Figures
1 Klingon alphabet and numerals 7
2 The Gift of Silliness covers and example pages 10
3 Face with tears of joy emoji 11
4 Hornbooks (Windsor Historical Society, 2020) 28
5 The Universal Penman Spelling Book (Windsor Historical Society, 2020) 29
6 Falmon smiley 36
7 Popular kaomoji 37
8 Semeion of basic diagnosis 43
9 Saussurean dyadic model of semiosis 44
10 Saussurean dyadic model of sign with cat as signifier 45
11 Piercean Model of the Sign 46
12 Semiosis of “cat” 47
13 No semiosis achieved 1 48
14 No semiosis achieved 2 49
15 New London Group’s multimodal meaning 58
16 Purdue OWL Visual Literacy (Purdue OWL, 2022) 61
17 Semioliteracy 64
18 Data sets 73
19 Microsoft Segoe UI fonts: symbol versus emoji 97
20 Emoji in Canvas course with educator style guide applied 101
21 Emoji in Canvas: educator-created style guide 101
22 The author’s Memoji stickers screenshot, taken on her iPhone 104
23 Emoji as Christian art literacy 107
Tables
1 Reading and writing TSIA content mastery areas 4
2 Arrendale’s Six Phases of Developmental Education 20
3 Emoji as pictographs, logographs, and ideograms 35
4 Research questions with survey questions groupings 70
5 Research questions with corresponding methodologies 71
6 Q2 emoji use frequency 81
7 Q19–26 answer key 82
8 G11 responses to Q19 and Q20 83
9 R2 responses to Q25 and Q26 83
10 P7 responses to Q23 and Q24 84
11 Q5 and Q6 86
12 Q7 and Q8 87
13 Q25 and Q26 89
14 Q27 and Q28 90
15 Q35 and Q36 91
16 Emoji to be cancelled 2023 94
17 Q27–Q36 CS and CD responses as metalingual writing examples 96
18 Public healthcare emoji reimagined in Petcoff, Palaganas, and Danesi healthcare-based study (Petcoff et al., 2023) 106