Index
Abbasid
6, 14, 23, 26, 36, 69, 78, 118, 136, 157, 181–182, 200, 213, 226, 236, 238, 244, 246, 248–251, 255, 265, 268, 273, 276–277, 279–280, 290, 294–295, 298, 301, 392, 395–396, 398, 401–402, 404–405, 407–415, 438–439, 443–444, 446–447, 451, 453, 455–456, 480, 485–488, 500, 503, 508–511, 514, 519–520, 522, 533, 580
Abbasids
117, 226, 396, 409, 413, 446, 486, 489–490, 511, 513–515, 519–520, 568
Abū Isḥāq al-Fazārī
273–274, 277, 285
administration
1, 3–6, 8, 13–14, 17–18, 20, 22, 24, 26–27, 33, 36, 100, 107–108, 110, 116–117, 120, 150–151, 155–156, 165, 219, 224, 229, 294, 320, 324, 327, 329, 336, 338, 340, 342, 353, 368, 371, 374–375, 379–380, 382, 384, 386–388, 392, 394–395, 398, 404, 406, 411, 413, 445, 464–467, 469, 471, 475–476, 478–484, 487–489, 492, 506, 512, 519, 535–536, 538, 543, 549–551, 553–554, 567, 570, 576–578, 581–582
administrative system
114, 120, 566
Afghanistan
2, 284–285, 287, 290
agreement (see: treaty)
agriculture
112, 133–134, 147, 212, 222, 246, 367, 380, 387, 420, 434–436, 438, 492, 500–501, 521–522
agrarian
3, 134
agricultural
1–8, 130, 135–136, 147, 304, 392, 410, 427, 432–433, 435–436, 438–441, 444–445, 448, 452–453, 469, 481, 492, 500, 516, 523, 568–569, 580
alliance
69–70, 75–76, 120, 304
Anastasius of Sinai
270, 443, 516
animal
2, 112, 134, 138, 147, 210, 251–252, 400, 565, 569
Apa Apollo
394, 420–423, 426, 428–429
aparche
420–429
Arabia
2, 5, 51, 439, 441–442, 578
architecture
1, 177–178, 184, 193–194, 197–201, 211, 222
Arid margins
210–212, 214–215, 219, 224–226, 228–229, 232–233, 235, 238, 240, 244, 248, 250, 252, 256
army
1–2, 4–5, 8, 28, 34, 44–45, 48–49, 51, 69–71, 74–78, 80, 109, 114–115, 118–119, 131–132, 134, 138–144, 150–156, 158–161, 163–165, 177, 265–266, 270, 280, 284, 292, 294, 304, 395, 398–399, 403, 406, 411–413, 415, 432, 481–482, 487, 502, 513, 517, 520, 577
Balkh
4, 52, 70, 284–296, 298–304
Bawit
420–422, 424, 427, 429, 563, 569
bishop (see: clergy)
boat
532, 565, 570
Byzantine empire (see: Byzantium)
Byzantine-Islamic frontier
265, 273, 279–280
Byzantium
128, 131–132, 139, 143, 150, 152, 155–158, 161–166, 177, 265, 273, 278, 394, 472, 502, 557, 574
cadastre (see: administration)
Cairo
51, 395, 559
caliph
9, 13–14, 23, 26, 28, 34, 44, 49, 117, 157, 180–182, 205, 269, 274–277, 290–291, 294, 300–301, 393, 396, 398–401, 403–404, 406, 409–413, 415, 432–433, 436–438, 442, 444–449, 451–452, 454–456, 468, 474, 481–483, 485, 487–488, 504, 508–511, 513–515, 517, 519–520, 522, 570
canal
8, 110, 232–233, 235–250, 290, 297, 436–437, 442, 445, 449, 500–501, 506, 508–512, 515, 518–521, 523
castle (see: fortress)
Central Asia
284, 289, 291, 295–296
chancery (see: administration)
church
2, 4, 7–8, 105, 109–110, 112, 115, 137, 154, 166, 176–202, 269, 272, 393–394, 409, 421, 475, 574, 582
cistern
192, 294, 506, 569
citadel
118, 131, 287, 289, 295–298, 304
city
3–5, 15, 28, 44, 46, 49–52, 63–65, 78, 100–101, 107, 109–110, 114–115, 118, 120, 128, 130–131, 133–142, 144, 149–152, 155–156, 159–160, 162, 165, 178–181, 183–184, 186, 205, 210, 228, 269, 272, 279, 284–286, 288–289, 291–304, 318–323, 325,
city (cont.)
328, 336, 339, 343, 349, 378, 380–381, 395, 405, 408, 411, 425, 443, 453–454, 469, 481, 500–503, 506, 510–512, 516–519, 521, 544, 569, 577
clergy
5, 148, 166, 179–181, 195, 197, 205, 271–272, 472, 474–475, 566, 574, 576, 583
conquest (see: war)
Constantinople
128, 130–131, 136, 151, 157, 162, 164, 176, 188, 270, 315, 318, 321, 472
control
1–9, 13, 17, 26, 44, 49–51, 77, 104, 106, 109–110, 112, 117, 120, 128, 131–132, 139, 141, 146, 154–155, 163, 176, 284, 349, 396, 413, 415, 429, 434, 448, 457, 466, 468–469, 472, 477, 481–482, 484, 492, 500, 503, 520, 523, 547, 556–557, 577–578, 583
countryside
1–2, 4–5, 8–9, 36, 47, 50–51, 76, 106, 110, 112, 116, 141, 145, 179, 270, 273, 279, 284, 304, 381, 392, 395, 399–400, 402–403, 406–408, 414–415, 422, 474, 492, 500, 523, 547, 550, 556, 567, 572–573, 575–576, 581–583
court
1, 6, 9, 27, 34, 101, 107, 109, 150, 153, 157–158, 165, 186, 295, 409, 444, 450, 454, 476, 539, 551, 555, 571–575, 580, 582
crown
115, 152, 155, 448, 469, 472, 475, 477, 479, 481–484, 490, 504, 506
crucifixion
557, 573
cultivation
135, 162, 288, 400, 421–422, 427–428, 436, 438–439, 445–446, 490, 501, 511, 519, 521, 523
Damascus
13, 34, 52, 63, 68, 70, 79, 117, 250, 269, 388, 401
debt
32, 349, 441, 446, 455, 558–559, 563, 568–569, 573, 580, 583
delta
18, 34, 368, 371, 380–382, 384–386, 396–397, 399–400, 402, 406
dhimma
178–179, 385, 414, 486, 504, 574–575
dhimmī (see: dhimma)
Dionysius of Tel-Mahre
183, 487
dīwān (see: administration)
domination
117, 243, 313, 317–318, 325, 327, 334, 336, 341, 344–345, 354–355
drainage
8, 521
Egypt
3–4, 6–7, 13–14, 17–18, 25–27, 33–36, 131, 301, 392–399, 401–403, 406–407, 409, 411, 413–415, 448, 500, 549–550, 552, 556, 562–563, 565, 567, 572, 575, 578, 583
Byzantine
565
early Islamic
13–14, 36, 422, 465, 481, 547, 583
medieval
412
Roman
563
enclosures
99, 196
expansion
45, 98, 112, 135, 266–272, 577
expedition
47, 66, 135, 180, 500
exploitation
4–5, 135, 210, 213, 230–231, 235–236, 247–248, 256, 313, 318, 329, 331, 333–336, 343–344, 350–351, 353–354, 434, 448, 472, 491–492, 500–501
farming
402, 420–422
financial director
14, 20, 23, 25, 27, 33–36, 400, 412
first fruit
421, 424–429
fiscal practices
414, 481, 503, 549
flogging
557, 583
fortification (see: fortress)
fortress
4, 131, 136, 138–141, 150, 292, 294, 296–298, 450, 509, 520, 534
fugitive
252, 487, 516, 556, 560–561, 563, 568, 571, 578
Fusṭāṭ
4, 13, 15, 25–28, 367–375, 377–379, 382, 386–388, 394, 396, 399–402, 411, 413, 440, 547, 554–555, 565, 567, 569, 572–573, 578
garrison (see: army)
governor
4, 6, 9, 13–14, 16, 20, 23–28, 31–36, 117, 163, 179, 290–292, 294, 296–297, 300, 394, 396, 399–401, 413, 444–447, 449–451, 454, 456–457, 483–484, 508, 510–515, 519–522, 552–556, 572, 577
guarantee
14, 20, 422–425, 558, 562–565, 583
guerre (see: war)
hadith
5, 8, 29, 44–46, 48–50, 52, 57, 63–78, 80–83, 85–87, 406, 455, 568
highlands
131–133, 147
Hijaz
433–443, 446–448, 450–457
hinterland
4–5, 46, 50–51, 78, 98, 101, 109, 112, 114, 118, 130, 151, 304, 433, 435, 479, 577
historiography
268
history
local
286, 289, 303, 433
medieval Islam
395, 413
medieval Muslim
392, 465, 502
pre-Islamic
288–292, 302–304, 432, 438–439, 448, 456, 505, 508–510, 555, 562, 567, 575
pre-modern
1, 6, 50, 78, 284, 454, 557
husbandry
112
Ibn Ādam
265, 273, 275–276, 481, 485, 488
Ibn al-Mubārak
82, 265, 273–275
invasion
102–103, 112, 114, 120, 131–132, 135–136, 140, 161, 315, 341, 345
investment
7–8, 483, 501, 506–508, 520–521, 523
Iran
133, 162, 301, 465, 473, 516
Iraq
5, 27, 63, 65, 176, 395–396, 398, 409, 413, 434, 441, 447–448, 452, 464–465, 467–468, 473–474, 476, 479–484, 486, 488, 490–492, 500–503, 507, 515–517, 519, 580
irrigation
8, 98, 110, 133, 210, 233, 235, 240, 243–246, 250–251, 437, 442, 446, 452, 500–503, 505–509, 511, 513, 515, 517, 519, 521, 523
judge
20, 27–28, 34, 81, 85, 135, 396, 408, 475, 477–478, 513, 519, 522, 555, 559, 571–574, 581–582
king
32, 112, 115, 117, 275, 291, 300, 303, 467, 469, 472, 477–478, 482, 502, 510, 516
land
administration
464, 469, 475–476
cultivation
421–422
exploitation
492
land grant
7, 395, 400–402, 406, 413, 476, 483–484, 490, 500, 506–507, 512, 514–515, 520, 522–523
land ownership
5, 8–9, 432, 454, 486, 501, 522
land property
393, 448, 455, 467, 471
land revenues
395, 415
land survey
484–485
land tax
397–398, 403, 405, 407–410, 414–415, 422, 424–429, 464–465, 467–469, 471–473, 475, 477, 479–489, 491–492, 503–504, 507
management
421
reclamation
400, 500–501, 503, 505, 507, 509, 511, 513, 515, 517, 519–521, 523
tenure
368, 397, 399–401, 404, 464–465, 467–469, 471, 473, 475, 477, 479, 481, 483, 485, 487, 489–492, 503
landholding
6, 142, 147, 151–152, 159–160, 380–381, 392–397, 399, 401, 403–405, 407, 409–411, 413–415, 432–434, 448, 455, 457, 464, 468–469, 476, 480–481, 483, 485, 487–488, 490, 503, 505, 512, 514–515, 520, 544
law
1, 13, 35, 50, 143–144, 146–148, 157, 278–280, 423, 425, 471, 547, 551, 555–557, 571, 573–577, 581–583
Islamic law
278–280, 555–557, 573, 577
leaders
141, 148–150
legal institutions
571, 575, 582
literary source
14, 182, 304, 393, 395–397, 407–408, 411–412, 433, 437–439, 441, 557, 561, 572, 580
maison
210–212, 219, 224, 226, 229–230, 232, 235, 251–252, 323, 338, 537
Maison de l’ Orient et de la Méditerranée
210
Medina
2, 5–6, 9, 13, 44, 46–52, 63–65, 67–71, 73, 76–77, 80, 432–457
military (see: army)
Miṣr (see: Egypt)
monastery
5–6, 99, 110, 112, 114, 154, 177–183, 185, 188, 190, 192–197, 199–205, 226–227, 271, 285, 288, 290, 294, 298, 318, 323–324, 328, 331, 345, 394, 420–429, 487, 510, 531, 534–536, 544, 554, 563, 569, 575, 580
money
8, 20, 23, 30, 32, 134, 162, 164, 193, 201, 403, 407, 409–410, 414–415, 421, 424, 426, 429, 441, 448, 451, 475, 477, 480, 483, 488, 506–507, 522, 553, 558–559, 563–564, 569
monk
6, 137, 166, 179–181, 192, 200, 270–271, 299, 421–429, 550, 563, 575
murtaba
2, 367–373, 375, 377–379, 381, 383–384, 387
nomad
158, 210–212, 224–225, 232, 251, 253, 255, 295, 304
nomadism
225
non-Muslims
5, 8, 44–45, 48–49, 51, 63, 69–70, 74–75, 77–78, 178, 265, 267, 291, 406–407, 414–415, 485, 487, 574, 581
ahl al-kitāb
75
Christian
4, 8, 77, 100, 118, 132, 158, 166, 176, 178–179, 181, 183, 196, 201, 266, 269–273, 279, 397, 404, 406, 408, 428, 468, 470, 481, 502, 516, 575, 577, 581
Christians
77, 179–180, 182–183, 201–202, 266–267, 270–272, 408, 415, 574, 582
Jewish
47, 70, 74, 76, 80, 266, 575, 581
Jews
44–46, 48, 54–55, 63, 66, 68, 71, 74–77, 80, 267, 468, 574, 581
Syrian orthodox
2, 4, 8, 177–178, 181–182, 189, 192, 201–202, 205
occupation
116, 211, 219, 225–226, 229–231, 248, 255, 279, 287, 294–295, 303, 368, 386, 549
officials
6, 14, 17–18, 26, 35–36, 143, 150–151, 153, 155–157, 162, 165, 181, 291, 381, 405, 408–409, 412–413, 444–445, 454, 514, 522, 551, 553–555, 561–562, 565, 570, 572, 574–577, 579, 581–582
Omeyyade (see: Umayyads)
pagans (see: non-Muslims)
pagarch
404, 481, 549–550, 552–555, 559–562, 564, 568, 570, 576–577, 580–581
palace (see: court)
papyri
3, 14–15, 17–26, 29–32, 35–36, 292, 338, 351, 371, 392–394, 396–397, 402–405, 408–413, 415, 420, 440, 442, 536, 538–540, 547–551, 556–557, 561–571, 573–577, 579–580
Arabic
13, 23, 405, 410, 547, 550–551, 570, 577
Coptic
569, 574
Greek
550, 562, 566, 570, 576, 579
passport
532
peasantry
16, 104–106, 137–138, 142, 146–149, 151, 155, 159–161, 404, 425, 466–470, 472, 474, 476–478, 481–482, 486–487, 489–492, 503–504, 515–516, 560–561, 564, 583
peasants (see: peasantry)
population
1, 51, 102, 117, 119, 130, 134–135, 137, 140, 147, 151, 159, 161, 164, 212–213, 215, 225, 251, 255, 265, 271–273, 276–277, 284, 292, 294–295, 298, 315, 333, 380, 405, 407, 468, 474, 479, 482, 487–488, 491, 503, 516, 531–532, 543–544, 550, 562, 581
postal service
570
postal systems (see: postal service)
powerful
6, 35, 131, 139, 141, 149, 154–155, 188, 190, 429, 472, 507, 513, 519–520
priest (see: clergy)
prison
1, 294, 471, 551, 556–557, 559, 561, 564–565, 567–569, 571, 576, 578–580, 583
prisoner
34, 143, 271, 292, 442–443, 516, 521, 551, 556, 558–559, 561, 563–571, 576, 578, 580–581, 583
protection
149, 229, 349, 355, 383, 439, 483, 531, 536–537, 543, 558–559
provision
3, 157, 456, 570
punishment
4, 166, 182, 547, 551, 553, 556–557, 561, 563, 567, 572–573, 575, 577, 582–583
qāḍī (see: judge)
qanat (see: canal)
qaṣr (see: fortress)
Qurra b. Sharīk
23, 368, 394, 401, 550–555, 559
raids (see: war)
Rashidun (see: caliph)
rebellion
14, 117–119, 132, 270, 275, 294, 300, 466–467, 471, 473–474, 476–477, 479, 483–484, 488, 490–492, 500, 517, 520, 577
Reccopolis
97–98, 107–109, 112–113, 115–116, 118
regime (see: administration)
rent
6, 337, 398, 422, 424–429, 466, 468–469, 480–482, 489, 504
resistance
115, 162, 166, 181, 272, 292, 467, 472, 492
revolt
7, 114, 117–118, 292, 407, 443, 455–456, 467, 470, 472, 476–477, 483–485, 487–488, 490, 515, 517–520, 523
river
98, 102–103, 109, 116, 133, 148, 153, 184, 290–291, 501, 508, 511, 518–520, 532
road-system
136, 157
ruling (see: administration)
safe-conducts
3–4, 564
Sasanian
5–8, 133, 162, 177–178, 180, 192, 290–291, 296, 303, 384, 393, 398, 401, 447, 464–465, 467–472, 474–476, 478–480, 482, 486, 501–504, 515–517
scholar
1–2, 5, 8, 24, 34, 49, 74, 86, 176, 178, 266–268, 273–274, 286, 301–302, 304, 392, 432, 435, 441, 446, 450–451, 454–456, 470, 489, 506, 571
schools
277–278, 280, 445, 571
sedentary (see: settlement)
Seljuks
153
settlement
1, 3–4, 23, 99–105, 109, 112, 114–116, 118–120, 130, 135, 137, 139, 141–142, 147, 150, 157, 177, 184, 284, 289, 291, 294–298, 300–301, 381, 397–402, 406–407, 410, 412, 414–415, 436, 438–440, 491–492, 501, 503, 547, 551
Sicily
128, 162
slave
148, 285, 294, 442–443, 468, 477, 483, 486, 490–492, 505–506, 510, 517–518, 520–521, 523, 553, 555–556, 566, 579
slavery
490, 563
soldier
2–3, 7, 34, 117, 138, 148, 160–161, 165, 271, 381, 552, 560, 562, 568, 570, 576
state
2–4, 6–7, 25, 31, 45, 48, 50–51, 74, 77, 98, 104, 106–107, 109, 112, 114–117, 119–120, 128, 132, 137–138, 141–142, 148, 150, 155–166, 182, 202, 268, 273, 392–415, 425–427, 429, 440–442, 446–448, 454, 465–466, 468–469, 475–476, 479, 481, 486, 489–492, 500–507, 516, 520–523, 556, 566, 575, 577, 580–583
formation
98, 109, 114, 392, 407, 409
structures
109, 120, 582
strongholds
136, 138–141, 144, 156, 158, 161, 292, 294
defense
4, 131, 136–137, 139, 141, 144, 159, 161
Syria
3, 8, 34, 65, 80–81, 131, 176, 186, 210–256, 270–272, 279–280, 287, 344, 371, 400, 403, 432–433, 440–442, 445, 448
system of government (see: administration)
tax
3, 6–8, 13–14, 18, 20, 22–23, 26–27, 100, 104, 107, 112–117, 120, 128, 137–138, 142, 148, 150, 155–158, 160–165, 178, 180, 219, 248, 276, 279, 285, 291, 304, 320, 324, 326, 330–339, 341–345, 348–349, 351–355, 375, 380, 383, 387, 392–398, 402–410, 412–415, 422, 424–425, 427, 429, 448, 454, 464–492, 500–501, 503–508, 521–523, 532–533, 538–540, 543–544, 549, 551, 554, 558–565, 569–570, 572–573, 577, 579, 583
demosion
422–426, 429
fiscal administration
13–14, 22, 26–27
fiscal authorities
3, 162
fiscal officials
150, 162, 165
fiscal registers
113, 394, 414
fiscal system
107, 142, 393–394, 398, 403, 407–409, 414
jizya
326, 342–344, 384, 403, 405, 407, 409, 411, 415, 559
tributary
465–466, 479, 492
taxation (see: tax)
Thomas of Margā
271
Toledo
97–99, 101–102, 107, 109–120, 328
treaty
20, 48, 115–116, 139, 178–179, 200, 291, 395, 397–398, 409, 427–428, 443, 479, 489, 503, 505, 557, 574
tribal
3, 17, 48, 51, 66, 69, 292, 367, 370–371, 378, 380, 383, 514
tribe
7, 34, 47–49, 74, 367–368, 371, 379–382, 386–387, 399–400, 406–407, 439, 503, 514, 516
tribute (see: tax)
Tur Abdin
176–181, 183–197, 199–200, 202
ulamā
278–280
Umayyads
115, 117, 212, 226, 230–231, 236, 238, 240–242, 244–245, 248–250, 255, 290, 301, 403, 433, 445–448, 450, 452, 454–456, 483–485, 490, 514, 532–533, 544
uprising (see: revolt)
urban
1, 4–5, 49–51, 100, 102, 106–110, 112–113, 115–116, 119, 128, 135, 142, 144, 150–151, 154–155, 265, 269, 271, 277, 279–280, 284, 289, 295, 300–301, 304, 399, 411, 467, 488, 492, 577
village
3, 6, 47, 50, 98–99, 103–107, 109–110, 112–114, 116–117, 119–120, 135, 137–142, 144–150, 153–156, 158–164, 166, 177–180, 182, 185, 190–191, 193–195, 197, 199–201, 215, 220–222, 224–226, 229–230, 232, 242, 288, 295, 322, 336, 351, 371, 373–375, 377–378, 381–383, 385–386, 394, 396, 400, 404, 407–408, 410, 428, 436, 451, 467–468, 476, 481, 491, 503, 505, 519, 552, 554, 558, 560–562, 565–566, 570–573, 575, 577–578, 580–581
communities
99, 106, 110, 113–114, 120, 148, 154, 162–163
violence
1, 103, 384
Visigothic kingdom
98, 109, 113–115
Visigoths
106–107, 114
wālī
13, 16–17, 33, 456, 562, 578
war
7–8, 20, 26, 45, 47–48, 51, 69, 85, 114–118, 120, 128, 130–131, 134, 137, 141–142, 144–147, 149–152, 158–159, 161, 163–165, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184–186, 192, 195, 200–201, 210, 212, 219, 249, 269, 271–274, 276, 278, 285, 287, 291–295, 297–298, 300, 313, 315–317, 325–326, 333, 342, 344–345, 354–355, 367–368, 370, 372, 375–377, 379–387, 392–394, 397–399, 401–404, 406, 409, 413–415, 434, 441–443, 451, 466, 468–471, 473, 476, 479, 481, 485–486, 502–504, 506, 508–509, 515–517, 532, 539, 550, 556, 567, 572–573, 576, 578, 581, 583
ghāzī
265, 267, 273–280
jihad
48, 274–275, 279
warfare (see: war)
Zubayrids
434, 449–450, 452–453, 455–457, 510