abandonment of family 228
abusive relationships 227
academic mobility
Chinese international students
as informal diplomacy 79
Chinese academics working in Europe, profile 76
educational sovereignty 77
financial pressures 88
gendered aspects 82
impact on wives 87
lone mothers and fathers 82
reproduction of social class 85
rethinking family life 88
security concerns 77
All-China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese (AFROC) 251
Asian
discrimination between Asian groups 511
French racial categorization 469
Fu Manchu and the Yellow Peril 685
higher education institutions 100
new year celebrations at the Catholic church 603
racial discrimination against Asians
see racial discrimination
role of the Catholic church in providing aid 595
aspiration/ability model
see theories of migration: aspiration/ability model
Austria
Chinese Catholic community 589
Belgium
participant-observation of proxy purchasing 411
Cantonese language
Chinese Catholics in France 591
socio-linguistic differences among international students in Europe 116
capabilities and aspiration framework see theories of migration: capabilities and aspirations
Chinese migration to Hungary 138
correcting methodological errors 138
casualization of labour
expropriation of worker value 192
Catholic church
see Chinese Catholics in Europe
census 32
Chiang Kai-shek 103
China Council for the Promotion of Peaceful National Reunification (Zhongguo heping tongyi cujin hui 中国和平统一促进会) 260
China–Europe Land–Sea Express Route 195
Chinamen (graphic novel)
see Sino-Italian cultural production: novels countering Chinese stereotypes
.
China Overseas Chinese History Museum (Zhongguo huaqiao lishi bowuguan 中国华侨历史博物馆) 250
China Overseas Exchange Association (Zhongguo haiwai jiaoliu xuehui 中国海外交流协会) 259
China, rise of 75
Chinese overseas associations
Chinese Catholics in Europe 583 –608
children’s activities 594
diverse backgrounds of believers 589
research literature 586
social activities for believers 592
Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
see Chinese diaspora governance
Chinese diaspora governance 243 –262 Chinese diaspora media
academic elites 248
CCP cells at international universities 248
Chinese international students 248
coercion of students and academics through digital platforms 249
co-opting overseas elites 258
elevation of new migrants 251
grid-style social management 312
minority diasporas 247
overseas police stations 313
overseas students as public diplomats 275
peer monitoring 248
protection of citizens abroad 257
redefinition of China as a transnational nation 250
redefinition of Chinese overseas as Chinese sojourners (huaqiao 华侨) 250
role of local cultures of migration 302
role of local governments 301
shifts in diaspora policies post-2010 275
Chinese diaspora media 253 –255
China News Service (Zhongguo Xinwenshe 中国新闻社) (CNS) 253
conferences organized by CCP 254
in Europe 253
Little Red Book (Xiaohong shu 小红书) 254
People’s Daily Overseas Edition (Renmin Ribao Haiwaiban 人民日报海外版) 253
reports of racist incidents 478
Qiaobao (The China Press 侨报) 253
WeChat mobile apps 254
Chinese infrastructure projects in Europe
2008 financial crisis and the rise of Chinese infrastructure projects 191
casualization of labour and subcontracting 192
engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) projects 192
in Serbia
see Chinese infrastructure projects in Serbia
managerial migrants 194
reliance on low wage labour 192
segmentation of labour 194
Chinese infrastructure projects in Serbia
Chinese international students 99 –120 academic mobility
academic performance 105
CCP cells 248
China as largest sending country 100
Chinese bubbles on international campuses 105
concerns about threat to political stability 286
COVID-19 related problems 79
declining value of international degrees 443
discrimination 79
in Germany 100
in Hungary 100
in Ireland 100
in Italy 100
in Macao 100
in Sweden 100
in Switzerland 100
integration challenges 79
in the UK 100
language differences among students 116
language proficiency challenges 108
master’s programmes 113
mental health 106
motivations 104
Open Door Policy 73
overseas ambassadors 248
popular disciplines 75
push factors 110
push-pull-mooring framework 102
racial discrimination 113
socialization 115
stagnation 77
study-abroad fever 73
study programmes as a pull factor 112
study programmes, concerns about relevance 113
Chinese minority diasporas
extraterritorial control 247
Chineseness, debates surrounding the concept 642 –647
Aihwa Ong’s concept of flexible citizenships 645
Allen Chun’s radical opposition 644
Lynn Pan’s encyclopaedias of Chinese overseas 643
questions of language use 646
recent critical approaches 646
Rey Chow’s deconstruction 645
Shu-mei Shih’s development of Sinophone studies 646
transnationalism 645
Tu Weiming’s concept of Chinese overseas as branches of a single tree 644
Wang Gungwu’s concept of Chinese overseas 643
Chinese sojourner (huaqiao 华侨) 250
Chinese Students and Scholars Association (Zhongguo xuesheng xuezhe lianhehui 中国学生学者联合会) (CSSA)
co-option by CCP 248
international reach 248
Chinese traders (huashang 华商) 352 migrant entrepreneurs
ethnic culture 353
familism 353
in Russia 354
receiving society 353
sending society (China) 355
social exclusion 353
social network approach 352
Chinese weekend schools (CWS)
Chinese diaspora governance: educational and cultural activities
Belt and Road Initiative impact 567
Cantonese language 566
Catholic parish-run schools 595
definition and overview 555
HSK test (Hanyu shuiping kaoshi 汉语水平考试) 571
Taiwanese families 572
chuguo re 出国热
see leave the country fever (chuguo re 出国热)
citizenship by investment (CBI)
see golden passports
colleges
see higher education institutions
coolies
see World War I: origins of Chinese Migration to Europe
COVID-19 pandemic 114
academic mobility, effects on 76
care packages 116
face masks 114
impact on Chinese weekend schools in Europe 562
impact on golden visa (GV) programmes 177
impacts on luxury goods 425
impacts on proxy purchasing 425
post-pandemic era 103
relief effors for the Chinese diaspora 257
Czech Republic
Chinese international students 111
daigou 代购
see proxy purchasing (daigou 代购)
daoye 倒爷
see shuttle trade (daoye 倒爷)
demography 32
descendants of Chinese migrants in Europe
Chinese language acquisition
see Chinese weekend schools
developing family businessses through mobility to China 541
entrepreneurship in France and Spain 529
growing awareness of Chinese Italian identity 653
inverted parenting 538
occupational discrimination in France 470
second-generation migrants, criticism of term 530
socialization in family businesses 537
transmission of migration experiences 543
transnational practices 530
upward social mobility through mobility to China 539
diaspora politics
accusations of espianage and foreign influence 291
Chinese diaspora as a source of soft power 282
disrupting Tibetan activism abroad 283
emigration states and geopolitical strategies 276
promoting unification with Taiwan 291
relation to “Chinese-style modernization” 299
returned emigrants in China 308
role in international relations 276
role of international student migration 277
types of migration regimes 276
diasporas
as sociopolitical constructs 277
diasporic politics
types of migration regimes 276
digital platforms
Chinese diaspora media: digital media
WeChat
cross-border business transactions 424
double reduction policy
impact on Chinese international students 108
drivers of migration 1
dual nationality 256
e-commerce
see daigou 代购 (proxy purchasing)
economic growth
positive impact on migration aspirations 215
economic inequality in China 149
emotions
role in migration decisions 214
entrepreneurs
see migrant entrepreneurs
Erasmus+ mobility programmes (EU–China) 75
ethnic Chinese (huaren 华人) 250
EU-China Tuning initiative 75
familial bonds
role in migration decisions 224
familism
see household strategy of migration
filial piety
Chinese international students
see Chinese internationl students: children’s duty to family
financialization
in Southern and Eastern Europe 159
food services industry
as a common occupation for Chinese migrants 378
Chinese-owned Japanese restaurants in Italy 389
France
Chinese international students 78
Chinese leather goods enclave in Paris 333
Chinese population 39
conflicts over the development of a Chinese ethnic enclave in Paris 336
estimate of Chinese immigrant population 327
ethnography of proxy purchasing 410
post-1978 surge in Chinese migration 334
Silk Road Paris trade centre 339
traditional industries associated with Chinese entrepreneurs 333
Wenzhounese population size 40
Free Association Narrative Interview Method (FANIM) 223
Fujian Province
Chinese Catholics in France 591
migration to Italy 384
smuggling 218
source of early migration to the UK 221
Fu Manchu
see racial discrimination: Fu Manchu and the Yellow Peril
gay migration
see queer migration
gay (tongzhi 同志)
definition and cultural significance 498
gender
see queer migration
see women in migration
contesting traditional gendered stereotypes about gay Chinese men 508
influence on migrant professions 408
negative stereotypes of older Chinese women 508
geoarbitrage
migration motivation 136
globalization
see Belt and Road Initiative
Chinese migrants as a focal point for discourse about globalization 673
Chinese state-owned firms “go global” 190
globalization of sexuality 499
impact of slowing globalization on migration 21
industrial production by Chinese companies in Europe 189
multilingualism as an asset in a global age 579
sexual division of labour 438
WTO entry by China and the rise of Chinese-produced products 334
golden passports
ban by European Parliament 158
golden visa (GV) programmes 44 , 157 –182
appeal for Chinese investors 158
blurred distinction between investment, tourism, and immigration 161
changes in response to public criticism in Greece and Portugal 167
comparison of Chinese and Turkish applicants 180
current programmes in Europe 157
in Greece and Portugal 163
in Hungary 144
minimum investment threshold 158
motivations of applicants 160
passive vs. active programmes 169
physical presence requirements in Greece and Portugal 166
popularity around the world 160
pursuit of quality of life 161
real estate focus 168
role of agents and online advertising 178
role of property taxes in Greece 166
role of social media in popularization 163
selection of destination country 161
selling points of Greece 178
selling points of Portugal 178
theories of citizenship 160
tightening of golden visa regulations in Europe 158
grassroots ambassadors
see Chinese international students
Great Recession
see 2008 financial crisis
guanxi 关系
see personal connections (guanxi 关系)
health and healthcare
see mental health
see COVID-19 pandemic
China’s disinvestment in healthcare and other care services 149
lifestyle migrants’ concern for the health of their children 147
medical surcharge for Hong Kong BN(O) holders in the UK 625
hometowns of Chinese Overseas (qiaoxiang 侨乡)
bureaucratic designation 305
hometowns of Chinese Overseas
Hong Kong
Chinese Catholics in France 591
Chinese international students 100
Chinese weekend schools serving Hong Kongers 566
emigration in lead-up to 1997 handover 616
extradition bill protests 286
international students 116
new Hong Kong migrants in the UK
see Hong Kong migrants in the UK
university student activism 286
household strategy of migration 217
HSK test (Hanyu shuiping kaoshi 汉语水平考试)
see Chinese weekend schools
huaqiao 华侨
see overseas Chinese
see Chinese sojourner (huaqiao 华侨)
huaren 华人
see ethnic Chinese (huaren 华人)
huashang 华商
see Chinese traders (huashang 华商)
human geopolitics
highly skilled Chinese migrants 190
Il Cinese (crime novel)
see Sino-Italian cultural production: novels countering Chinese stereotypes
illegal migrants
see statusless migrants
immigrant investment programmes (IIPs)
see golden visa (GV) programmes
immigration restrictions
as barriers to migration aspirations 219
inequalities
see racial discrimination
see gender
see queer migration
informal sector
as part of labour market in Europe 407
growing presence of Chinese migrants in Europe 407
integration
Chinese international students 105
International Migration Database (OECD) 34
International Organization for Migration (IOM) 34
international student migration (ISM)
economic benefits for sending countries 278
geopolitical influence 278
legitimizing the sending country regime 278
involution (nei juan 内卷) 148
irregular migration
see statusless migrants
Italiani Made in China (TV show)
see representations of Chinese Italians in Italian media: reality TV
Italy
see Sino-Italian cultural production
see representations of Chinese Italians in the media
conflicts over the development of a Chinese ethnic enclave in Milan 337
COVID-19 pandemic, impact on Chinese-run businesses 390
diversification of occupational niches for Chinese migrants 386
garment manufacturing as a common occupation for Chinese migrants 385
interwar Chinese migration 383
post-1978 surge in Chinese migration 383
traditional Italian food services, entrance of Chinese migrants 390
Lavazza coffee commercials
see representations of Chinese Italians in Italian media: TV commercials
leave the country fever (chuguo re 出国热) 141
Malaysia
Chinese international students 100
Mao Zedong
post-Mao era 103
Marie Skłodowska-Curie Programme (EU–China) 75
masculinities of Chinese men 683 –686 Sino-Italian cultural production: novels countering Chinese stereotypes
mental health
Chinese international students’ mental health concerns 106
organizations providing services for Hong Kong migrants in the UK 628
middle-class Chinese
class and migration motivations 147
impact of One-Child Policy 147
involution to maintain lifestyle 148
lying flat as a response to competition 149
MigraChiCovid research project
COVID-19 and discrimination against Chinese in France 471
migrant entrepreneurs
see Chinese traders (huashang 华商)
see proxy purchasing (daigou 代购)
Chinese migrant entrepeneurs and their descendants in France and Spain 528
descendants of Chinese migrants in Europe in France and Spain 529
e-commerce 408
embeddedness 355
embeddedness and agency 379
migration objectives 134
mobilization of migrant community resources 330
patrilineal expectations in family businesses 395
reliance on family for labour 394
role in globalization 331
structural reasons migrants become self-employed 330
transformation of ethnic enclaves into tourist areas 337
types of market openings they fill 356
migration to China
developing family businessses through mobility to China 541
economic motivations 538
motivations for migration to China by Chinese migrants’ descendants 527
professional development for descendants of Chinese migrants 539
mobilities
see theories of migration
model minority myth
see racial discrimination
Moscow Entrepreneurs’ Association of Minbei in Jian’ou (MEAM, Minbei Mosike qiaoshang lianhehui 闽北莫斯科侨商联合会) 369
mother tongue loyalty
see language loyalty
national statistical institutes (NSIs) 34
naturalization
see citizenship
nei juan 内卷
see involution (nei juan 内卷)
neoclassical theory of migration
see theories of migration: neoclassical theory of migration
Netherlands, the
Chinese international students 78
new Cold War 100
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
International Migration Database
see International Migration Database (OECD)
orientalism 466
overproduction crisis in China 150
Overseas Chinese Affairs Office (OCAO) (PRC) (Guowuyuan qiaowu bangongshi 国务院侨务办公室) 35
overseas Chinese (huaqiao 华侨)
distinctive culture 307
parachute kids 81
patrilineal family structure
influence on Chinese migrant businesses 395
People’s Republic of China (PRC)
Overseas Chinese Affairs Office (OCAO) see Overseas Chinese Affairs Office (OCAO) (PRC)
(Guowuyuan qiaowu bangongshi 国务院侨务办公室)
State Council 35
People-to-People Dialogue (EU–China)
academic mobility 75
personal connections (guanxi 关系)
definition and insufficiency of English translations 412
importance to migrants’ economic activities 409
Poland
Chinese Catholic community 589
population of Chinese migrants in Europe 31 –61
difficulties in counting children and other descendants of migrants 61
discrepancies between EUROSTAT and UNDESA statistics 44
discrepancies between OCAO (PRC) and OCAC (Taiwan) statistics 38
Eurostat statistics on Chinese diaspora 43
far-right rhetoric versus reality 60
impact of arivals from former European colonies 39
limited previous research 37
OCAC (Taiwan) statistics on Chinese diaspora 41
UNDESA statistics on Chinese diaspora 40
Wenzhounese diaspora in France 40
price-performance-ratio (PPR) (xingjiabi 性价比)
evaluation of golden visa destinations 179
proxy purchasing (daigou 代购) 405 –428
as an informal business 416
as part of migrant digital entrepreneurial ecosystem 409
bonded imports (baoshui 保税) model 424
Chinese morality and overcoming distrust 418
connection to family situation 416
COVID-19 pandemic impacts 425
daigou-ers in France and Belgium 407
descendants of migrants 542
development of large-scale businesses 423
empowerment of female migrants 417
growing challenges to business model 424
human flesh (renrou 人肉) carriers 422
in France and Spain 529
introduction of term and its translation 406
luxury goods 420
novel digitization of transnational social relations 408
peak from 2010 to 2016 406
WeChat, role in building trust with customers 419
Qing dynasty 103
Qingtian County
attracting investment from emigrants 304
initial development 306
project to develop a European style 308
prominent sending area to China 298
quality (suzhi 素質) of the population
impact on academic mobility 75
racial discrimination
see Asian anti-Chinese racism in France 465 –468 , 483
anti-discrimination protests in France 467
definition in French law 465
gay Chinese men in Europe 510
narratives about racism among Chinese migrants and descendants in France 475
resistance in France 480
restrictive immigration laws 466
stereotypes of Chinese in Italy 682
Yellow Peril tropes in Italian TV commercials
see representations of Chinese Italians in Italian media
red tourism
as part of root-seeking tours 288
Reform and Opening-Up (gaige kaifang 改革开放)
Chinese Catholic dynamism in Europe 607
disadvantaged rural migrants 360
new migrants with an entrepreneurial mindset 141
overseas Chinese as a bridge to the world 355
undocumented Chinese migrants to Europe 467
relationships with children
role in migration decisions 230
remittances 228
representations of Chinese Italians in Italian media
see Sino-Italian cultural production
international anti-Chinese stereotypes 682
repression
as a tool of authoritarian state power 246
research methods
linguistic difficulties in interviewing diverse members of Chinese diaspora 472
residence by investment (RBI) programmes
see golden visa (GV) programmes
residency by investment
see golden visa (GV) programmes
Rong Hong (first Chinese international student) 103
root-seeking tours 250 , 256 , 287
address by Xi Jinping 250
for Chinese international university students 288
for teenagers 287
red tourism 288
run philosophy (runxue 润学)
academic mobility 77
impact on decision to apply for golden visa (GV) programmes 180
runxue 润学
see run philosophy (runxue 润学)
SARS epidemic
impact on Chinese restaurants in Italy 389
satellite kids 81
scholarship on Chinese migration to Europe 2 –5
critical perspectives 4
rapid maturation of the field 3
rejection of structuralist and functionalist approaches 3
relatively new field 2
The Chinese in Europe, first edited volume” 2
second-generation migrants in Europe
see descendants of Chinese migrants in Europe
sending state 1
separatism
mobilizing students to promote anti-separatism 248
sexism of parents
role in migration decisions 224
sexual and romantic relationships
as coping mechanisms for migrants 228
Sino-Italian cultural production 647 –650 representations of Chinese Italians in Italian media
artists’ and writers’ reflections on their Chinese heritage 658
gender of authors 648
overview of scholarly work 673
social media
see digital platforms
social networks
see embeddedness
;
see native-place associations
;
see migrant entrepreneurs
approach 352
social reproduction
versus social mobility 145
Southeast Asian Chinese diaspora
Chinese Catholics in France 591
political definition of Chinese diaspora 250
South Korea
Chinese international students 100
Spain
Chinese Catholic community 589
Chinese international students 446
Chinese migrant entrepreneurs and their descendants 528
labour market for female Chinese migrants 455
language proficiency of migrants 456
State Council’s Overseas Chinese Affairs Office (OCAO) 252
study-abroad fever
see Chinese international students: study-abroad fever
study mothers 81
suzhi 素質
see quality (suzhi 素質) of the population
Taiwan
Chinese Catholics in France 591
Chinese weekend schools serving Taiwanese 572
international students 116
Overseas Community Affairs Council (OCAC)
see Overseas Community Affairs Council (OCAC) (Taiwan) (Qiaowu weiyuanhi 僑務委員會)
tangping 躺平
see lying flat (tangping 躺平)
theories of migration
see scholarship on Chinese migration to Europe
Asian Critical Theory 472
aspiration/ability model 218
Chineseness
see Chineseness
,
see debates surrounding the concept
criticism of macro perspectives 216
cultural mobilities 675
cumulative causation 217
drive complexes framework 619
gender perspective 217
intergenerational transmission 534
lifestyle migration
see lifestyle migration
micro perspectives 216
multiple and intersecting mobilities 675
neoclassical theory of migration 135
queer migration
see queer migration theories
relative deprivation 216
transnational networks 620
world systems theory 216
Tiananmen Square
positive perceptions of refugees in France 467
relation to migration to Hungary 140
Tibetans
extraterritorial control by the CCP 247
tongzhi 同志
see gay (tongzhi 同志)
transnational economic activities 408
turnkey projects
see Chinese infrastructure projects in Europe: engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) projects
UK, the 212 –233 , 620 –634
admission of low-skilled migrants 221
Chinese international students 112
Chinese weekend school first established in 1930s 559
“hostile environment” policy 220
irregular migration 221
leave to remain for legacy cases 229
restrictions on low-skilled migrants 220
work visa requirements 220
undocumented migrants
see statusless migrants
United Front Work Department (Zhonggong zhongyang tongyi zhanxian gongzuobu 中共中央统一战线工作部) 252 , 282 –284
Uyghurs
extraterritorial control by the CCP 247
United Nations Institute for Statistics (UIS) 34
universities
see Higher education institutions
WeChat
see digital platforms
business operations
see digital platforms
Chinese Catholics’ response to COVID-19 pandemic 599
connecting women 420
parents’ groups in Hungary 140
proxy purchasing 419
Wenzhou Model of garment manufacturing 385
Western Returned Scholars Association (Oumei tongxuehui 欧美同学会) (WRSA)
co-option by CCP 248
women in migration
as members of the destination country labour force 438
blaming women for left-behind children 440
effects on European marriage market 441
intersectional perspectives on Chinese female migrants 439
labour market in Spain 455
language proficiency 456
motherhood and international care chains 438
Northeast Chinese migrants to Europe 440
romantic ideologies 441
self-realization 444
Spain as a destination for female middle-class migrants 442
unequal impacts of migration 438
World Federation of Overseas Chinese Associations (Shijie huaqiao huaren shetuan lianyi dahui 世界华侨华人社团联谊大会) 259
World Huaqiao Huaren Entrepreneurs Conference (Shijie Huaqiao huaren gongshang dahui 世界华侨华人工商大会) 259
Xi Jinping
address on the Chinese diaspora 250
Chinese international students role in geopolitical strategy 285
the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 299
xingjiabi 性价比
see price-performance-ratio (PPR) (xingjiabi 性价比)
xin yimin 新移民
see new migrants (xin yimin 新移民)
Zhejiang Province
migration to Italy 384
migration to Spain and France 528
reasons why Wenzhou became a major migrant-sending area 385
reciprocal ties between entrepreneurs in Italy 396
Zhou Enlai 103