, 9, 11, 1516, 32, 3637, 214216, 214n7, 242, 245246
Niantic nation, 219, 231n79
nonverbal speech, 162
Norton, Mary Beth, 142n9
Nowell, Increase, 198
nutrition, 33
ocean, 2123, 2830, 3947, 5056. transatlantic voyage
Ocrimi, Teagu, 153154
Of Plymouth Plantation (Bradford), 125, 235
Oldham, John, 179181, 181n14, 226228
Olever, Thomas, 167
“On My Son’s return Out of England” (Bradstreet), 51
oral culture, 13, 63
original sin, 70, 81, 96
Ormerod, Oliver, 64, 66
pacifism, 224
pagans, 182, 245
Palmer, George, 153
paper letters and signage as punishment, 144145, 156158
patriarchy, 82
peace treaties, 226
Peirce, John, 76
Pemmerton, John, 133
penal code, 147
penitence, 10, 1617, 138139, 155156, 169
Pequot nation, 95, 213214, 222n44, 226228, 232n84, 245
attacked at Fort Mystic, 12, 14, 211212, 218219, 225, 231238, 241
characterized as proud, 14, 18, 216223, 250
children, 211, 219, 250251
in the Connecticut Valley, 18, 222, 222n44
defeat of, 221, 250252
God rejected by, 18, 211, 214, 220, 223, 228234, 240
peace treaty signed by, 226
Pequot War (1637), 14, 213n6, 214, 217n19, 218219, 222, 238241, 248251
Antinomian controversy and, 18, 95
economics, 212213, 232n84
hostilities following the, 245
militarized masculinity in the, 229230
published narratives about, 7677
Underhill in the, 7677, 170, 235236
persecutions, 211213. crimes, criminal persecutions and
of pride, 1011, 1314, 187, 214
religious, 25, 29
Peter, Hugh, 186187
Peterson, Mark A., 103
Phillips, Henry, 129
The Picture of a Papist (Ormerod), 66
The Picture of a Puritane (Ormerod), 64, 66
piety, pious and, 15, 63, 66, 109110, 203, 243, 249
communal, 61, 118
conversion narratives and, 9293
of first generation settlers, 8, 1213, 29, 58, 70, 87101, 251
performance of, 153
spiritual, 150, 172, 236, 242
visible, 114115
of Winthrop, 101
pillories as punishment, 144145, 149
plantations, 2, 4, 67, 126, 250
Plymouth Colony, 24, 5n25, 216, 222, 227, 236, 247, 249250
adultery in, 82
dissenters in, 177185
drought in, 136
legal code, 147
Lyford in, 178181
Morton in, 181185
Puritan Separatists, 113
Winslow, E., on, 26
poor harvests, 113, 246
Pope, John, 152153
Porterfield, Amanda, 79, 195n80, 197, 203, 203n126
poverty, 4, 104, 119
power, 2, 12, 15, 45, 68, 8384, 154, 252
authority and, 145146
gendered, 18, 82, 197, 202203, 203n126
of God, 2021, 89, 163
of ministers, 103
of Puritan narratives, 213, 213n6
prayer, 13, 16, 43, 113115, 136137
Presbyterians, 95
pride, 3, 56, 5n25, 26, 6973, 111, 243244
gendered understandings of, 18, 82, 186187, 201204
holy war against, 214
human, 2, 56, 89
of Hutchinson, 195208
ministers accused of, 103105
of Morton, 184
persecution of, 1011, 1314, 187, 214
punishment and, 152156
Puritan accused of, 6167
repenting for, 10
of sailors, 3739
Satan associated with, 18, 62, 6970, 7273, 86, 214, 219220, 241
of Shepard, 104, 161
sin of, 1012, 1618, 61, 111, 211212, 218
spiritual, 11, 16, 52, 56, 6465, 156, 163, 215
spiritual warfare against, 223226
in suffering, 8889
of Wheelwright, 194, 207
Wigglesworth on, 8486, 85n125, 102104
of Winthrop, 101
of women, 218, 241, 248
pride-humility dichotomy, 8, 1017, 28, 101110, 241, 242, 251252
central to Puritan theology, 6162, 177178, 193
conversion narratives and, 8889
merchants in, 108
transatlantic voyage and, 2223, 4950
violence of the Pequot War and, 218219
Protestantism, 15, 2526, 29, 41, 6466, 115116
Pulsipher, Jenny Hale, 240
punishments, prosecutions and, 132, 251. court systems
bilboes as, 13, 17, 158159, 165
branding as, 12, 17, 145, 149150, 158, 175, 240n116
cleft sticks as, 13, 165166
corporal, 147148, 150151
of deviants, 17, 142143, 152
for drunkenness, 157161
fines as, 107, 145, 151, 157160
gender paradigms and, 152156, 171172
hierarchies in, 140, 151152, 162163
paper letters and signage as, 144145, 156158
pillories as, 144145, 149
for proud speech, 161166
public, 1214, 142
for sexual misconduct, 148149, 152
shame and, 13, 17, 149150, 152155
shame-based, 142146
stocks as, 1213, 144145, 148, 153, 156161, 165168
whippings as, 144145, 148153, 156, 158159, 166
witnesses for, 142146, 153
Puritans, American, 5n25, 10n41. specific topics
Quakers, 133, 145, 209
racial paradigms, 6, 218, 225, 232n82, 232n84
Ranlet, Philip, 182n21
rape, 152153, 181
Rastall, Humphrey, 182n17
Rath, Richard Cullen, 45
“Reasons to be Considered” (Winthrop), 225226
Reddy, William, 24
Reis, Elizabeth, 79, 100, 197
religious authority, 67, 141
religious fervor, 9, 15, 215, 217n19
religious freedom, 6, 69
religious orthodoxy, 12, 17, 178, 207
religious tolerance, 2728, 186, 188
repentance, 17, 83, 137, 181, 206, 226228, 251
capital crimes beyond, 154
confession and, 13, 129130, 168176, 207208
humility and, 108, 141
respectability, 79, 106, 203
“reverse migration,” 32n55
Robinson, Anthony, 152
Robinson, John, 31, 69, 153
Rogers, John, 80
Rogers, Richard, 24
Roman Catholicism, 23, 25, 29, 41, 6466, 115116, 118
Romeo, Emily C. K., 142, 156
Romero, R. Todd, 8182, 225n54, 229
Ropps, George, 159
Rosenwein, Barbara, 100
Ross, Richard J., 144
Rowlandson, Joseph, 169
Rugs, Margery, 153
Ryrie, Alec, 15
Sabbath, 107, 124, 150
sacrifices, 16, 71, 102, 104105, 243
sailors, 3, 11, 34, 3739, 125, 215
The Saints Anchor-Hold in All Storms and Tempefts (Davenport), 5152
The Saints Support & Comfort (Cotton), 39
Salem, 71, 119, 128, 133, 142n9, 154, 167168, 197
Salisbury, Neal, 217, 217n19
salvation
narratives, 13, 8793, 93n29, 9495, 102 ( conversion )
personal, 62, 72
same-sex intimacy, 82
sanctification, 189190, 198
sanctified affliction, 5455, 98
sanitation, 34
Satan, 5, 11, 16, 34, 62, 79, 82, 154
conversion narratives and, 8990, 96
Hutchinson associated with, 198199, 205, 208209
Pequot associated with, 12, 18, 211, 214, 217, 219220, 227, 238, 242, 252
pride associated with, 18, 62, 6970, 7273, 86, 214, 219220, 241
spiritual warfare against, 223226
wilderness associated with, 3637, 4647, 6869, 98, 126127, 214, 218220
“savages,” 12, 2829, 215, 217, 219
Scarle, Robte, 149150
The Scarlet Letter (Hawthorne), 6
scurvy, 22
Seale, Edward, 158
seasickness, 3233
second generation settlers, 38, 5658, 7071, 84, 186, 242244, 247248, 251
secular authorities, 14, 103, 141, 180
sedition, 194195
self-confidence, 88, 108, 244
self-examination, 73, 73n69, 87, 91, 95, 122
self-love, 13, 65, 6869, 8286, 94, 97, 110111, 130
self-shame, 157161
sense of purpose, Puritan, 111112, 252
Separatists, Puritan, 5, 5n25, 22, 26, 31, 3739, 49, 178179, 196n86
Bradford on, 125
days of thanksgiving observed by, 136
fasting by, 124
Morton and, 182, 184185, 184n30
at Plymouth, 113
Robinson as a leader of, 153
sermons, 27, 27n29, 52, 231n78, 244, 249251
by Anglican priests, 63
by Calvin, 224
by Cotton, 39, 90, 128, 138
by Cushman, 6869, 101, 202
drawing on conversion narratives, 9192, 231
fast day, 121123, 191193, 197, 208, 243, 246247
by Hooker, 2526, 63n9, 98, 232233
performative, 65
on proud persons, 178
by Robinson, 31
by Sibbes, 96
on supremacy of God, 110
by Willard, 7071
servants, 166168
settlers, 14, 214. gender paradigms
English, 7, 18, 23, 60, 183, 187, 222, 236n99, 240
first generation, 3, 716, 9n38, 23, 5556, 242243, 247248, 251
impact of migration on, 49, 5n25, 1516, 2031, 95
migration of, 2537
Native American alliances with, 14, 18, 219, 221222, 222n21, 231n79, 232n84, 239240, 250
second generation, 38, 5658, 7071, 84, 186, 242244, 247248, 251
third generation, 243, 247248, 251
seventeenth-century Atlantic world, 7, 15, 81, 195n80
sexual indulgences, sexual misconduct and, 11, 8286, 85n125, 157, 172175, 181183
public punishment for, 148149, 152
shame, shaming and, 8283, 104
culture, 143, 155, 163164
internalization of, 100, 155
public, 142146
punishment and, 13, 17, 149150, 152155
self, 157161
Shepard, Thomas, 20, 3334, 39, 4749, 54, 84, 190, 237238
on Christ, 72
on conversion, 8889, 95, 99
on Hutchinson, 199201, 205
pride of, 104, 161
on publishing, 75
on sexual sins, 8283, 159
Sherman, Goody, 105
shipwrecks, 36
Sibbes, Richard, 96
sickness, 1, 4, 32, 124126. diseases
Silverman, David, 231n79
“Sin and Danger of Self-Love” (Cushman), 202
slavery, 182, 241, 250
smallpox, 33, 38, 124, 246
Smith, Robertson, 141
Smyth, John, 165
sodomy, 34, 153
“A Song of Emptiness” (Wigglesworth), 244245
“The Souldiers Catechisme” (seventeenth-century text), 224225
Spanish Black Legend, 215
speech, 13, 196, 204
proud, 162166, 229, 249250
Speedwell (ship), 31
Spencer, George, 173175
spiritual diaries, 7475, 75n77, 8586, 85n125
spiritual economy, 103
spiritual humility, 61, 128, 204205, 251
spiritual performances, 114, 117
spiritual piety, 150, 172, 236, 242
spiritual pride, 11, 16, 52, 56, 6465, 156, 163, 215
Spurre, John, 167
Stama, William, 222n44
Standish, Miles, 184, 185
Starke, Aaron, 148149
starvation, 4, 35, 42, 116, 124126, 135, 216
stocks as punishment, 1213, 144145, 148, 153, 156161, 165168
Stone, John, 129, 219220, 226228
Stout, Harry, 15, 103, 115116, 246
submission, 37, 40, 49, 60, 97, 110, 142, 159, 203
to authority, 13, 148
of the first generation, 251
to legal codes, 31, 143144
by women, 79, 8182
suffering, 16, 5455, 9798, 197, 216, 247248
holy, 2324, 49
during migration, 3137, 40n96
pride in, 8889
during transatlantic voyage, 2123, 3137, 39
suicide, 97
sumptuary law, 248
survival, 3, 5, 1617, 56, 136, 215216, 249, 252
food scarcity and, 217
transatlantic voyage, 2729, 31, 36, 4953, 124125
swearing, 3738, 99, 124, 163, 165
Symmes, Zechariah, 196
Talbye, Dorothy, 154155
taverns, 160
Thacher, Thomas, 246247
thanksgiving, 1013, 17, 26, 216, 247250
days of, 119120, 124, 126, 133139
Thatcher, Laurel, 7879
theology, Puritan, 56, 5n25, 1114, 53, 218, 223224
Antinomian controversy and, 186191, 193199, 206207
confessions in, 169170
deliverance in, 123124
gender and, 79
Hutchinson and, 1718, 217n19
pride-humility dichotomy central to, 6162, 177178, 193
repentance in, 73, 226228
role of days of humiliation in, 134
role of fasting in, 116117, 117n23, 126
role of ocean voyage in, 2223
third generation settlers, 243, 247248, 251
thirst, 3536
Thompson, Roger, 163164
thunder, 4546
Tilly, John, 230
“To Her Most Honoured Father Thomas Dudley Esq. These Humbly Presented” (Bradstreet), 8081
Toulouse, Teresa, 200
traders, trade and, 45, 56, 105109, 106n91, 115, 219, 227, 232n84
with Native Americans, 179, 182183, 182n22
transatlantic voyage, 1519, 2426, 30, 242, 252
collective trauma from, 95
deliverance from, 20, 32, 34, 3940, 43, 4760, 215216
fasting during, 123
sailors during, 3739
storms and tempests during, 20, 3134, 36, 3947, 52, 56
suffering during, 2123, 3137, 39
survival, 2729, 31, 36, 4953, 124125
Treatise of Melancholie (Bright), 172
Treaty of Hartford, 239240, 250
trials of faith, 21, 2931, 49, 54, 89
The True Constitution of A particular visible Church proved by Scripture (Cotton), 90
Tuck, Thomas, 165
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 6
Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, 197
Underhill, John, 220, 226, 228230, 233234
adultery by, 170171
in the Pequot War, 7677, 170, 235236
United Colonies of New England, 231, 245
“Upon My Dear and Loving Husband His Going into England” (Bradstreet), 50
“Upon Some Distemper of the Body” (Bradstreet), 51
usury, 105106
Valeri, Mark, 105106
Vane, Henry, 14, 17, 186187, 191, 193, 208
vanity, 23, 17, 61, 66, 82, 86, 188, 244245
masturbation as, 85
of Shepard, 161
Winthrop on, 99100
Vaughan, Alden T., 232n84
vengeance, 38, 6970, 7273, 218, 226, 228229, 234, 249
Vickers, Daniel, 56
Vincent, Philip, 220, 222
violence, 215, 227
against Native Americans, 18, 142, 211219, 217n19, 225, 230241, 232n84, 240241, 245252
sacred, 225, 241
sexual, 152153
visible, 142, 149150
Virginia, 2, 29, 35, 123, 124125, 182, 227
Virginia Massacre (1622), 214, 235236
virgin imagery, 84, 183
“visible saints,” 89, 94, 151, 156, 172, 248
Walden, Daniel, 182n22
Wampanoag, 231n79, 246, 249
wampum, 219, 226, 245
Ward, Nathaniel, 80
water, drinking, 3536
The Way of the Churches (Cotton), 90
weaknesses, human, 34, 2021, 60, 9798, 139
transatlantic voyage underscoring, 32, 34, 4748, 52
wealth, 2, 4, 105108, 133
weapons, 183
Wear, Andrew, 1
weather, 4, 16, 20
storms and tempests as, 3134, 36, 3947, 52, 56
Webb, John, 132133
Webster, Tom, 73, 73n69, 75n77, 96, 117, 132n98
Wedgwood, John, 160161
Weimer, Adrian Chastain, 16, 23, 88
Weld, Thomas, 1, 101102, 216
Westminster Confession of Faith (1647), 147, 147n30
Wheelwright, John, 14, 17, 143, 178, 211, 214, 217n19, 252
Antinomian Controversy and, 18, 134, 185210
Cotton and, 134
expulsion of, 12, 134, 186, 193195, 208209
on fasting, 119
whippings, public, 144145, 148153, 156, 158159, 166
Wigglesworth, Michael, 38, 4041, 40n96, 5357, 57n138, 242245
on piety, 109110
on pride, 8486, 85n125, 102104
self-love of, 110111
wilderness, 27, 61, 87, 125, 241, 251
New World, 23, 9, 11, 1516, 32, 3637, 214216, 214n7, 242, 245246
Satan associated with, 3637, 4647, 6869, 98, 126127, 214, 218220
Willard, Samuel, 7071
Williams, John, 148149
Williams, Roger, 67, 188
Willson, William, 166
Wilson, John, 188189, 189n55, 193194
Winship, Michael P., 5n25, 62, 91, 186
on fasting, 117
Winslow, Edward, 23, 26, 3031, 76, 113
on Plymouth drought, 136137
Winslow, Josiah, 247
winter, New England, 57, 124, 126, 133
Winthrop, Henry, 56
Winthrop, John, 78, 140, 191, 193, 219, 226, 230, 232
on conversion, 99101
on days of humiliation, 127, 129, 137
Dudley and, 103
as governor of Massachusetts Bay, 99, 103104, 125126, 154155, 187188, 194199, 204206, 209210
Hooker and, 238239
on Maverick, 140
on transatlantic voyages, 27, 3436, 42
on Underhill, 171
Winthrop, John, Jr., 239240
witchcraft, 79n96, 142n9, 164165, 197
Wither, George, 64
witnesses, punishments and, 142146, 153
Wollaston, Richard, 181183, 182n17, 227
women, 6, 2829, 3438, 7879, 182, 195n80, 248
childbirth by, 49
confessions and, 100
crimes of speech and, 163164
gendered understandings of pride and, 18, 82, 186187, 201204
Pequot, 211, 219221, 250251
public confessions by, 171172
sexual violence against, 152153
Wonder Working Providence (Johnson, E.), 42, 237
Wood, William, 216
Woodbridge, John, 7980
Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgment (Hall), 116117
Wyar, Robert, 152
Ziff, Larzer, 7
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