Index
Abdülhamid II, Sultan
3
Abravanel, Yiṣḥak
128
Aderbi, Yiṣḥak
25n26
Ahmed, Shehab
135
‘Aintab (Gaziantep)
31
Albania
2, 45
Aleppo
ban on eating vine leaves in
93
charity in
143n2, 146, 150–51, 167
chief rabbis in
102–3
confusion of rabbinical titles in
107
economy of
66–69, 87, 88
evolution of Jewish community in
65
frankos dispute in
92, 116–20, 131, 134, 212, 215
Jews’ diminished standing in
86
Jews’ involvement in trade in
215
Sabbateanism in
75, 77, 84
self-perception of Sephardim in
36–37
Allegri, Abraham
203–4
Alsheikh, Moshe
35, 41, 155
Amarilio, Shlomo
147
Amsterdam
17, 75, 78, 155n66, 166, 168n119
Anatolia
58
‘Antebi, Avraham
121n106
apotropos (guardian)
152–53
Arabia
46
Arabic
34–35
Arad, Dotan
35n66
Aramaic
19, 177, 183, 185, 205, 207, 208, 209
Arba‘ah turim (Ya‘akov ben Asher)
30n47
‘arikhah (tax assessment method)
149
Armenians
113n78
Asa, Avraham
216
Asher b. Yeḥi’el (ha-Rosh)
23, 191n49, 204
Ashkenazi, Beṣal’el
129
Ashkenazi, Gavri’el
204
Ashkenazi, Menaḥem
103
Ashkenazim
assimilation of Romaniots and, into Sephardic society
31
disputes between Sephardim and, in Jerusalem
63
emissaries sent by, for donations
154–55
encouraged to migrate to Ottoman Empire
22–26
as remaining separate from Sephardim
39
av beit din
36, 37, 105, 107, 120, 132
Avishur, Yiṣḥak
212
Avraham ha-Levi
154, 191, 197–98t, 206
bachelors, Jewish, in Salonica
53
Baghdad
38n80, 46, 87, 183, 212
Balkans
27, 40, 45, 46, 47n117, 55, 57, 61, 165, 167n116
Barnai, Jacob
66, 81, 102, 110
Baron, Salo
1, 9
Bayezit II, Sultan
11, 28
bedek ha-bayit (“house maintenance”)
146
begging
143–44, 156–57
beit din
authority of
119f
and excommunication
128
parnasim serving on
101, 132–33
rabbis serving on
101
rabbis’ standing in
131–32
and tensions between rabbis and lay leaders
133
ben Asher, Ya‘akov
30n47
Benayahu, Meir
97, 98, 101, 102
ben Matatyah, Binyamin
181
Ben-Na’eh, Yaron
on Edirne’s Jewish population
62–63
on ḥevrot
167n116, 169, 172, 173–74
impact on field of Ottoman Jewish history
15–16
on integration of Jews into Ottoman society
110–11
on Istanbul’s Jewish population
60
on Jewish congregations in Izmir
65–66
on Jewish education
177, 178, 180
on Jewish population in Salonica
53
on Kadızadelis
71
on opportunities for Jews in Ottoman Empire
85
on periods of harassment of Jews
72
Rosanes as source of
28n37
on taxes and charity
148
Berab, Ya‘akov
40–41
beratlıs
116n91
Beṣal’el Ashkenazi
129
bible, translations of
212
bibliographies
189
bikur ḥolim (“visiting the sick” fund)
146
Binyamin ha-Levi
133
Bitola (Monastir)
31
Black Death
44, 49
Blanc, Jean-Pierre
85n133
books
.
library / libraries; literacy; printing; rabbinical scholarship
availability of
204–5
canonical texts
187–88
and end of knowledge monopoly
208–17
and libraries
183–84, 186
ownership of
185, 186
and public readings
207–8
published in vernacular
210–11
rabbinic control over publication and dissemination of
206–7
reading groups
186
used by rabbis
189
value of
200–208
Bornstein-Makovetzky, Leah
96n10, 102–3, 110, 122
Borovaya, Olga
209
Bosnia
46
Braude, Benjamin
95–96
Breuer, Yoḥanan
105
burial societies
138, 169, 170, 172, 173
Bursa
21–22, 33, 44, 64
Byzantines / Byzantium
44–45
Cairo
burial society in
173
charity in
166
evolution of Jewish community in
65
Ibn Ezra synagogue
145f
Sephardim in
38
Cairo Geniza
6, 38n81, 156n74
Campbell, Bruce
43–44, 46
captives, redemption of
155–56, 168
Cardozo, Abraham
76
Carlebach, Elisheva
78n112
cemaatbaşı
106
cemetery, dispute over Jewish, in Damascus
36.
burial societies
Chambon, Louis
85n133
charity
burial societies
138, 169, 170, 172, 173
communal
2, 171–72
foundations of Jewish
140–44
motivations for
160–64
private
156–59
public
144–52
of rabbis
132n151
religion as intertwined with
160
semi-public
152–56
of Sephardim
124n118
significance of
139
and weaking of communal authority
164–75
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
48
chief rabbis (haham başı)
102–4
and central leadership in Izmir
66
and Laniado family in Aleppo
93–94, 107
role of
136–37
terminology regarding
104–5, 106
Yiṣḥak Ṣarfati as
24, 25, 26
Christians
4, 108–9, 112–13, 135
climate
46–47, 56–62, 70
coffeehouses
71, 207, 210
Cohen, Amnon
103
Cohen, Julia Phillips
5, 6
Cohen, Mark
167n115
Columbus, Christopher
46
Committee of Officials for the Land of Israel
154
consecrated property
151, 157–59.
waqf (pious foundation)
Constantinople
.
see Istanbul
conversos
16–17, 31, 59, 167–68, 209
Crete
58, 127
Cyprus
41
Damascus
charity in
156, 167
Jewish population in
67, 68–69
Jews’ economic involvement in
87
Sephardi takeover in
35–36
trade connection between Aleppo and
67
Danon, Dina
5
d’Arvieux, Lauren
218
David ha-Re’uveni
73
David ibn Abi Zimra
190
Dayan, Mordekhai
77
debating
123–24
De Buton, Avraham
203–4
decline theory (of Ottoman Empire)
9, 14
de Silva, Ḥizkiyah
206–7
dhimmis (non-Muslims)
109, 112–13.
Christians; Jews
diaspora, and charity
153
Díaz-Mas, Paloma
11–12
droughts
56, 57
earthquakes
44, 58, 61, 64, 65, 87
economy
.
trade
of Aleppo
66–67
challenges to seventeenth-century Ottoman
56–57
decline of Safed
40–42, 51–52
and European attempts to marginalize Jews
86
Jewish integration into Ottoman
86
and Jewish settlement in Salonica
55–56
Jews’ impact on
42–43
Jews’ involvement in
39–42, 87–91, 114, 214–15
Edirne (Adrianople)
62, 103
education
176
evolution of Jewish
2, 177–82
expansion of venues of
181–82
goal of Jewish
177
great migration’s impact on
188
and inner intellectual circle and its library
187–99
and intellectual circles
182–87
and Safed as center of learning
63
Egypt
.
Cairo
climatic disasters in
60–61
Sephardim in
32–33, 38
Elghazi, Shlomo
124
Eliyahu ben Binyamin ha-Levi
166
Eliyahu Capsali
20–21, 123
Eliyahu Yisra’el
191, 198–99t, 202
emissaries, sent for charitable donations
154–55
Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World
15
England, trade between Levant and
91–92.
Levant Company
environment
.
see climate
epidemics
44, 54–55, 56–57.
plague
Epstein, Mark
26
Ereṣ Yisra’el (Land of Israel)
.
see Palestine
Erünsal, Ismail
183–84, 186
Esther Kira (Esther Ḥandali)
16
European traders
91–92.
Levant Company
Evliya Çelebi
53
excommunication (ḥaramot and niduyyim)
13n49, 93, 100, 101, 120, 124–28, 214
Exilarch
97, 124
famines
56–57
Fatimids / Fatimid Caliphate
33
Ferdinand, King
29
fires, in Salonica
55
First Ottoman Constitution (1876)
3
Fishbane, Simcha
122n112
food supply system
57, 61
France, trade between Levant and
91–92
Franco, Moïse
10, 25, 26n30
Frank, Jacob
79
frankos
88–89, 92, 107, 116–21, 131, 134, 212, 215
gabba’im (charity officers)
146, 147–48
gabelah / gabilah (tax on profits)
148, 150–51
Galante, Abraham
1, 10–11, 27, 96n10
Galante, Mordekhai
107
Gaon, Sa‘adya
8, 212
Gazi, Osman
20
gemilut ḥasadim (bestowal of loving kindness)
140, 146
Geron, Avraham
103
Goa
46
Goitein, S.D.
6, 38n81
Gracia Mendes Nasi
16
Graetz, Heinrich
1, 7–9, 11
Great Fire of 1660
71
“Great Transition”
44
Greek Jews / Romaniots
21, 27, 31, 59–60
guardians, for widows and orphans
152–53
guilds
86, 87, 90–91, 114, 167n115, 169, 174–75
Hacker, Joseph
on epidemics in Salonica
55
impact on field of Ottoman Jewish history
15, 16
on Jewish population in Salonica
53, 54
on Ottoman Jewish leadership
96
on Romaniots
21
on Salonica’s rabbinical authority
103
on Ṣarfati letter
25n25
on synagogue
104
on weakness of rabbis
109
haham
105–6
haham başı
106.
chief rabbis (haham başı)
hakhnasat orḥim (“hospitality box”)
146
halakhah (Jewish law)
and charity
142
emergence of foundations of
219–20
enforcement of / adherence to
80–81, 94, 110
and intellectual circles
182–83
and Jewish education
179
and multiple ways of being Jewish in Ottoman Empire
113–14, 219
Sabbateanism and
80–81, 82
and scholars’ influence
135
study of manuscripts and understanding of
206
Hamburg
49, 75, 81, 83
Hamon, Joseph
16
Hanna, Nelly
215
Hapsburgs
57
ḥaramot
.
see excommunication (ḥaramot and niduyyim)
ha-rav ha-kolel
102
Har’el, Yaron
5, 93, 167n113
Ḥayim Benveniste
authors cited or mentioned by
192–93, 195–96t
and availability of books
202
on central role of rabbi in synagogue and congregation
126
as leader in Izmir
75, 76, 81
on rabbinical authority
101
and rabbinical canon
190, 191, 192
resumes anti-Sabbatean position
83–84
on talmud torah
178
Ḥayim Shabbetai
134–35, 205–6
Ḥayim Yosef David Azulai (ha-Ḥida)
149nn41, 44, 202
Ḥazan, Yiṣḥak
100–101
Hebrew print culture
215–17
Hebron
40, 153, 154, 206
hekdesh (consecrated property)
151, 157–58.
waqf (pious foundation)
ḥerem
127
ḥevrot (charitable societies)
for burial of dead
138, 169, 170, 172, 173
factors drawing membership to
171
and Jewish education
179–80
as mimicking functions and structure of congregation
168–71
proliferation of
166–68, 173–75
and rabbis and lay leaders
171–72
scholarship on
164–65
specialization and privatization of
172–74
and weakening of communal authority
164–75
Hirschler, Konrad
184, 186
Iberia, expulsion of Jews from
29–31, 49, 187, 188
Ibn Ezra synagogue
145f
Ibn Ṣayyaḥ, Yosef ben Avraham
192
imarets
143
Imber, Colin
20
İnalcık, Halil
26, 115n88
indices
189
inner intellectual circle
library of
189–99
and local-living intellectual exchanges
192–93
specialization of
188–89
intellectual circles
182–87
inner, and its library
187–99
outer
184–87
Isabella, Queen
29
Iserlish, Moshe
188
Islam
charity under
141, 158–59
intellectual circles in Muslim societies
186
and Jews in Ottoman society
108–15
and Muslim book ownership
201
and rise of Kadızadelis
71
Shabbetai Ṣevi’s conversion to
76, 83
Istanbul
Committee of Officials for the Land of Israel
154
conquest of
27, 45
Jewish community in
32, 65
Jewish migration to
59
Jewish population in
53, 61–62
Jews’ economic involvement in
40, 90–91
Jews in, before conquest
27
shift in composition of Jewry in
59–60
Italy
17, 51, 64, 88
Izmir
appointment of rabbis in
98
central rabbinate in
137
chief rabbis in
102
excommunication in
127
funeral society in
173
Jews’ arrival in
64–66
rabbinical authority and turmoil in
124n117
and Sabbatean episode
75–76
Janissaries
40, 58, 70
Jelali (Celali) revolts
41, 57, 58
Jellinek, Adolph (Aharon)
23, 25
Jerusalem
charity in
148, 166
and intra-empire migration
62–63
rabbinical authority in
103–4
Sabbateanism in
77
semi-public charity and
153–55
Sephardim in
38–39
Jewish bachelors
53
Jewish cemetery, dispute over, in Damascus
36
Jews
acculturation of
78
animosity toward
70–73, 85n133
Christian persecution of
49
European attempts to marginalize
86
expelled from Iberia
29–31, 49, 187, 188
hardships’ impact on
69–70
increased opportunities for
84–92
involvement in community affairs
135
occupations of Ottoman
86–88
Ottoman, as one entity
5
in Ottoman society
108–15, 218–19
overview of Ottoman
3–5
rapid social and economic growth for
42–43
treatment of
4, 27–28, 111
jizya / cizye (poll tax)
26n33, 148, 155–56.
poll tax
Joseph Nassi
16
Judeo-Arabic printing
212, 213
kabbalah
72–73, 79, 80, 82
Kadızadelis (Qadizadelis)
70–72, 73, 111
Kadızade Mehmet Efendi
71
kahal
38, 63, 101, 128, 134, 147, 151, 163, 167, 169–73, 175, 180
Karo, Shlomo b. Yosef
52n2
Katz, Jacob
10, 78n112
Katz, Yiṣḥak
181
Katzenellenbogen, Meir
191
kavvanah (true intention)
160–61
Kazis, Yosef
25n26
kesef gulgolta (poll tax)
148
kharga (poll tax)
148
Khmelnitsky Uprising (1648–9)
70
kodesh (consecrated property)
151, 157–59
Köprülü, Ahmet
71
kuppah (alms box)
144–47, 148, 162
Labaton, Ḥayim
121n106
Ladino
34–35, 89, 209
Ladino printing
209–10, 211, 212, 213–14, 215, 216
Laniado, Efrayim
131
Laniado, Eliyahu
107
Laniado, Raphael Shlomo (d. 1794)
107, 117–20, 131–32, 134, 150n48
Laniado, Shlomo “the Elder”
77, 84, 116–17
Laniado, Shmu’el (Ba‘al ha-Kelim, d. 1605 or 1610)
37, 131–32
Laniado, Shmu’el (d. c.1740–50)
93, 132, 201–2
Lapapa, Aharon
75, 76, 124
Late Maunder Minimum
61
lay leaders
.
see parnasim
Lehmann, Matthias
78n112, 89, 209, 210, 216
Lepanto, Battle of
50, 56
Le Roy Ladurie, Emanuel
47
Levant Company
91, 153–54, 214
Levy, Avigdor
103
Lewis, Bernard
9
library / libraries
183–84, 186–90, 202–4.
books; printing
literacy
.
books; library / libraries; printing
and competition to mainstream rabbinical Judaism
77
and end of knowledge monopoly
208
and intellectual circles
184–85
and Jewish education
177–78
and libraries
183–84, 186
and public readings
207–8
reading groups
186
of women
211
Little Ice Age
46–47, 50, 51, 57–58, 60–61, 70
Livorno, Jews’ economic involvement in
88–89
London
43, 49, 78, 89
Louis XV, King
85n133
Lowry, Heath
20n2, 53
Luria, Yiṣḥak Ashkenazi
41, 72
Lurianism
73
Luther, Martin
49
Macedonia
45
Maimonides (Moshe Bar Maimon, RamBam)
133n156, 140, 144, 147, 155n68, 157n76, 187
Mamluks
46
Manisa
59, 100, 129
manuscripts
23–24, 190, 201, 205–6, 209, 210, 212
marbiṣ torah
97–98, 99, 100–102.
rabbi(s)
Marcus, Abraham
68
Masters, Bruce
85
Mays, Devi
3, 5–6
Me‘am lo‘ez (Khuli)
211, 216
Mecca
58
Mehmet II, Sultan
20–21, 27
Mehmet IV, Sultan
62, 70, 71
Me’ir de-Buton
170
Mikhail, Alan
50
mikveh
36
millet system
11, 13, 95–96
Mishneh Torah
140
Mitrani, Moshe
41, 127n128, 192, 201, 205
Molkho, Shlomo
73
Mongols
44
Mordekhai ha-Levi
182
Moshe Cordovero
41
Moshe Ḥagiz
78
Moshe Najarah
35–36
Murad IV, Sultan
58, 70
Mustafa I, Sultan
58
Mustafa II, Sultan
71
Musta‘ribun (Musta‘arvim)
33–34, 35, 36–39, 117n94
Naar, Devin
5
nagid
7, 97
Nathan of Gaza
73–75
natural disasters
44, 54–55, 56–57, 58, 60–61, 64, 65, 87
Nazir, Yosef
202
Nehama, Joseph
10
Netherlands, trade between Levant and
91–92.
Amsterdam
New World
42, 50, 51, 86, 88, 89, 214
niduyyim
.
see excommunication (ḥaramot and niduyyim)
Nile River
60
niyya (true intention)
160
Nour, Antoine Abdel
114
occupations, of Ottoman Jews
86–88
On the Jews and Their Lies (Luther)
49
Orhan I, Sultan
22
orphans
152–53
Osman II, Sultan
58, 70
Ottoman Empire
challenges facing
50
conquests in Europe and Middle East
48–49
defeats in Balkans and Vienna
61
fall of
9, 14
increased opportunities for Jews in
84–92
Jews encouraged to migrate to
22–26
knowledge regarding early years of
20–22
multiculturalism of
44–45
multiple ways of being Jewish in
218–19
rise of
43–48
Ottoman-Jewish history
history of scholarship on
5–16
and Ṣarfati letter
22–26
scholarship on early
20–22
Sephardim’s arrival in Ottoman Empire
27–39
“standard” narrative of
1–2
outer intellectual circle
184–87
Pact of ‘Umar
4
Palestine
32–33, 153–55
Papademetriou, Tom
95
Papo, Judah
211
Parker, Geoffrey
70
parnasim, rabbis as conflated with
96–97
parnas / parnasim
and appointment of rabbis
98
authority of
131, 136
and charity
149–51, 162, 163, 166, 171–72, 175
dispute between rabbi and
99–100, 124–25
and excommunication
127
and perception of rabbinical position
129–30
qualifications of
136n165
relationship between rabbis and
99–100, 133
roles and responsibilities of
102, 103, 130–31, 136
as serving on beit din
132–33
Penziyeri, Efraim
36
Peri ḥadash (de Silva)
206–7
pidyon shevuyim (redemption of prisoners)
155–56, 168
plague
44, 45, 46, 49, 56, 58, 61.
epidemics
poll tax
68, 87, 108, 117n94.
jizya / cizye (poll tax)
populism
79–83
por‘ei ha-mas
98
Portugal
.
see Iberia
poverty / poor
142–44, 156, 200–201.
charity
printing
30n47, 201–2, 205–6, 208–17.
books; library / libraries
prisoners, redemption of
155–56, 168
proofreading
206
property, charitably dedicated
151, 157–59
Protestant Reformation
47–48
public readings
207–8
qadis
38, 113
rabbinical scholarship
20, 187–99
rabbi(s)
appointment of
98, 99, 163–64
authority of
77–79, 81, 98–100, 101–2, 115, 126–28, 133–35, 219–20
and availability of books
204–5, 206
books used by
189
challenged by other rabbis
133–34
and charity
132n151, 141–42, 146, 163–64, 171–72, 175
and communal leadership
121–38
confusion regarding titles of
107
differences in perceptions of
129–30
dispute between parnas and
99–100, 124–25
and dispute resolution
134–35
and end of knowledge monopoly
208–17
and excommunication
126–28
and frankos affair
116–21
length of tenure of
130–31
libraries of
202–4
and Ottoman treatment of Jewish hierarchies
105–6
payment of
128–29
and printing
202, 205–6, 214, 216–17
relationship between parnasim and
99–100, 133
roles and responsibilities of
96–98, 100–101, 136–37
Sabbateanism and rabbinical authority
77–79, 81, 176
scholarship on
95–108
as serving on beit din
131–32
and shift in communal practices of charity and education
2
and specialization of inner intellectual circle
188–89
taxes paid by
131
weakness of
100, 109
Ragusa (Dubrovnik)
31
Raḥamim, Matlub
150–51
Raşid Efendi
71, 73
rav rashi
104–5
Ray, Jonathan
29, 30
Raymond, André
68, 114
reading groups
186
readings, public
207–8
Rodrigue, Aron
5
Romaniots / Greek Jews
21, 27, 31, 59–60
Rosanes, Salomon
1, 10–11, 21, 25–28, 31n52, 33n55, 35n67
Rozen, Minna
27, 28, 62–63, 72n89, 103, 148
Ruderman, David
77, 78n112
Sabbateanism / Sabbatean episode
72–73, 75, 76, 77–84, 176, 215–16.
Shabbetai Ṣevi
ṣadaqa (voluntary charity)
141, 148
Safavid (Iranian dynasty)
48, 66
Safed
as center of learning
63
Jewish community in
153–54
as primary center for kabbalah
72
textile industry and decline of
40–42, 51–52
Sajdi, Dana
210
Salonica
communal organization in
32
economic factors influencing Jewish settlement in
55–56
evolution of Jewish community in
65
ḥevra and Jewish education in
179–80
Jewish economic activities in
40
Jewish migration from
59
Jewish population in
52–55, 59
port of
54f
printing in
214
rabbis’ role in
103
Sabbateanism in
76
wool industry in
55–56, 58–59
Ṣarfati, Yiṣḥak
22–26
Sasportas, Ya‘akov
81, 83
Sasson, Yisrael
146n31
Sauvaget, Jean
67–68
Scholem, Gershom
82
scuole grandi
164–65.
ḥevrot (charitable societies)
secularization
78
ṣedakah (charity)
140–41, 161
segregation
114
Selim I, Sultan
42
Sephardim
arrival in Ottoman Empire
27–39, 42
charity of
124n118
and development of Aleppo’s mercantile system
88
development of Sephardic identity
30–31, 33–34
disputes between Ashkenazim and, in Jerusalem
63
emergence of communal organization among
32
emergence of Sephardic Orthodoxy
78
emissaries sent by, for donations
154–55
and frankos affair
117
impact on Ottoman economy
42–43
involvement in international commerce
89
migration to Edirne
62
migration to Jerusalem
62–63
Sabbateanism’s impact on
79
success in Ottoman Empire
43
treatment and perception of
11–12
Sephardi Revolution
43–50, 219
Serbia
45, 46
şeyhülislâms
112, 113
Shabbetai Ṣevi
.
Sabbateanism / Sabbatean episode
and disagreements among scholars
124
impact of
10, 12, 77–78
and populism
80–83
and rabbinic leadership
79, 137
rise of movement of
70, 72, 73–76
shar‘i court (mahkama)
4, 38, 63, 90, 95, 98, 159, 186
Shaw, Stanford
12–15, 22, 26, 33n55
sheykh al-yahud
103–4
Shimʿon Dweck ha-Kohen
202
Shlomo ha-Kohen (Maharshakh)
99, 100, 125, 134
Shmu’el de-Medina (Maharashdam)
32, 54, 126, 129, 181, 190, 191, 194–95t, 203
Shmuelevitz, Aryeh
11, 21–22, 26, 26n30
Shulḥan ‘Arukh (Karo)
187, 191, 202, 203f, 207
silk trade
64
Singer, Amy
161–62
Şişman, Cengiz
73, 86
social class, and charity
162–63
socialization, and ḥevrot
169, 171
Sofia
31, 45, 55, 192
Spain
.
see Iberia
sufism
73
Sukkot
173
Süleyman I, Sultan
42, 47, 48
Süleyman II, Sultan
71
sürgün (forced migration)
27
Suriname
43
synagogue
and charity collection
147
dispute over seating in, in Aleppo
36–37
function of
110n64
Syria
.
Aleppo; Damascus
charity in
166–67
climatic disasters in
61
Sephardim in
32–33, 34–38
Tahmasp I, Shah of Iran
48
Taitaṣak, Yosef
130
Talmud
Babylonian
144
charity in
140, 141, 161
Jerusalem
144
talmud torah (“Torah study” box)
146, 165, 167n114, 168, 178–82
tamḥui (alms tray / soup kitchen)
144–46, 147
Tannous, Jack
108, 135
taxes / tax records
.
poll tax
and charity
148–51
collection of, in Izmir
66
and composition of Istanbul’s Jewry
59, 60, 86–87
and disputes between Sephardim and Ashkenazim
63
exemption from
52, 131
and frankos affair
92, 117–18
and Jewish migration between communities
69
paid by rabbis
131
and rabbinical appointment
98–99
from Salonica
52–53, 54
tax farming
64, 87
textile industry
39–42, 51–52.
wool / wool industry
Tezcan, Baki
58
Tiberias
40
Tosefta
144
trade
.
economy; wool / wool industry
Aleppo as center of
66–67
with Europeans
46, 91–92
Jews’ involvement in
85, 87, 91, 214–15
in Livorno
88–89
new opportunities for
46
silk trade
64
in Venice
88
translators (dragomans)
64, 73, 85, 86
Trivellato, Francesca
89, 91n156
Turhan Sultan
71
Turkish
34
‘ulama’
184, 186, 201, 207n87, 210
‘Umar ibn al-Khattab
4
Üsküp (Skopje)
31
Vani Mehmet Efendi
71
Venice
88
vernacular print culture
210–11
Vienna, Ottoman defeat in
61
vine leaves, rabbinic ban on consumption of
93
Vital, Ḥayim
41, 72
Vital, Shmu’el
72, 185
waqf (pious foundation)
158–59, 161–62
White, Sam
50, 57, 60
widows
152–53
willow leaves, society of procurers of
173
women
and frankos affair
118
in intellectual circles
185
literacy of
211
wool / wool industry
40, 41, 42, 55–56, 58–59.
textile industry
World War I
9, 14
Yaʽakov Khuli
211, 216
Ya‘ari, Avraham
212
Yehudah Kaṣin
107, 118–20
Yemen
46
yeshivot (academies)
180–82
Yiṣḥak Alfasi (ha-Rif)
187
Yom-Tov Ṣahalon (Maharitaṣ)
41, 126, 128n130, 130, 204
Yosef Karo
authors cited or mentioned by
193–94t
and availability of books
204
and canonical texts
187–88
on charity
155n67
Graetz on
8–9
library of
202–3
locations of responsa of
192
on persecution of rabbi by Arab congregation
37
and rabbinical canon
190, 191
teacher and students of
41
Yosef Mitrani (Maharit)
and availability of books
204
on dispute between parnas and marbiṣ torah
99, 100, 125–26
on guardians
152n57
on Jewish education
182
as Karo’s student
41
scholarly career of
52n2
on taxes
131, 149n41
Yosef Sambari
21, 123
Yoshiyahu Pinto
35, 36
Young Turks
3
zakah (obligatory alms)
141
Zionism
3