| ACHPR | African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights |
| ACHR | American Convention on Human Rights |
| ACmHPR | African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights |
| API | Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, 8 June 1977, alias Protocol I |
| APII | Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non- International Armed Conflicts, 8 June 1977, alias Protocol II |
| APs | Additional Protocols to Geneva Convention I to IV |
| CCW | The 1980 Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, alias Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (1980) |
| CESCR | Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights |
| ECCC | Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia |
| ECHR | Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, alias European Convention on Human Rights |
| ECtHR | European Court of Human Rights |
| GCI | Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 12 August 1949, alias Geneva Convention I |
| GCII | Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, 12 August 1949, alias Geneva Convention II |
| GCIII | Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 12 August 1949, alias Geneva Convention III |
| GCIV | Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 12 August 1949, alias Geneva Convention IV |
| GCs | Geneva Convention I to IV |
| IACmHR | Inter-American Commission on Human Rights |
| IACtHR | Inter-American Court of Human Rights |
| ICC | International Criminal Court |
| ICCPR | International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights |
| ICESCR | International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights |
International Court of Justice | |
| ICRC | International Committee of the Red Cross |
| ICTR | International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |
| ICTY | International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia |
| IHL | International Humanitarian Law |
| IHRL | International Human Rights Law |
| ILC | International Law Commission |
| IMT | International Military Tribunal |
| IMTFE | International Military Tribunal for the Far East |
| MICT | Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
| OHCHR | Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |
| PCA | Permanent Court of Arbitration |
| PCIJ | Permanent Court of International Justice |
| SAN REMO MANUAL | San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea, 12 June 1994 |
| SCSL | Special Court for Sierra Leone |
| STL | Special Tribunal for Lebanon |
| UDHR | Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
| UN | United Nations |
| UNGA | United Nations General Assembly |
| UNHCR | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |
| UNSC | United Nations Security Council |
| UNSG | United Nations Secretary-General |
| UNTAET | United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor |
| VCLT | Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties |
Plutarch, Lysander, 11.6–11.7.
Xenophon, Hellenica, Book 2, Chapter 1, Sections 31–32; Plutarch, Lysander, 13. Even earlier, sovereigns considered the merits of humanitarian protection when capturing enemy cities. See for instance H. Abtahi, Reflections on the Ambiguous Universality of Human Rights: Cyrus the Grea’s Proclamation as a Challenge to the Athenian Democracy’s Perceived Monopoly on Human Rights, in Abtahi and Boas, Dynamics of International Criminal Justice (2006).
A brief account of the events in English is contained in T. Hippler, Bombing the People: Giulio Douhet and the Foundations of Air-Power Strategy (2013), p. 1.
For the expression (though used in the wholly different context of Nazi mass crimes), see H. Arendt, Letter to Karl Jaspers of 17 August 1946, in H. Arendt, K. Jaspers, Correspondence, 1926–1969 (1992), p. 54.
ICC, Prosecutor v. Mahmoud Mustafa Busayf Al-Werfalli, Arrest Warrant, 15 August 2017, ICC-01/11-01/17-2 (referring to social media videos). See also (though not directly in connection to IHL violations) STL, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Decision on Appeal by Counsel for Mr Oneissi Against the Trial Chamber’s Decision on the Legality of the Transfer of Call Data Records, 28 July 2015, STL-11-01/T/AC/AR126.9 (referring to call data records).
C. Webster, N. Frankland, The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany 1939–1945, Vol. 3 (1961), p. 112.
G. Acquaviva, ‘International Criminal Courts and Tribunals as Actors of General Deterrence? Perceptions and Misperceptions’, 96(895/896) IRRC (2014), p. 784.
See, among others, the reflections and references in V. Bernard, ‘Tactics, Techniques, Tragedies: a Humanitarian Perspective on the Changing Face of War’, 97(900) IRRC (2015), p. 959; Coming Soon…? A Reappraisal of the Legal and Ethical Implications of Autonomous Weapons Systems (AWS) ahead of the First Meeting of the CCW Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal AWS, in Questions of International Law, 31 October 2017, available at: http://www.qil-qdi.org/coming-soon-reappraisal-legal-ethical-implications-autonomous-weapons-systems-aws-ahead-first-meeting-ccw-group-governmental-experts-lethal-aws/.
See the reflections and further references in R. Sparrow, Ethics as a Source of Law: The Martens Clause and Autonomous Weapons, Humanitarian Law and Policy Blog, 14 November 2017, available at: http://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2017/11/14/ethics-source-law-martens-clause-autonomous-weapons/.
While the English and French languages use the same word for these two concepts, other groups, educated for instance in the Russian language (where the expressions are, respectively, человечествo and человечность) have a more precise understanding of these two sides of the concept of “humanity”, and therefore paradoxically experience some difficulty in translating expressions such as “laws of humanity” and “crimes against humanity”.
Bernard, supra note 8.