Figures

1. 0.1Tisha be-Av, Sefer Minhagim, Amsterdam: Herts Levi Rofe, 1723 VII
2. 1.1Military camp of Rameses II at Qedesh (Abu Simbel), mid-13th century b c e. Within the rectangular enclosure is a two-part tent: a square inner part for the pharaoh, whose golden throne is flanked by winged cherubim, as is the ark representing a throne for Yahweh in the inner sanctum of the tabernacle; and an outer part serving as a reception room 8
3. 1.2Layout and orientation of the tabernacle, compared with Rameses II’s military tent at Abu Simbel, mid-13th century b c e. The layout, proportions, and eastward orientation of the Egyptian camp provide a close parallel to those of the tabernacle 9
4. 1.3Reconstruction of the horned sacrificial altar at Beersheba, 9th–8th centuries b c e 15
5. 1.4Decorated portable wooden chest (0.83 m. long, 0.61 m. wide, 0.64 m. high) with rings and carrying poles, originally holding ritual objects, from the tomb of Tutankhamen, ruled 1332–1323 b c e 16
6. 2.1Temple of Solomon, model by Leen Ritmeyer, Yeshiva University Museum 29
7. 2.2Bronze wheeled stand, Cyprus, c. 1225–1110 b c e. British Museum 36
8. 2.3Boundary stone, Babylon, Kassite dynasty, c. 1125–1100 b c e. British Museum 41
9. 2.4Incense altar, Megiddo, 9th century b c e. Israel Museum, Jerusalem 44
10. 3.1Herodian Temple Mount, model by Michael Avi Yonah, Israel Museum, Jerusalem 56
11. 3.2Inscription from the Herodian Temple: “Let no foreigner enter within the parapet and the partition which surrounds the Temple precincts. Anyone caught [violating] will be held accountable for his ensuing death.” Istanbul Archaeological Museum 63
12. 3.3Arch of Titus, Rome, c. 81 CE, relief of the Spoils of Jerusalem, showing the menorah and table of the showbread taken from the Temple in Jerusalem 65
13. 3.4Arch of Titus Rome, c. 81 CE, relief of the Spoils of Jerusalem, reconstructed and colorized by the Yeshiva University Arch of Titus Project 66
14. 4.1Model of the Herodian Temple Shrine, Israel Museum, Jerusalem 73
15. 4.2Model of the Herodian Temple, southern wall, Israel Museum, Jerusalem 76
16. 4.3Tomb of the Patriarchs, Hebron 77
17. 4.4Geometric bas relief fragment from within the Hulda Gate of the Herodian Temple 78
18. 4.5Herodian Temple Mount, southwest corner, with Robinson’s Arch 79
19. 4.6Dedicatory inscription by [S]paris son of Akeson of Rhodes who donated pavement to the Herodian Temple 79
20. 4.7Aerial view of the Temple Mount 84
21. 4.8Reconstructed opus sectile pavement thought to derive from the Herodian Temple 86
22. 4.9Model of the Herodian Temple by Leen Ritmeyer 93
23. 5.1The Synagogue of Magdala, Galilee, 1st century C E 98
24. 5.2Hammath Tiberias B Synagogue mosaic, 5th century 107
25. 5.3Dura Europos Synagogue, Syria, c. 256 CE, model created under the direction of Rachel Wischnitzer, Yeshiva University Museum 108
26. 5.4Kefar Baram Synagogue, Upper Galilee, 5th century 110
27. 5.5Umm al-Qanatir Synagogue, Golan Heights, 6th century 112
28. 5.6Torah Shrine Aedicula, Nabratein Synagogue, Upper Galilee, 3rd century 112
29. 5.7Seven branched menorah, Hammath Tiberias A Synagogue, 5th century 113
30. 5.8Beth Alpha Synagogue mosaic, Jezreel Valley, 6th century 115
31. 5.9Model of the Beth Alpha Synagogue, 6th century, model created under the direction of Rachel Wischnitzer, Yeshiva University Museum 116
32. 5.10Synagogue of Ostia Antica, Port of Rome, Torah Shrine, 6th century 119
33. 6.1Capital with menorahs, Corinth, 5–6th century CE 122
34. 6.2Column drum with a cross superimposed on a menorah, Laodicea, 5–6th century CE (also on image tombstone) 123
35. 6.3Synagogue and apse, Sardis, 4–7th century CE 124
36. 6.4Synagogue aediculae, Sardis 125
37. 6.5Synagogue remains, Priene, 5–7th century CE 127
38. 6.6Synagogue niche, Priene 127
39. 6.7Plaque with a menorah, Priene 128
40. 6.8Plaque with menorah and birds, Priene Synagogue 129
41. 6.9Synagogue menorah plaque, Andriake, 4–6th century CE 130
42. 6.10Synagogue, Andriake 131
43. 7.1Ben Ezra Synagogue, Cairo, 11th century, carved wooden ark door quoting Ps. 118 138
44. 7.2Ben Ezra Synagogue, Cairo, interior 139
45. 8.1Synagogue of Santa Cruz, Seville, 14th century 154
46. 8.2Santa María La Blanca, Toledo, interior, 1205 155
47. 8.3Synagoga Mayor, Segovia, interior, 13th century 156
48. 8.4Synagogue of Isaac Mehab, Cordóba, 1314/5 157
49. 8.5El Tránsito Synagogue, Toledo, ark wall, c. 1357 160
50. 8.6Lorca Synagogue, first half of the 15th century 161
51. 8.7Lorca Synagogue, Cathedra, first half of the 15th century 162
52. 8.8Tomar Synagogue, 15th century, interior 163
53. 9.1Worms Synagogue, 11th century, exterior view, reconstructed 170
54. 9.2Worms Synagogue, 11th century, interior view, reconstructed 170
55. 9.3Interior of the Altneuschul, Prague, Czech Republic, c. 1270, interior view with the banner of the Prague Jewish community 172
56. 9.4Altneuschul, Prague, Czech Republic, c. 1270, exterior 173
57. 9.5Albrecht Altdorfer, interior of the Regensburg Synagogue, engraving, 1519 178
58. 9.6Pinkas Synagogue, Prague, Czech Republic, 1535, exterior view 179
59. 9.7Pinkas Synagogue, Prague, Czech Republic, 1535, interior view 181
60. 10.1Isidor Kaufmann, Portal of the Rabbis (entrance door and west wall, view from the prayer house, Gwoździec Synagogue, mid-17th century; polychromy: 1650–1729). Painting c. 1897/1898, Magyar Nemzeti Galeria, Budapest 185
61. 10.2Gwoździec Synagogue (Ukrainian: Hvizdets’), built: mid-17th century; polychromy: 1650–1729, view from the southeast. Albumen print by Alois Breyer, 1910–13. Collection Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Gift of Alois Breyer, Baden bei Wien, 1937 186
62. 10.3Ioannes Baptista Villalpandus and Hieronymus Pradus, Temple of Jerusalem plan, nine-bay ground plan, In Ezechielem explanationes et apparatus urbis ac templi Hierosolimitani. Commentarii et emaginibus illustratus opus (Rome, 1604) 188
63. 10.4J.J. Leon (Jacob Judah Aryeh Leon [Templo]), Temple of Solomon, Retrato del Templo de Selomoh (Middleburg: Symon Moulert, 1642), color-engraving, foldout 189
64. 10.5Gwoździec Synagogue (Ukrainian: Hvizdets’), mid-17th century; polychromy: 1650–1729, longitudinal section (C-D), view toward the south, bimah. India ink and watercolor by Alois Breyer, 1910–1913, Collection Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Gift of Alois Breyer, Baden bei Wien, 1937 193
65. 10.6Synagogue, Hebrew illuminated manuscript, Mahzor of Italian rite, northern Italy, probably Reggio, Emilia, 1465–1470, interior view. Part II, G. Weill Collection, Jerusalem (first Part I, National Library of Israel, Jerusalem, Ms. Heb. 8 4450), fol. 1r 194
66. 10.7Chodorów Synagogue (Ukrainian: Khodoriv), built: mid-17th century; polychromy: 1714–47, Lion and Unicorn, west wall painting. Albumen print by Alois Breyer, 1910–1913, Collection Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Gift of Alois Breyer, Baden bei Wien, 1937 196
67. 10.8Solomon Yudovin, A Hasidic Zaddik, Slavuta (Ukraine), 1912–1913, albumen print. The Isidore and Anne Falk Information Center for the Jewish Art and Life Wing, Israel Museum, Jerusalem: 03-816-9. The title as inscribed by Yudovin 204
68. 10.9Marc Chagall, The Volozhin Yeshiva, illustration to the Yiddish poem “Weariness” by Abraham Walt (pseudonym: A. Lyesin), in A. Lyesin, Collected Poems. (New York, 1938), 1:104 205
69. 10.10Sir Frank Brangwyn (1867–1956), The Synagogue, Belz, c. 1935, dry point, 17 x 25 cm. The British Council Collection, London, P2695 206
70. 11.1Wedding stone from the old synagogue in Eppingen 211
71. 11.2Wedding ceremony (note the cup being thrown to the wedding stone) Johann Christoph Georg Bodenschatz, Kirchliche Verfassung der heutigen Juden sonderlich derer in Deutschland (Frankfurt am Main and Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Beckers, 1748–1749) vol. 4, after p. 126 212
72. 11.3New Year prayer, Paul Christian Kirchner, Sebastian Jungendres, Jüdisches Ceremoniel, oder Beschreibung dererjenigen Gebräuche … Nicht weniger aus den besten Scribenten so wol, als aus Erzehlung glaubwürdiger Personen und selbst eigener Erfahrung, um vieles vermehret und mit Anmerkungen erläutert (Nürnberg: Monath: 1724) after p. 108 213
73. 11.4Inscriptions from the synagogue in Unterlimpurg, painted 1739 214
74. 11.5Inscriptions from the synagogue in Georgensgmünd, painted in the 18th century 215
75. 11.6German synagogue, Bernard Picart, Cérémonies et coutumes religieuses de tous les peuples du monde, 8 vols. (Amsterdam, J. F. Bernard, 1737), Vol. 7, Suplement et corrections, after p. 12 216
76. 12.1Square between Portuguese and High German synagogue complex, The Netherlands, unknown 222
77. 12.2Interior of first Portuguese Synagogue, Amsterdam, Jan Veenhuysen, 1662 222
78. 12.3Engraving from Jacob Judah Leon De Templo Hierosolymitano, libri IV, Helmstedt, 1665 223
79. 12.4Emanuel de Witte, Interior of the Portuguese Synagogue of Amsterdam, 1680 224
80. 12.5Portuguese Synagogue, Amsterdam 225
81. 12.6Charenton Temple, France, unknown, 1648, interior 226
82. 12.7Jewish Savannah on the Surinam River, Brussels, 1839. Pierre Jacques Benoit 232
83. 12.8Touro Synagogue, Newport, RI, 1763. Architect: Peter Harrison 235
84. 12.9Touro Synagogue, Newport, RI, 1763. Architect: Peter Harrison, interior 235
85. 13.1The Ancient Synagogue of Aleppo, Syria, early 20th century, the interior and prayer benches 240
86. 13.2Simon Kanoui, The Great Synagogue of Oran, Algeria, 1950: forefront and entrance 242
87. 13.3The Central Synagogue of Benghazi, Libya, early 20th century, reading podium and the central courtyard surrounded by columns 244
88. 13.4Asad Afandi, The Hurva Synagogue, Jerusalem, mid-19th century 246
89. 13.5Unknown architect, La-Geriba Synagogue, Djerba, Tunisia, mid-20th century: the richly ornamented and well lit prayer hall 247
90. 13.6Victor Valensi, The Great Synagogue in Tunis, Tunisia, mid-20th century: forefront and entrance 248
91. 13.7Simon Kanoui, The Great Synagogue of Oran, Algeria, 1920: interior and central reading podium 253
92. 13.8Tomb of Ezekiel, Al Kifl, Iraq, 1932: Jews standing in front of the main structure 256
93. 14.1Paradesi Synagogue, Kochi-Mattancherry, Kerala, India, built 1568; repaired 1660s; enlarged and altered in 18th century; restored in 20th century, 2004, clock tower exterior 260
94. 14.2Parur Synagogue, Parur (Paravur), Kerala, India, built 1164; rebuilt 1616; rebuilt 1662; rebuilt early 19th century; restored 2010–13, 2012, gatehouse during restoration 262
95. 14.3Parur Synagogue, Parur (Paravur), Kerala, India, built 1164; rebuilt 1616; rebuilt 1662; rebuilt early 19th century; restored 2010–13, 2013, breezeway 263
96. 14.4Chendamangalam Synagogue, Chendamangalam (Chendamangalam), Kerala, India, built 1420 or 1565; rebuilt 1614; rebuilt 1661; rebuilt early 19th century; restored 2004–5, 2010, interior, including tebah and hekhal 264
97. 14.5Kadavumbagam Synagogue, Kochi-Ernakulam, Kerala, India, original synagogue dating perhaps to 13th century, rebuilt in Kochi-Ernakulam in early 18th and early 19th centuries; 2015, gallery 266
98. 14.6Parur Synagogue, Parur (Paravur), Kerala, India, built 1164; rebuilt 1616; rebuilt 1662; rebuilt early 19th century; restored 2010–13, 2013, meḥizah and second tebah on gallery level 267
99. 14.7Ohel David Synagogue, Pune, Maharashtra, India, 1867, 2012, exterior 269
100. 14.8Magen David Synagogue, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, 1861, 2009, exterior 270
101. 14.9Beth El Synagogue, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, 1860s, 2017, interior 271
102. 14.10Shaar Harahamin Synagogue, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, built 1796; rebuilt mid-19th century, 2004, exterior 272
103. 14.11Beth Ha-Elohim Synagogue, Pen, Maharashtra, India, 1893, 2008, exterior 273
104. 15.1Cherasco, Piedmont, Italy, Synagogue, possibly 1797, interior view 279
105. 15.2Casale Monferrato, Italy, Synagogue, interior view of ark wall 281
106. 15.3Giuseppe del Rosso, Synagogue, Siena, Italy, 1786, interior view 281
107. 15.4Marco Treves, Mariano Falcini and Vincente Micheli, Tempio Maggiore Israelitico (Great Synagogue), Florence, Italy, 1874–82, façade 283
108. 15.5Armanni and Costa, architects, Tempio Israelitico (Great Synagogue), Rome, Italy 1904, façade 284
109. 15.6Ponevezh Yeshiva, Bnei Braq, Israel 285
110. 16.1Eduard Knoblauch and Friedrich August Stüler, New Synagogue on Oranienbergerstrasse, Berlin, 1866 293
111. 16.2Henry Fernbach, Central Synagogue (Congregation Ahavath Chesed), New York, 1872 294
112. 16.3Emmanuel Klotz, Great Synagogue (Velká Synagoga), Plzen, Czech Republic, 1892 297
113. 16.4Emmanuel Klotz, Great Synagogue (Velká Synagoga), Plzen, Czech Republic, completed 1892, nave showing women’s balcony and the Torah ark 298
114. 16.5Wilhelm Stiassny, Jubilee Synagogue/Jerusalem Synagogue, Prague (Jubilejní synagoga/Jerusalemska synagoga) 300
115. 16.6Peter Jürgensen, Jügen Bachmann, Friedberger Anlage Synagogue/irg Frankfurt Synagogue, Frankfurt am Main, 1907 301
116. 16.7Robert D. Kohn. Congregation Emanu-El, New York, 1929 304
117. 16.8Charles B. Meyers Associates, Yeshiva College (now Yeshiva University), New York, 1928 305
118. 16.9Julian Zachariewicz. Czernowitz Temple (now Kinopalats Chernivtsi), 1878 306
119. 17.1Richard Neutra, Vienna-Hietzing Synagogue Project, 1924 309
120. 17.2Eric Mendelsohn, B‘nai Amoona, St. Louis, MO, 1947, model 313
121. 17.3Eric Mendelsohn, Park Synagogue, Cleveland, OH, dome 314
122. 17.4Eric Mendelsohn, Park Synagogue, Cleveland, OH, interior 315
123. 17.5Percival Goodman, Fairmont Temple, Cleveland, OH, 1957, interior with sculpture by Ibram Lassaw 316
124. 17.6Percival Goodman, Temple Beth Sholom, Miami, FL, 1956 317
125. 17.7Frank Lloyd Wright, Beth Shalom Synagogue, Elkins Park, PA, 1959 318
126. 17.8Angelo di Castro, Synagogue of Livorno, Italy, 1962 322
127. 17.9Angelo di Castro, Synagogue of Livorno, Italy, 1962, interior 323
128. 17.10Zvi Hecker, Synagogue at the military academy campus in Mitzpeh Ramon, Israel, 1969–71 325
129. 17.11Philip Katz, Congregation Emanu-El B’ne Jeshurun, Milwaukee, WI, 2010 330
130. 18.1770 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, NY, façade, 1930s 338
131. 18.2Beis HaMidrash HaGadol, Jerusalem, Israel, completed 2000 (also on image tombstone) 341
132. 18.3Synagogue, Belz, Ukraine, 1843 341
133. 18.4Synagogue, Kiryas Yoel, NY, 2011, interior 348
134. 18.5Kiryas Yoel, NY, 2007 348
135. 19.1Wooden Sukkah, decorated with oil paintings, Fischach, southern Germany, shortly after 1837 354
136. 19.2Initial word panel “Aamitz” from the Laud Mahzor, southern Germany, c. 1290 355
137. 19.3Sukkah, Isaiah de Trani the Younger, Pisqey Isaiah, 1374, Italy 357
138. 19.4A scene of the festival of Sukkot from a northern Italian mahzor, province of Emilia, c. 1465–1470 359
139. 19.5Initial word panel Akhtir, Hammelburg Mahzor, Germany, c. 1348 360
140. 19.6Sukkah of the Signs, New York, NY, 2010. Lower left: interior of mosque in Somalian refugee camp, Yemen, 2013 367
141. 20.1Courtyard Eruv. From Johann Bodenschatz, Kirchliche Verfassung der heutigen deutschen Juden 371
142. 20.2Eruv line, New Haven, CT 374
143. 20.3Ruth Schreiber, Enter the Eruv, 2010. Tempered glass, Perspex, motion sensors, and LEDs 377
144. 20.4Mel Alexenberg, Purim in Sodom, 1984. Poles, ropes, and ceramic vessels 377