Index
This index contains several site names, for sites mentioned in the narrative. It also names several individuals. A more helpful index of sites by name is found in the Gazetteer, beginning on page 120.
A more helpful index to individual contributors is the References section, beginning on page 205, which is alphabetical by senior author.
Acalán, territory of
xvii, xxiii, xxvii
accuracy
xix, xxi, xxv–xxvi, 112
adaptive regions
xvi, xx, xxii, xxvii, 4
agricultural intensification
xv
alliance
xv, 4
Ancient Maya, The (book, six editions) by Morley, Brainerd, Sharer, Traxler
xv–xix, xxiii, xxvii
Andrews, V, E. Wyllys
v
ArcGIS Desktop version 10.8
xviii
Architecture
ix–x, xv–xvii, xix, xxi–xxii
ballcourt
xv, xxvi
causeways
ix, xv, xix–xx, xxii
dynastic histories
xv
inter-site causeways
xx
intra-site causeways
xx
marketplaces
xv, xix
palace
ix, xv, xix, xxv–xxvii
plaza
xv, xvii
sacbe, sacbeo’ob
xx, xxii.
Causeways
stairs
xv
temple
ix, xv, xix, xxv–xxvi
tomb
xv
artist
112
astronomical calculations
xv
Baerenwald, Paul
xi
ballcourt
xv, xxvi
Barteet, Cody
xxvi
Batún Alpuche, Adolfo Ivan
xvii
Beach, Timothy
xi, xxvii, 4
Belize
xvi, xix–xx, xxii, 1–6, 112
Benavides Castillo, Antonio
xi
Berry, Jack
xi
Bey, George
xi
births
xv
Blom, Frans
v, ix, xvii
Borderlands
xvi
cultural identity
xvi
inferring ethnicity
xvi
not a fixed quality of individuals
xvi
people negotiate their social and cultural identities
xvi
culturally Maya sites
ix–x, xvi–xvii, xix–xxi, xxiii–xxiv, xxvii, 4, 7
other archaeological cultures
xvi
Lenca
xvi
Olmec
xvi, xxv
shared cultural characteristics
xvi
attribution
xvi
boundary
ix, xvi, xix–xxiii, 5
Bracken, Justin
xi
Brown, Flora
xi
building materials
xxii
Burgos Villanueva, Rafael
xi
Buschman, Peter
xi
Cain, Tiffany C.
xi
calendrics
xv, xvii
Calotmul
xxiii
Campeche
ix–x, xvi–xvii, xix, xxiii–xxiv, xxvii, 1, 5
canals
xv, xxii
Canuto, Marcello A.
v, xi
cartographic and itinerary histories
xxiii, xxvi–xxvii
cartographic tradition, Mesoamerican
xv, xxiii–xxvii
cartographs that sacrifice longitudinal and latitudinal accuracy in favour of relational connections between geographies and towns
xxv
cartography
xviii, xxiii, xxvi
Catherwood, Frederick
112
Causeways
ix, xv, xix–xx, xxii
inter-site causeways
xx
intra-site causeways
xx
celestial maps
xxiii, xxvi
Chase, Adrian
xi
Chase, Arlen F.
xi
chert
xxii
Chiapas
xvi–xvii, xix, 4–5, 112
chinampas
xv
Christenson, Allen
xxiv
Chronology of the Maya Culture
xvii
1. Paleoamericans
xvii
ancestors of modern Native Americans
xvii
arrived 12,000–20,000 years ago
xvii
genetic evidence
xvii
2. Archaic (ending ~1800 BC)
xvii
lived in a more modern climatic regime
xvii
3. Formative (~1800 BC–AD 250)
xvii
a) Early Formative (~1800 BC–1000 BC)
xvii
adoption of a sedentary agricultural lifestyle
xvii
b) Middle Formative (1000 BC–350 BC)
xvii
complex social structures
xvii
rapidly growing populations
xvii
c) Late Formative (350 BC–AD250
xvii
cities of impressive size
xvii
massive architectural monuments
xvii
robust political institutions
xvii
4. Classic (AD 250–AD 900)
ix, xv–xvii, xxiii–xxv, xxvii
a) Early Classic (AD 250–AD 600)
xvii, xxv
conquests in the Maya area
xvii
Teotihuacán exerted powerful influence
xvii
b) Late Classic (AD 600–AD 900)
xv, xvii, xxiv, xxvii
culture reached its apogee
xvi–xvii
demographic peak
xvi–xvii
economically
xvii
every civilization carries the seeds of its own destruction
xvii
c) Terminal Classic (AD 800–AD 1100)
ix, xvii
causes of the collapse
xvii
drought
xvii
environmental degradation
xvii
large regions left depopulated
xvii
overpopulation
xvii
political and demographic collapse
xvii
warfare
xvii
monuments inscribed with Long Count calendar dates
xvii
5. Postclassic (AD 900–AD 1520)
xvii, xxiii
AD
900–1520
Chichén Itzá
xvii, xix
codices (books)
xvii
Early Postclassic (AD 900–AD 1250)
xvii
Late Postclassic (AD 1250–AD 1520)
xvii
Maya culture blended and survived
xvii
Maya culture survived
xvii
Mayapan
xvii
slow cultural, demographic, economic, and political revival
xvii
6. Post Conquest
culture survives today despite centuries of repression, discrimination, and genocide
xvii
modern descendants of the ancient Maya
xvii
role in the study and conservation of their archaeological patrimony
xvii
chronology defined archaeologically
xvii
artifact and architectural types
xvii
radiocarbon dating from good contexts are rare
xvii
Cities
xv, xvii, xix, 112
Chichén Itzá
xvii, xix
Mayapán
xvii, xxiii–xxiv
Teotihuacán
xvii, xxv
Tikal
xvii, xix, xxiv, 112
clay
xxii
coastal plain
xvi, 4
Cobos Palma, Rafael
xi
codex
xv, xxvi
cognitive archaeology
xxiii
Cojti Ren, Iyaxel
xvii
Collapse
xvii
causes of the collapse
xvii
drought
xvii
environmental degradation
xvii
large regions left depopulated
xvii
overpopulation
xvii
political and demographic collapse
xvii
warfare
xvii
commodities
xv
completeness of the Atlas
ix, xvi, xix, xxi
Complex society
administrative centers
xv
architecture
ix–x, xv–xvii, xix, xxi–xxii
boundary survey
xxiii
city, cities
ix, xv, xvii, xix–xx, xxiii, xxvii, 1, 112
complex and sophisticated civilization
xv
complexity of culture
xvi
cultural subdivisions
xvi
cultural traits
xvi
data available
xvi
distinctive social, economic, and political functions
xv
evolution of the urban state
xv
factories
xv
kinship
xv
language
xvi–xvii, xxiii–xxiv
large areas have not been surveyed
xxi
marketplaces
xv, xix
commodities
xv
foodstuffs
xv
manufactured goods
xv
metes-and-bounds survey of the borders of the Province of Maní
xxiii
occupations
xv, xxiv
political power
xv
remains
ix, xv–xvii, xix, xxi–xxii, xxv
replacement of social structures
xv
residence
xv, xix
scale
ix, xv–xvii, xix–xxii, xxiv, xxvi–xxvii
sites
v, ix, xv–xxii, xxiv–xxv, xxvii, 2–4, 6–7, 112
size
xv–xvii, xix–xxii, xxvi–xxvii, 4
survey
ix–x, xvi–xvii, xix–xxi, xxiii–xxiv, xxvii, 4, 7
unevenness of archaeological survey
xix
urban civilization
xv
Coordinate systems
xvii–xviii, xxi, xxiv, 7, 112
geographic coordinates
xxi
latitude and longitude in the WGS 1984 system
xxi
native data system in the Atlas (EAAMS) database
xxi
projected coordinates
xxi
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system
xxi
UTM eastings and northings in meters
xxi
UTM zones
xxi
15 North and 16 North
xxi
boundary between UTM zones
xxi
coronations
xv
Cortés’s (1986) account
xxiii
Cortés, Hernán
xxiii
Corzo D., Lilian
xi
Countries
xvi–xvii, xx–xxi, 5
Belize
xvi, xix–xx, xxii, 1–6, 112
El Salvador
xvi, xx, 1–6
Guatemala
xvi–xvii, xix–xx, xxii, xxv, xxvii, 1–6, 112
Honduras
xvi, xix–xx, xxiii, 1–6, 112
Mexico
x, xvi–xvii, xix–xx, xxiii–xxv, xxvii, 1–6, 112
Covarrubias Reyna, Miguel
xi
Crimmel, Thomas
xi
cultural characteristics
xvi
cultural identity
xvi
cultures, central Mexican
ix–x, xvi–xvii, xxi, xxiii–xxvii, 2–4, 112
deaths
xv
deciduous thorn forest
xvi
decipherment
xv
Delgado Kú, Pedro
xi
demography
ix, xvi–xvii
Department of Petén
xvi
divinatory almanacs
xv
drainage area
xx
Dunning, Nicholas P.
xi, xxvii, 4
dynastic histories
xv
EAAMS
xviii.
Electronic Atlas of Ancient Maya Sites (EAAMS)
economics
xvi
Ek, Jerry
xi
El Salvador
xvi, xx, 1–6
Electronic Atlas of Ancient Maya Sites (EAAMS)
xviii, xxvii
ArcGIS Desktop version 10.8
xviii
ESRI
xviii, 2–3
extensive dynamic electronic resource
xviii
geographic information system
xviii
GIS
ix, xviii, xxi, 2–3
printed atlas is a static version of EAAMS
xviii
Elevation data
xx, 2–3
acquired by Mamoru “Mark” Mohri on STS-99
xx
background for every detail map
xx
consistent elevation data across all countries
xx
hill-shading
xx
emphasizes relief
xx
multi-dimensional hill-shade function
xx
horizontal resolution of 90 m
xx
hypsometric tinting
xx
at higher elevations colors change less rapidly with elevation change
xx
color-coded to show rapid elevation changes at low elevations
xx
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)
xx
vertical resolution of one meter
xx
Emery, Kitty F.
xi
environment
xv–xvii
environmental degradation
xvii
environmentally variable
xvi
Escamilla Ojeda, Bárbara
xi
Estrada-Belli, Francisco
xi
ethnicity
xvi
facilities for cartography
xviii
farmers
ix, xv, xvii
Ferguson, Josalyn
xi
fields
xv, xxii, xxvi–xxvii
artificial island fields
xv
ditched fields
xv
raised fields
xv
wetland fields
xv, xxii, xxvii
floating gardens
xv
Food production
xv
agricultural intensification
xv
agricultural settlement density
xv
artificial island fields
xv
canals
xv, xxii
chinampas
xv
ditched fields
xv
farmers
ix, xv, xvii
floating gardens
xv
irrigation systems
xv
lateral percolation of water from canals
xv
productive capacity
xv
rainfall
xv–xvi, xix–xx, xxii, 3
raised fields
xv
slash-and-burn
xv
surplus
xv
water features
xxii
wetland fields
xv, xxii, xxvii
yields
xv
foodstuffs
xv
Ford, Anabel
xi
Gallareta Cervera, Tomás
xi
Gates, William E.
v
Gazetteer
xx, xxii, 120
author citation and year
xxii
country
x, xx, xxii, xxvii, 112
municipio
xxii
state, department or district
xxii
lists each site alphabetically
xxii
north latitude and west longitude
xxii
number of the map sheet
xxii
reference number of the full citation
xxii
site name
xix, xxii
site rank
xix–xxii, xxvii, 7
Geographic Information System (GIS)
xviii
accept spatial data recorded in a wide range of file formats, coordinate systems, and projections
xviii
computer application
xviii
facilities for cartography
xviii
geographic data have peculiarities
xviii
calculation of distances, angles, and areas is mathematically different and more complicated
xviii
points, lines, and areas on the surface of a spheroid
xviii
spatial data actually represent points, lines, and areas
xviii
keep the precise location of many sites confidential to forestall looting
xviii
making maps
xviii
share data
xviii
spatial data: store, query, and analyze
xviii
Geographic regions
xvi
adaptive regions
xvi, xx, xxii, xxvii, 4
demography
ix, xvi–xvii
economics
xvi
environmentally variable
xvi
dry and rocky zones
xvi
lowlands
xv–xvi, xix–xxii, xxvii, 2–4
mountains
xvi, xx, xxvii, 4
rainforest
xvi, xix–xx
geomorphology
xvi, 4
hydrology
xvi, xx
settlement
x, xv–xvii, xix, xxi–xxiv, xxvii
soils
xvi, xx, xxii, 6
subsistence
xvi
trade
xvi–xvii, xxvii
Yucatán Peninsula
xvi
deciduous thorn forest
xvi
triple-canopy rainforest
xvi
geomorphology
xvi, 4
Giliberto, Alessandra
xi
GIS (Geographic Information System)
ix, xviii, xxi, 2–3
Glover, Jeffrey B.
xi
goal of archaeology
xxiii
González de la Mata, Maria Rocío
xi
Guatemala
xvi–xvii, xix–xx, xxii, xxv, xxvii, 1–6, 112
Hammond, Kate
xi
Hansen, Richard D.
xi
Helmke, Christophe
xi, xxvi
Hixson, David R.
xi
Hobel, Martin
xi
Honduras
xvi, xix–xx, xxiii, 1–6, 112
House of the Governor
xxiii
Huasteca
xvi
eastern San Luís Potosí
xvi
Huastec
xvi
northern Veracruz
xvi
not in Maya area
xvi
southern Tamaulipas
xvi
Human Genome Project
xvii
Hunactí
xxiii
Hydrology
xvi, xx
Rivers
xx, xxii–xxiii, 4
appearance on the detail maps
xx
lakes and seas shown in blue
xx
river width does not reflect literal shorelines
xx
rivers scaled to reflect the size of their upstream drainage area
xx
hydrology
xvi, xx
hypsometric tinting
xx
Iannone, Gyles
xi
indigenous style of cartography
xxiii
Inomata, Takeshi
xi
inscription
xxvi–xxvii
irrigation
xv
isohyets
xx, 3
Itinerary histories
xxiii, xxv–xxvii
cartographs that sacrifice longitudinal and latitudinal accuracy in favour of relational connections between geographies and towns
xxv
earliest Maya map currently known
xxv
description of
xxv
mural fragment at La Sufricaya in the site of Holmul
xi, xxii–xxiii, xxv–xxvii, 4, 112
road marked by footprints
xxv
Itinerary maps
xxv–xxvi
journey being represented was one that actually occurred
xxv
placenames, dates, and personal names
xxv
singular historical event
xxv
show journeys, travels, or processions by individuals or groups
xxv
K’atun wheels
xxiii–xxiv, xxvi
discussion of
xxiii
resemble the circular maps
xxiv
cardinal directions are labeled
xxiv
circular shape
xxiv
cosmogony and the cyclic recreation of the world
xxiv
maps may be cosmograms as well as calendars
xxiv
overlaying time and space
xxiv
statues of turtles with k’atun wheels
xxiii
use in Books of Chilam Balam
xxiv–xxv
use in Postclassic
xxiii
Kelly, Joyce
xi
king
xv
Kolbenstetter, Marie
xi
Kurjack, Edward
xi
Laguna de Términos
xxiii
lake
xx, xxiii, xxv, 6
language
xvi–xvii, xxiii–xxiv
lateral percolation
xv
Latin alphabet
xxiii
latitude
xxi–xxii
Lenca
xvi
Leventhal, Richard M.
xi
LiDAR
v, xv, xvii–xviii, xx–xxii, xxvii, 7
a revolution in the archaeology of tropical forests
xx
airborne remote sensing
xx
archaeological features, detection of
xx
areas surveyed by LiDAR are outlined with a dashed line on detail maps
xx
chronology of LiDAR use
a) developed in the 1960s
xx
b) widely employed in the 1970s
xx
c) little impact on Maya archaeology until about 2010
xx
data points, billions of
xx
data processing is a difficult problem
xx
Light detection and ranging
xx
map areas in a few days or weeks
xx
three-dimensional model of the ground surface
xx
tree canopy
xx
limestone marl
xxii
Lohse, John
xi
looting
xviii
Lounsbury, Floyd
xxvi
lowlands
xv–xvi, xix–xxii, xxvii, 2–4
Maní, Province of
xviii, xxiii–xxvii
manufactured goods
xv
Maps
ix, xvi–xxvii, 1–3, 112
accessible to archaeologists
xix
accuracy and completeness
xix
archaeological datasets
xix
archaeological visibility
xix
celestial maps
xxiii, xxvi
density of recorded sites
xix
geospatial information
xix
inaccessible areas of dense jungle
xix
resolution
xix–xx, 3
scale
ix, xv–xvii, xix–xxii, xxiv, xxvi–xxvii
settlement patterns
x, xv, xvii, xix, xxiii, xxvii
sources are published
xix
unevenness of archaeological survey
xix
Maps drawn by the Maya
xxiii–xxiv, xxvi
circular maps and Maya conceptions of geography
xxiv
Altar de los Reyes
xxiv
analogous to a K’atun wheel
xxiv
circular altar bearing thirteen emblem glyphs
xxiv
glyphs for Tikal, Calakmul, Palenque, Motul de San José, Edzná, Altun Ha
xxiv
mundane justifications for circular maps
xxiv
any landscape appears circular to a viewer
xxiv
certain projections naturally generate circular maps
xxiv, xxvi–xxvii
mapping a region using distances and directions from a central point
xxiv
Early Evidence
xxiii
Acalán
xxiii, xxvii
Cortés’s (1986) account
xxiii
maps drawn on cloths
xxiii
maps could communicate geographic information across a high cultural barrier
xxiii
Maya knew the landscape intimately for great distances
xxiii
k’atun wheel
xxiii–xxiv
circular maps resemble
xxiii
Long Count calendar of the Classic
xxiii
Short Count
xxiii
statues of turtles with k’atun wheels
xxiii
u kahlay k’atuno’ob
xxiii
use of
xxiii
Map of the Province of Maní
xxiii
a series of ovals
xxiii
contains the names of settlements outside the province
xxiii
boundary survey
xxiii
contemporaneous maps
xxiii
circular maps were made throughout Mesoamerica
xxiii
circular maps were not created exclusively by the Maya
xxiii
circular writings or paintings, in Yucatec Maya as u pepet ts’ibil
xxiii
creating a perspective that is community-centric
xxiii
map of Yucatán from the Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel
xxiii
Melchor Alfaro’s map of Tabasco from the Relaciones Geográficas
xxiii
dating from 1557
xxiii
earliest surviving document written in the Yucatec Maya language using the Latin alphabet
xxiii
earliest surviving historic Maya map
xxiii
first published by John Lloyd Stephens
xxiii
Incidents of Travel in Yucatan (1843)
xxiii
intended to settle, or perhaps forestall, boundary disputes
xxiii
large circle
xxiii
important settlements are marked with small drawings of churches
xxiii
locations of the main settlements
xxiii
Maní itself, the capital, in the center
xxiii
minor places marked by simple rectangles, or dots
xxiii
towns are connected by roads
xxiii
Uxmal
xix, xxiii, xxvi–xxvii, 1, 112
metes-and-bounds survey of the borders of the Province of Maní
xxiii
municipal archives of the town of Maní
xxiii
record of a land treaty
xxiii
Roys observations
circular maps resemble k’atun wheels
xxiii
circular style of the map
xxiii
east-is-up orientation
xxiii
indigenous style of cartography
xxiii
placement of the capital in the center
xxiii
Maya maps closely resemble modern topological maps
xxvi
diagrams that ignore scale, distance, and direction to focus on structure
xxvi
medieval maps
xxiii
circular with east at the top
xxiii
Jerusalem in the center
xxiii
mappae mundi
xxiii
Maya maps do not follow European style
xxiii
stype in disuse by 16th century
xxiii
T-O or Isidoran style
xxiii
Mesoamerican cartographic tradition
xxiii, xxvi
Barbara Mundy, reviewed by
ix, xv, xix–xx, xxii–xxvii
cartographic and itinerary histories
xxiii, xxvi–xxvii
central Mexican cultures
xxiii
maps overlay or conflate time and space
xxiii
Maya cartography
xxiii
Mixtecs
xxiii
Zapotecs
xxiii
must reflect prehispanic native intellectual traditions and conceptions
xxiv
roads to
xxiii
Honduras
xvi, xix–xx, xxiii, 1–6, 112
Mexico City
xvii, xxiii
Market exchange
commodities
xv
foodstuffs
xv
goods
xv
manufactured goods
xv
services
xv
marketplaces
xv, xix
marriages
xv
Masson, Marilyn A.
xi
Maya area
ix, xi, xvi–xvii, xix, xxi–xxiii, xxvii, 112
area covered
xvi–xvii, xix
boundaries of the area were not static
xvi
definition
xvi, xix, xxi–xxii, xxvi
Maya highlands
xvi
mountain ranges
xvi
northern highlands
xvi
southern highlands
xvi
Pacific coastal plains
xvi
coastal plain
xvi, 4
piedmont
xvi, 4
Southern area
xvi
Maya lowlands
xv–xvi, xix–xx, xxii, xxvii, 4
Central area
xvi
epicenter of Maya cultural development
xvi
large archaeological sites
xvi, xix
massive stone buildings
xvi
Maya Mountains
xvi, xxvii, 4
Northern area
xvi
Mayan language family
xvi
Modern states/countries
Belize
xvi, xix–xx, xxii, 1–6, 112
Campeche
ix–x, xvi–xvii, xix, xxiii–xxiv, xxvii, 1, 5
Chiapas
xvi–xvii, xix, 4–5, 112
Department of Petén
xvi
El Salvador
xvi, xx, 1–6
Honduras
xvi, xix–xx, xxiii, 1–6, 112
Mexico
x, xvi–xvii, xix–xx, xxiii–xxv, xxvii, 1–6, 112
Quintana Roo
ix–x, xvi–xvii, xix, 4–5
southern Guatemala
xvi
Tabasco
xvi, xxiii, 5
Yucatán
ix, xvi–xvii, xix, xxii–xxiv, xxvii, 4–5
Maya cartography
, xxiii.
Maps drawn by the Maya
Maya culture
xvi–xvii
culture reached its apogee
xvi–xvii
aesthetically
xvi
culturally
xvi–xvii
demographic peak
xvi–xvii
scientifically
xvi
Maya culture area
xvi
Maya Mountains
xvi, xxvii, 4
Maya region
ix, xvi–xvii, xx, xxiii, 112
Mayer, Karl Herbert
xi
McAnany, Patricia Ann
xi
Melchor Alfaro
xxiii
Merk, Stephan
xi
Mesoamerican cartographic tradition
xxiii, xxvi
Mexico
x, xvi–xvii, xix–xx, xxiii–xxv, xxvii, 1–6, 112
Minard, Charles Joseph
xxvi
mineral deposits
xxii
Mines and quarries
xxii
building materials
xxii
chert
xxii
clay
xxii
limestone marl
xxii
mineral deposits
xxii
obsidian
xviii, xxii, xxvii
Mohri, Mamoru “Mark”
xx
Morales-Aguilar, Carlos
xi
Morley, Sylvanus
xviii
mountains
xvi, xx, xxvii, 4
Mundy, Barbara
xxiii, xxvi
natural environment
xvi
Neff, Hector
xi
northern highlands
xvi
obsidian
xviii, xxii, xxvii, 83, 110
Occupations
xv, xxiv
administrators
xv
artists
xv
bakers
xv
brewers
xv
king
xv
leatherworkers
xv
merchants
xv, xxiii
nobles
xv
priests
xv
queen
xv
rulers
xv, xvii
scribes
xv
soldiers
xv
weavers
xv
Olmec
xvi, xxv
Pacific
xvi, xxvii, 1–6
palace
ix, xv, xix, xxv–xxvii
patterns of environment and adaptation
xvi
Peraza López, Carlos
xi
Physical and cultural geography
xvi
30 to 40 adaptive regions
xvi
adaptive regions
xvi, xx, xxii, xxvii, 4
complexity
xv–xvi, xix, xxii, xxvii, 112
deciduous thorn forest
xvi
demography
ix, xvi–xvii
dry and rocky zones
xvi
economic diversity
xvi
economics
xvi
environmentally variable
xvi
fostering trade
xvi
geomorphology
xvi, 4
hydrology
xvi, xx
land of contrasts
xvi
landforms
xvi
lowlands
xv–xvi, xix–xxii, xxvii, 2–4
mountains
xvi, xx, xxvii, 4
natural environment
xvi
natural variety
xvi
patterns of environment and adaptation
xvi
products
xvi
rainfall
xv–xvi, xix–xx, xxii, 3
rainfall varies dramatically
xvi
rainforest
xvi, xix–xx
settlement
x, xv–xvii, xix, xxi–xxiv, xxvii
specialized resources
xvi
subsistence
xvi
terrain
xvi, xix–xx, xxvii, 6
triple-canopy rainforest
xvi
variability
xvi, xx, xxii
Yucatán Peninsula
xvi
plaza
xv, xvii
Political subdivisions
xx, xxii, 5
first-level administrative subdivisions for each country
xx
departments for Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua
xx
districts for Belize
xx
states for Mexico
xx
modern cultural features not included
xx
using the gazetteer
xx, 120
Precision and accuracy
xxi
accuracy
xix, xxi, xxv–xxvi, 112
most sites are represented by a single point
xxi
point locations fall within the site boundaries
xxi
recent data appear accurate to a few meters
xxi
sites are within a few hundred meters of mapped point
xxi
small sites commonly measure several hundred meters in diameter
xxi
checking site locations
xxi
Google Earth
xxi
LiDAR data
xxi
multiple coordinates for the same site
xxi
preferred GPS points
xxi
remote sensing data
xxi
satellite imagery
xxi
SRTM data
xx–xxi
topographic maps
xxi
completeness of the Atlas
ix, xvi, xix, xxi
continuous settlement distributions
xxi
destruction of sites
xxi
information is too inaccurate to justify inclusion
xxi
known sites are incompletely recorded
xxi
large areas have not been surveyed
xxi
missed some sources and the sites
xxi
not all sites are known
xxi
problem of site definition
xxi–xxii
sites withheld from the Atlas
xxi
researchers requests
xxi
sites that are not yet adequately recorded or protected
xxi
still-unpublished data
xxi
normally kept confidential
xxi
we do not possess location information
xxi
depends on original sources
xv, xxi, xxvi
depends upon field observations
xxi
sources vary widely
xxi
imprecision and inaccuracy
xxi
deriving the latitude and longitude of sites from published maps
xxi
converting projected data to geographical coordinates
xxi
georeferencing
ix, xxi
no geographic reference provided
xxi
projection, datum, and geoid
xxi
difficulties in orienteering
xxi
old maps of low accuracy
xxi
published coordinates rounded to the nearest 100 m
xxi
reprojecting geographical data
xxi
selective availability of the GPS system
xxi
precision
ix, xxi, xxvi
productive capacity
xv
products
xvi
Project goals
aesthetic and easy-to-consult format
xviii
comprehensive macro- or supraregional data
xvii
data sets that have been harmonized and conformed across …
xvii
modern countries
xvii
research projects
xvii
units of measure
xvii, xxiv
documented Maya archaeological sites
xvii
fills an urgent scientific need
xvii
geographical locations
xvii
geospatial database
xvii
individual projects rarely extend beyond the local area
xvii
recent large LiDAR projects rarely exceed 2000 km²
xvii
interregional scale
xvii
agro-ecosystems
xvii
demography
ix, xvi–xvii
large-scale political structure
xvii
long distance trade
xvii
response and adaptation to the physical environment
xvii
variation in settlement patterns
xvii
make it widely available to both scholars and the public
xviii
original scientific contribution of this work
xvii
Archaeological Sites in the Maya Area
ix, xvii, xxvii
1940 edition
ix, xvii
MARI map
v, xvii, xxvii
Middle American Research Institute
v, ix–x, xvii, xxvii
Ruins in the Maya Area
ix, xvii, xxvii
Tulane’s 1940 map
ix, xvii
most complete, extensive, and accurate mapping of Maya sites that has ever existed
xvii
National Geographic
xvii
resource is essential for research
xvii
scientific significance of the Atlas
xvii
hypothesis-generating research
xvii
manifests the complex narrative about how the ancient Maya related to the landscape and to each other
xviii
permits and inspires the testing of myriad hypotheses and models
xviii
network analyses of ancient obsidian exchange
xviii
predictive modeling of archaeological site locations
xviii
repurposing of environmental LiDAR for archaeology
xviii
tool for our colleagues
xvii
substantive use of the data
xviii
Nature Human Behaviour
xviii
PLOS ONE
xviii
projection
xvi, xviii, xxi, xxiv, xxvi–xxvii
queen
xv
Quintana Roo
ix–x, xvi–xvii, xix, 4–5
Rainfall
xv–xvi, xix–xx, xxii, 3
average annual rainfall
xx
extreme variability of conditions
xx
isohyets
xx, 3
tinting
xx
rainforest
xvi, xix–xx
rainforest, triple-canopy
xv–xx
regions, adaptive
xvi–xvii, xix–xxii, xxv, xxvii, 4
Relaciones Geográficas
xxiii
repurposing of environmental LiDAR for archaeology
xviii
response and adaptation to the physical environment
xvii
Ringle, William
xi
river
xx, xxii–xxiii, 4
Rohrer, Patrick
xi
Ruhl, Thomas
xi, xxvii
Rulers
xv, xvii
army
xv, xxvi
calligraphy
xv
carved inscriptions
xv
codex
xv, xxvi
codices
xv, xvii, xxvi–xxvii
divinatory almanacs
xv
king
xv
lords and priests
xv
marriage
xv
master artists
xv
processions
xv, xxv
queen
xv
sacred rites
xv
tables of astronomical calculations
xv
sacbe, sacbeo’ob
xx, xxii.
Causeways
scale
ix, xv–xvii, xix–xxii, xxiv, xxvi–xxvii
services
xv
Settlement
x, xv–xvii, xix, xxi–xxiv, xxvii
ceremonial centers
xv
clusters of structures, such as patio groups
xx
density
xv, xix–xxi
dispersed
xv
dispersed patterns of residential settlement
xv
evolution of the urban state
xv
geographical data
xv, xxi
habitational structures
xv
kitchen
xv
large sites
xv
LiDAR
v, xv, xvii–xviii, xx–xxii, xxvii, 7
low density
xv
mapping
v, xv, xvii, xx, xxiv
population
xv, xvii, xix
population of the Maya lowlands
xv
shared plaza
xv
urban character of Maya sites
xv
where are the sites
xv
settlement, agricultural
xv
Shaw, Justine M.
xi
shorelines
xx
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)
xx, 2–3
Site definition
xxi–xxii
any landscape appears circular to a viewer
xxiv
data from the field investigators
xxii
entire landscape
xxii
agricultural features
xxii
bridges
xxii, xxvii
caves
xix, xxii
defensive walls and fortifications
xxii
dense rural settlement
xxii
mines and quarries
xxii
port facilities
xxii
roads
xx, xxii–xxiii, xxv–xxvii
salt production facilities
xxii
traditionally-defined sites
xxii
water features
xxii
farmstead
xxii
field walls and platforms
xxii
manifests the complex narrative about how the ancient Maya related to the landscape and to each other
xviii
Maya knew the landscape intimately for great distances
xxiii
philosophical problem
xxi
artifacts and/or features
xxi
definition of their spatial boundaries
xxi
entire landscape
xxii
sites are not in reality things
xxi
practical difficulty with site definition
xxi
problem of site definition has not been solved
xxii
sites have vague and diffuse edges
xxii
view of space, landscape, and territory
xxiii
Site ranks
xix
1 first rank
ix, xv–xvii, xix–xxiv, xxvi–xxvii, 7
commercial exchange through marketplaces
xix
examples of Rank 1 sites
xix
governance in public and administrative venues
xix
large populations
xix
manufacturing in workshops
xix
monumental construction
xix
multiple social, economic, political, and religious functions
xix
rare and very large
xix
recreation in sports arenas
xix
religious devotion through the celebration of public ritual
xix
significant investment in public architecture
xix
transportation through nodes in road networks
xix
2 second rank
ix, xvi, xix–xxii, xxiv, xxvi–xxvii, 7
more common
xix
smaller cities or large towns
xix
very large archaeological sites
xix
3 third rank
xix–xxii, xxvii, 7
villages
xv, xix
4 fourth rank
xix–xxii, xxv–xxvii, 7
hamlets and small ruins
xx
5 fifth rank
xix–xxii, xxvii, 7
clusters of structures, such as patio groups
xx
isolated structures
xx
Sites
v, ix, xv–xxii, xxiv–xxv, xxvii, 2–4, 6–7, 112
areal extent
xx
extent of the site is sufficient to suggest a “metropolitan area”
xx
bounding polygon
xx
ellipse
xx
evolved into modern communities
xvii
how the archaeological sites were found
xvii
Site names
xix
archaeologists do not always name all sites
xix
informal, non-governmental survey numbers or codes
xix
most salient
xix
multiple names
xix
names may exist but were not published
xix
over 80 percent of the sites in the Atlas have published names
xix
Sites that were “lost”
xvii
areas
ix, xv–xxii, 3
eastern lowland Chiapas
xvii
most of the Petén of Guatemala
xvii
Quintana Roo
ix–x, xvi–xvii, xix, 4–5
southern Campeche
xvii, xxiii–xxiv, xxvii
Classic Maya collapse
xvii
in areas that were abandoned
xvii
knowledge of their existence
xvii
largely uninhabited until modern times
xvii
Maya collaborators
xvii
guided to such sites
xvii
significant but underappreciated role
xvii
sites were never lost
xvii
areas that were inhabited
xvii
local people
xvii
sites are likely to have remained known
xvii
symbols
xix–xxii
caves
xix, xxii
omega
xix, xxii
emblem glyphs
xx, xxii, xxiv
highlighted with an “X” behind the triangular symbol for the site
xx
fortifications
ix, xx, xxii
symbols are enclosed within squares
xx
inscriptions
ix, xv, xx, xxii, xxiv–xxv, 7
highlighted by surrounding their site symbol with a circle
xx
shell middens
xix, xxii
diamond
xxii
site type
xix
size rank
xix
assigned through application of a set of criteria or a rubric
xix
Atlas Arqueológico del Estado de Yucatán
ix, xix
five-tier system
xix
hierarchy
xv, xix
indicator of the social evolutionary stage of a society
xix
summary of the overall size and internal complexity
xix
triangles or squares
xix
true size of most sites is unknown
xix
widely used in Maya archaeology
xix
Sites named in the text
Calakmul
xix, xxiv
Caracol
xix, 1
Cerros
xxii
Chichén Itzá
xvii, xix
Copán
xix, xxv, 4, 112
Cotzumalhuapa
xxii, xxvii, 1
El Mirador
xix, 1
Isla Cerritos
xxii
Izamal
xix, 1
Maní
xxiii–xxiv
Mayapán
xvii, xxiii–xxiv
Nohcacab
xxiii
Pusilha
xxii
Salinas de los Nueve Cerros
xxii
Santa Elena
xxiii, 4
Teotihuacán
xvii, xxv
Tikal
xvii, xix, xxiv, 112
Uxmal
xix, xxiii, xxvi–xxvii, 1, 112
Xicalango
xxiii, 1
Yaxchilán
ix, xv–xvi, xviii–xxiv, xxvi–xxvii, 1
slash-and-burn
xv
Soil
xvi, xx, xxii, xxvii, 6
1:5 million Soil and Terrain Database for Latin America and the Caribbean
xx, xxvii
International Soil Reference and Information Centre ISRIC
xx
marked for the Maya region
xx
soil classification
xx, 6
SOTERLAC; Version 2.0
xx, xxvii
World Soil Information Report 2005/01, ISRIC
xx
World Soil Information. Wageningen, The Netherlands
xx
Sotuta
xxiii–xxiv
southern Guatemala
xvi
southern highlands
xvi
spatial data
xviii
spheroid
xviii
Šprajc, Ivan
xi, xxiv
SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission)
xx–xxi, 2–3
stairs
xv
states
ix, xv–xvi, xx, xxvi–xxvii, 1–6, 112
stela, stelae
xv, xxiv, xxvi
Stephens, John Lloyd
ix, xxiii, 112
accuracy of their documentation
112
antecedent for the present Atlas
112
Barbara Mundy, reviewed by
ix, xv, xix–xx, xxii–xxvii
Boston Evening Transcript
112
New York Times
112
Philadelphia Inquirer
112
drawings
xxiii–xxiv, 112
expeditions
112
Frederick Catherwood
112
illustrate journeys, travels, or processions by individuals or groups
xxv
Incidents of travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan
112
Incidents of travel in Yucatan
xxiii, 112
interpretations of the ruins
112
location and layout of the ruins
112
Maya region
ix, xvi–xvii, xx, xxiii, 112
sites visited by
Chichen Itza
1, 112
Copán
xix, xxv, 4, 112
Kabah
112
Palenque
xxiv, 1, 112
Quirigua
112
Sayil
112
Tikal
xvii, xix, xxiv, 112
Tulum
1, 112
Uxmal
xix, xxiii, xxvi–xxvii, 1, 112
Spanish Conquest
xxiv, 112
visual record of the ruins
112
Stiglmayer, Petra
xi
Stuart, George E.
xi
subsistence
xvi
surplus, agricultural
xv, xxii, 6
survey
ix–x, xvi–xvii, xix–xxi, xxiii–xxiv, xxvii, 4, 7
Symbols used in the maps
ix, xv, xviii–xxii, xxiv, 7, 112
diamond
xxii
omega
xix, xxii
triangle
xix, xxii
Tabasco
xvi, xxiii, 5
Taladoire, Eric
xi
Tekax
xxiii
temple
ix, xv, xix, xxv–xxvi
Teotihuacán
xvii, xxv
central Mexican city
xvii
conquests in the Maya area
xvii
architectural evidence
xvii
talud-tablero-style architectural facades
xvii
iconographic evidence
xvii
feathered serpent imagery
xvii
rulers’ regalia
xvii
installing rulers
xvii
Tikal
xvii, xix, xxiv, 112
upsetting local power relationships
xvii
located but 25 kilometers (15 miles) northeast of the main plaza of Mexico City
xvii
major population center and dominant city-state in central Mexico
xvii
political and military domination
xvii
powerful influence
xvii
terrain
xvi, xix–xx, xxvii, 6
Terry, Richard
xi, xxvii, 4
The Ancient Maya (book, six editions) by Morley, Brainerd, Sharer, Traxler
xv–xix, xxiii, xxvii
thorn forest
xvi
tomb
xv
trade
xvi–xvii, xxvii
Trejo A., Elia del Carmen
xi
Tufte, Edward
xxvi
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system
xxi
UTM eastings and northings
xxi
UTM zones
xxi
Van Stone, Mark
xi
Vaughn, Sallie Elizabeth
xi
Velázquez Morlet, Adriana
xi
view of space, landscape, and territory
xxiii
Volcanoes
xx, 2–3
bold underlined names near their craters
xx
Global Volcanism Program
xx
on the detail maps
xx–xxi
Smithsonian Institution
xx, 2–3
war
xv
Water features
xxii
artificial aguadas
xxii
canals
xv, xxii
lateral percolation of water from canals
xv
moats
xxii
modifications to swamps (bajos)
xxii
reservoirs
xxii
Wauchope, Robert
v
WGS 1984 system
xxi
Witschey, Joan
xi
Writing
xv, xvii, xxiii, 112
yields, agricultural
xv
Yucatán
ix, xvi–xvii, xix, xxii–xxiv, xxvii, 4–5
Yucatec Maya language
xxiii–xxiv