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Kathrin Herrmann
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Kimberley Jayne
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Open Access

Index

abnormal behavior 5 , 7 , 10 , 15 , 522–524
stereotypies 7 , 522
abolishment of harmful animal use 27
academia 79 , 163 , 244 , 250 , 265 , 653
Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (acgme) 556
acgme. see Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (acgme)
adhd. see Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (adhd)
administrative costs 66 , 248
adr see Adverse drug reactions (adrs)
Advanced Trauma Life Support (atls) 552 , 555–556
Adverse drug reactions (adrs) 125 , 126 , 257 , 420 , 421 , 423 , 427 , 433
adverse outcome 367 , 613 , 615–619 , 626
adverse outcome pathway (aop) 30 , 367 , 590 , 595 , 596 , 598 , 615–619 , 627 , 682
advertising 132–134 , 136 , 137
Agricultural Research Service (ars) 129 , 260 , 261
agriculture. see animal agriculture
air bubbles 646
Alcmaeon of Croton 321
Alliance of science and research organisations 90
Allianz der Wissenschaftsorganisationen 90 . Alliance of science and research organisations
Alternative. Replacement
alternative approaches 34 , 35 , 88 , 109 , 358 , 365 , 597 , 683
alternative methods 32–34 , 93 , 97 , 103 , 152 , 155 , 158 , 183 , 185 , 196 , 200 , 202 , 332 , 341 , 465 , 568 , 572–578 , 587–588 , 591–595 , 598 , 600 , 603 , 604 , 648 , 653 , 659 , 660 , 675 , 676 , 679 , 680 , 683
development of 34 , 97 , 100 , 105 , 160 , 183 , 196 , 202 , 341 , 365 , 578 , 588 , 601 , 604 , 675 , 678
validation of 34 , 88 , 599 , 676 , 680
Alzheimer Disease 480–500
American College of Surgeons (acs) 555 , 556
American opposition to animal use in research 286
amphibian 367 , 521 , 661–663
analgesia 13–15 , 246 , 322 , 333
Anderson, E. 309 , 310
anesthesia 13–15 , 179 , 217 , 234 , 246 , 321 , 322 , 333 , 453 , 559
anger 294 , 298
animal agriculture 90 , 97 , 109 , 110 , 112 , 124 , 129–132 , 135–138 , 160 , 209 , 231 , 246 , 250 , 258–259 , 261 , 265 , 266 , 282 , 309 , 313 , 343 , 446 , 452 , 554 , 659
animal agriculture industrial complex 259
animal agriculture research 258–259
animal behavior 15 , 518–538
animal bioassays 257
animal ethics 21 , 219 , 227 , 236 , 237 , 456 , 561 , 570 , 572
Animal Ethics Committees (aecs) 21 , 227–231 , 234–238 , 561
animal experimentation 3 , 88 , 124 , 152 , 174 , 194 , 209 , 224 , 245 , 276 , 289 , 305 , 321 , 341 , 378 , 392 , 432 , 460 , 485 , 532 , 568 , 595 , 657 , 675 , 693
animal free science 29 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 37 , 88–96 , 98–102 , 104 , 105 , 107 , 108 , 114 , 127 , 138 , 158 , 159 , 161 , 173 , 200 , 204 , 216 , 227 , 233 , 236 , 237 , 342 , 365 , 369 , 417 , 419 , 425–430 , 433 , 527 , 561 , 578 , 587 , 650 , 660 , 663 , 666 , 682–684
animal health 3 , 155 , 168 , 174 , 195 , 259 , 290 , 322
animal laboratory 22 , 231 , 551–561
animal law 168 , 170 , 290–292
animal method 109 , 157 , 158 , 431 , 645 , 650 , 680
animal model
devalidation 95
failure 23 , 26 , 73 , 248 , 401–407
limitations 204 , 324–325 , 620 , 621
refinement ( see Chapter 1 ) 3–38
shortcomings 278 , 677 , 682 , 683
animal protection 80 , 96 , 155–159 , 173 , 178 , 184 , 291 , 299
animal protection law 8 , 9 , 181 , 183 , 292 , 297 , 553 . animal law
animal protection organization 159 , 292 , 552 , 594 , 604 , 663
animal research 3 , 73 , 89 , 124 , 151 , 169 , 203 , 209 , 234 , 244 , 275 , 289 , 305 , 321 , 341 , 378 , 392 , 425 , 443 , 480 , 553 , 568 , 605 , 657 , 675 , 691
animal research community 3 , 37 , 175 , 225 , 673
animal research industry 265.biomedical industrial complex
Animal Research Reporting In Vivo Experiments (arrive) guidelines 17 , 21 , 329–331 , 379
animal rights 66 , 89 , 90 , 113 , 153 , 178–182 , 198 , 199 , 201 , 225 , 281 , 308 , 392 , 579
animal safety test 417 , 423 , 428 , 432 , 433 , 676 , 678
Animals Scientific Procedures Act (aspa) 520
animal testing 11 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 91–96 , 101 , 103 , 104 , 109 , 110 , 113 , 115 , 124 , 127 , 152 , 156–159 , 183 , 202 , 216–218 , 245 , 246 , 257 , 258 , 295 , 297–299 , 307 , 325 , 341 , 342 , 365 , 368–369 , 392 , 405 , 417–433 , 465 , 486 , 487 , 570 , 587–606 , 620 , 621 , 641–654 , 656 , 657 , 659 , 660 , 663 , 665–668 , 675 , 676 , 678–683
Animals use
in applied research 4 , 30 , 33 , 113 , 152 , 245 , 529 , 681–682
in basic research 343 , 358 , 487
in education and training 138 , 568
animal welfare 5 , 20 , 27 , 37 , 113 , 132 , 152 , 158 , 173 , 198 , 225 , 237 , 262 , 283–284 , 333 , 452 , 520–523
Animal Welfare Act (awa) 124 , 209 , 217 , 246 , 258 , 264 , 265 , 282–284 , 660 , 661
animal welfare law 93 , 94 , 227 . animal law; Animal Welfare Act
anthropomorphism 295
antibiotic(s) 128–131 , 139 , 259 , 261 , 262 , 424
antibiotic resistance 128–129 , 131 , 139 , 259 , 261 , 262
antibodies 16 , 71 , 111 , 366 , 396 , 419 , 451 , 489 , 490 , 665
antivivisectionism
epistemic 198
ethical 198
scientific 199
aop. see adverse outcome pathway (aop)
ape 179 , 381 , 400 , 525 , 529 , 530 , 535 , 536 , 538
applied research 4 , 30 , 33 , 90 , 107 , 111–113 , 152 , 245 , 529 , 681–682
aquatic 124 , 130 , 666
ars. see Agricultural Research Service (ars)
aspa. see Animals Scientific Procedures Act (aspa)
aspirin 108 , 255 , 257 , 344 , 359–363 , 423 , 621 , 678
assumption of human-animal similarity 249
atls. see Advanced Trauma Life Support (atls)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (adhd) 380–385
Australia 137 , 183 , 225–240 , 493
author guidelines 331
awa. see Animal Welfare Act (awa)
awareness 11 , 15 , 26 , 29 , 30 , 132 , 137 , 140 , 161 , 225 , 227 , 278 , 322 , 330 , 344 , 368 , 369 , 386 , 480 , 551 , 560 , 568 , 569 , 571 , 572 , 577 , 651 , 662 , 667 , 679
balance of interests 175 , 177 , 178 , 180
Balls, M. 13 , 37 , 178 , 422 , 449 , 456 , 465 , 593 , 659 , 662 , 666
ban on patenting animals 93
barren cages 5 , 523
basal ganglia 376 , 523
Basel Declaration 197 , 226
basic science 24 , 30 , 35 , 36 , 71 , 75 , 79 , 89–91 , 111 , 112 , 114 , 115 , 184 , 194 , 202 , 251 , 277 , 278 , 280 , 281 , 284 , 285 , 341–343 , 357 , 358 , 386 , 392 , 405 , 450 , 481 , 483–485 , 487 , 491 , 492 , 499 , 500 , 529 , 595 , 596 , 603–605 , 630 , 676
BB3R. see Berlin-Brandenburg research platform (BB3R)
behavior 5–11 , 13 , 15 , 19 , 67 , 91 , 107 , 126 , 134 , 138 , 169 , 194 , 196 , 239 , 276 , 280 , 285 , 293 , 325 , 376 , 385 , 394 , 396 , 398 , 399 , 457 , 484 , 485 , 487 , 518–538 , 587 , 613 , 644 , 662 , 691
abnormal 5 , 7 , 10 , 15 , 521–523
stereotypies, stereotypic 7–9 , 455 , 521
behavior adaptation 293 , 376 , 521
behavioral research 276 , 280 , 285 , 518–538
behaviorism 519
Bennett, B.T. 196 , 657 , 658 , 664 , 668
Bentham, J. 213 , 322
Berlin-Brandenburg research platform (BB3R) 98 , 99
Bernard, Claude 199 , 614 , 693
best practice 331 , 617
BfR. see Bundesinstitut für Riskobewertung (BfR)
bia 10–24 , 74 , 419
bias 16–21 , 25 , 26 , 29 , 133 , 161 , 178 , 235 , 252–254 , 258 , 263 , 276 , 277 , 284 , 323 , 326–331 , 356 , 357 , 379 , 385 , 421 , 447 , 494 , 496 , 530 , 621 , 681 . publication bias
biochip 426 , 622
biological(s) 10 , 22 , 30 , 35 , 75 , 90 , 91 , 101 , 103 , 107 , 111 , 112 , 184 , 199 , 201 , 202 , 216 , 245 , 264 , 278 , 322–325 , 328 , 330 , 334 , 341 , 358 , 377 , 394 , 395 , 398 , 430 , 444 , 451 , 461 , 485 , 553 , 572 , 587 , 595 , 598 , 612–618 , 621 , 623–628 , 643 , 646 , 647 , 649 , 681
biological products 35 , 90 , 111 , 112 , 184 , 341 , 430
biomarkers 92 , 425 , 491 , 492 , 628–630
BioMed21 30
biomedical industrial complex (bic) 247–248
biomedical industrial eco-system 244
biomedical knowledge 277
biomedical research 11 , 16 , 20 , 28–34 , 65–81 , 99 , 140 , 154 , 161 , 170 , 197 , 199 , 202 , 226 , 237 , 238 , 245–248 , 251 , 252 , 258 , 266 , 275 , 278 , 285 , 286 , 306 , 314 , 376–386 , 392 , 421 , 431 , 444 , 461 , 462 , 518 , 529 , 531 , 534 , 538 , 660 , 661 , 678 . biomedical science
Biomedical Research for the 21st Century (BioMed21) Collaboration 30 . BioMed21
biomedical science 33 , 34 , 36 , 66 , 72 , 328 , 401 , 575
bioscience sector 155 , 160
biotransformation 620 , 643
bird 209 , 217 , 246 , 343 , 367 , 521 , 523 , 538 , 660 , 662
black box warning 420 , 620
blinding 18 , 212 , 263 , 276 , 326 , 327 , 329 , 408 , 433 , 692
bmbf. see Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (bmbf); German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
body on a chip 622 , 628 . human on a chip, disease on a chip, lab on a chip, organ on a chip
Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability assay (bcop) 663 , 666
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) 260 , 261
Braithwaite, V. 521 , 662
Brazil 398 , 567–579
Brazilian Network for Humane Education 578
breeding 7 , 12 , 22 , 71 , 97 , 130 , 195 , 229 , 247 , 264 , 333 , 341 , 343 , 369 , 443 , 446 , 453–454 , 483 , 499 , 529 , 533–538 , 575 , 576 , 662 , 676
British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (buav) 322 . Cruelty Free International
buav. see British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (buav); Cruelty Free International
Bundesinstitut für Riskobewertung (BfR) 34 , 90 , 97 , 100 . Federal Institute for risk assessment
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (bmbf) 31 , 32 , 35 , 98–101 , 104 , 108
Burch, R.L. 3 , 4 , 18 , 29 , 36 , 171 , 172 , 196 , 364 , 577 , 656–659 , 664 , 668
business ethics 209 , 214 , 218–220
by-pass protein effect 260
caat. see Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (caat)
cadaver 321 , 555 , 558 , 573–575
camarades. see Collaborative Approach to Meta-Analysis and Review of Animal Data from Experimental Studies (camarades)
Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness 29
campaigning 136 , 151–164 , 198 , 314 , 322 , 342 , 365 , 367–369 , 421 , 667
Canada 133 , 175 , 333 , 334 , 369 , 420 , 556 , 561 , 651
cancer 7 , 24 , 67 , 71 , 72 , 79 , 125–127 , 135 , 160 , 176 , 245 , 249 , 251 , 253 , 254 , 257 , 276 , 277 , 343 , 357 , 362 , 378 , 392 , 401 , 419 , 423 , 424 , 447–452 , 454 , 455 , 459 , 460 , 462–465 , 480 , 482 , 497 , 590 , 596 , 615
cancer gene panel 277
captive welfare 8
captivity 5 , 8–11 , 499 , 518–538 , 664
carcinogenicity research 135 , 257 , 324 , 365 , 392
care 4 , 73 , 97 , 126 , 154 , 168 , 197 , 217 , 227 , 246 , 279 , 294 , 307 , 333 , 342 , 386 , 419 , 445 , 482 , 535 , 555 , 605 , 627 , 641 , 664 , 693
culture of see culture of care
carnivore 521
cat 257 , 281 , 283–286 , 343 , 357 , 363 , 367 , 381 , 423 , 519 , 552 , 555 , 556 , 575
cell 16 , 75 , 91 , 194 , 216 , 234 , 245 , 278 , 357 , 377 , 398 , 419 , 444 , 485 , 573 , 588 , 612 , 641 , 658 , 679
cell culture 92 , 106 , 107 , 245 , 462 , 573 , 588 , 596 , 606 , 615 , 621 , 626 , 629 , 641–644 , 646–649 , 659 , 664 , 665 , 679
cell lineage 646
Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (caat) 93 , 103 , 104 , 651 , 657 , 659
Center for Open Science 20
Center for Responsible Science (crs) 430
Centrum für Ersatzmethoden zum Tierversuch (cerst-nrw) 98 , 99
cephalopod 97 , 228 , 294 , 575 , 660 , 664 , 676
cerst-nrw. see Centrum für Ersatzmethoden zum Tierversuch (cerst-nrw)
check-off program 136
chemotherapy 277
chest tube insertion 555
chicken 130 , 260 , 265 , 424 , 451 , 660 , 662–664 , 666
chimpanzee 248 , 249 , 255 , 285 , 286 , 323 , 324 , 381 , 399 , 400 , 403 , 461 , 525 , 526 , 529–536 , 538
China 160 , 453 , 495
chronic disease 125–129 , 131 , 133 , 138 , 480
citation analysis 379–381
Citizen’s Initiative 161–163 , 169 , 170 , 194
class action 96
classical conditioning 519
classification 27 , 156 , 175 , 176 , 195 , 220 , 234 , 297 , 301 , 394 , 402 , 575 , 598 , 599 , 657
clinical decision making 559
clinical research 26 , 75 , 79 , 216 , 251 , 257 , 334 , 362 , 376 , 377 , 425 , 491 , 500
clinical science
non-translatable 255 , 256
clinical testing 245 , 431 , 651
clinical trial 16 , 17 , 19–21 , 23 , 24 , 26 , 35 , 72 , 74 , 75 , 200 , 203 , 215 , 235 , 245 , 248 , 252–258 , 278 , 307 , 328–329 , 332 , 358 , 366 , 367 , 378 , 379 , 392 , 405 , 407 , 419–422 , 424 , 426 , 429 , 430 , 449 , 451 , 459 , 465 , 486–489 , 492 , 495 , 498 , 570 , 596 , 619 , 620 , 644 , 645 , 651
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (crispr) 31 , 444–451 , 453 , 456–458 , 460 , 463–465 , 612 , 613
co-culture 103 , 623 , 627 , 628
cognition 5 , 29 , 194 , 203 , 258 , 280 , 293 , 311 , 314 , 325 , 420 , 458 , 461 , 481 , 484 , 485 , 487 , 491–496 , 518 , 521 , 523 , 525 , 527 , 529–533 , 536 , 538 , 557 , 559 , 569 , 573 , 693
cognition research 521 , 527
cognitive abilities 518 , 521 , 529
cognitive dissonance 311 , 314 , 569
Collaborative Approach to Meta-Analysis and Review of Animal Data from Experimental Studies (camarades) 26 , 277 , 424
Collins, F. 17 , 28 , 251 , 278 , 424 , 426 , 570
commodification 135–137 , 259 , 261 , 264 , 309
communication 34 , 80 , 101 , 105 , 162 , 170 , 197 , 226 , 228 , 229 , 231–234 , 300 , 376 , 385 , 396 , 428 , 432 , 484 , 522 , 529 , 556 , 557 , 559 , 560 , 575 , 576 , 622 , 628 , 642
comparative cognition 521 , 529 , 531–533
comparative studies 462
compassion 11–13 , 131 , 204 , 212–216 , 285 , 286 , 298 , 568
complexity science 69 , 391 , 393 , 400
complex systems 69 , 70 , 72 , 251 , 277 , 393–400 , 403 , 405–408 , 683
compromise 7 , 8 , 157 , 199 , 249 , 254 , 291 , 293 , 325 , 427 , 492 , 494 , 524 , 534 , 538 , 649 , 675
computational modelling 196 , 200 , 266 , 307 , 400 , 401 , 425 , 426 , 527 , 605 , 613–615 , 625 , 644 , 652 , 679
computer model 196 , 200 , 266 , 307 , 400 , 401 , 425 , 426 , 527 , 605 , 644 , 652 , 679
Concordat on Openness on Animal Research 226 , 232
confidentiality, confidential 231 , 235 , 292 , 368
confinement 10 , 129 , 201 , 499 . husbandry
confirmatory science 249
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (consort) 17 , 328 , 329
consort. see Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (consort)
contextualism 298
cosmetics 32 , 89 , 93 , 102 , 103 , 109 , 115 , 156–159 , 183 , 185 , 202 , 212 , 218 , 245 , 246 , 365–367 , 369 , 433 , 587 , 591 , 592 , 594 , 601 , 604 , 641 , 647 , 650 , 667 , 678 , 680
testing 89 , 183 , 212 , 365 , 369 , 591 , 601 , 604 , 678
Cosmetics Directive 156 , 157 , 159 , 183 . eu Cosmetics Directive 76/768/eec
Cosmetics Regulation. see eu Cosmetics Directive 76/768/eec
Cosmetic Toiletry and Fragrance Association (ctfa) 103
cost
economic 646 , 650
of failed clinical trials 257
cost-benefit analysis 198 , 236–237 , 282 . harm-benefit-analysis (hba)
Cottee, Y. 662
Council of Europe 3 , 168 , 172 , 176 , 177
cow 130 , 259–261 , 263 , 265 , 451 , 452 , 660 , 661 , 664
cannibalism 261
crab 664
cricothyroidotomy 555 , 558
Crisis Resource Management (crm), xxii
crispr. see Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (crispr)
critical appraisal of animal studies 24–28
critical thinking 69 , 79–81 , 427
critique of animal experiments 194–204 . political critique
crm. see Crisis Resource Management (crm)
crops 130 , 131 , 136 , 137 , 139
crosstalk 644
crs. see Center for Responsible Science (crs)
Cruelty Free International 212 , 292 , 322 , 358 , 457 , 594 , 603
Cruelty to Animals Act 152 , 171 , 322
crustacean 664
ctfa. see Cosmetic Toiletry and Fragrance Association (ctfa)
culture of care 4 , 11–13
Czech Republic 154
dairy 128 , 130 , 132–138 , 259 , 260 , 452 , 495
darpa. see Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (darpa)
Darwin, C. 77 , 244 , 280 , 377 , 532
data publication 95
decline on ethical grounds 104
De Denktank Aanfullende financierung alternatieven voor dierproeven 110
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (darpa) 103 , 109 , 643 , 644 , 647
deliberate practice 558 , 560
democracy 224 , 291 , 300
Denmark 236 , 290 , 601
Department of Defense (DoD) 246 , 552 , 554 . us Department of Defense
depression 5 , 9 , 10 , 129 , 217 , 364 , 459 , 520 , 615
deprivation 8 , 217 , 297 , 519 , 522 , 523
Descartes, R. 77 , 321
desensitization 312 , 569
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (dfg) 90 , 98 , 108 , 194 , 196–198
Deutsches Tierschutzgesetz. see German Animal Welfare Act
Developmental toxicology 107
dfg. see Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (dfg)
diabetes 9 , 24 , 125–127 , 245 , 255 , 276 , 331 , 357 , 378 , 452 , 455 , 459 , 495 , 496
Diagnostic peritoneal lavage 555
differentiation 24 , 622 , 628
Directive 76/768/eec. see eu Cosmetics Directive 76/768/eec
Directive 86/609/eec 88 , 152–155 , 158 , 159 , 173 , 591 , 603
Directive 2010/63/eu 3 , 8 , 10 , 11 , 27 , 34 , 35 , 37 , 88–97 , 102 , 109 , 115 , 152 , 154–156 , 160–162 , 170–173 , 175 , 179 , 181 , 182 , 233 , 234 , 236 , 239 , 282 , 289–291 , 295 , 299 , 300 , 334 , 335 , 364 , 417 , 529 , 560 , 591 , 605 , 656 , 660 , 662–665 , 668 , 676
Article 36 97 , 180
Article 49 94 , 97 , 113
Article 55 93 , 179 , 529
discovery research 202
disease on a chip, see body on a chip.human on a chip, lab on a chip, organ on a chip
disparity 134 , 177 , 613
disposition 22 , 179 , 296 , 309 , 310
distress 4 , 9 , 13 , 14 , 18 , 22 , 26 , 28 , 37 , 93–95 , 175 , 179 , 182 , 194–196 , 198 , 227 , 234 , 237 , 246 , 294 , 298 , 306 , 308 , 314 , 333 , 454 , 455 , 520 , 521 , 554 , 658 , 664 , 676
diversity 139 , 298 , 456
DoD. see Department of Defense (DoD); us Department of Defense
Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in-vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/Alternatives to Animal 98 , 99
dog 14 , 163 , 245 , 257 , 281 , 283–286 , 297 , 343 , 357 , 358 , 362 , 363 , 365 , 368 , 378 , 379 , 381 , 401 , 419 , 422 , 423 , 452–453 , 456 , 483 , 499 , 519 , 520 , 552 , 554–556 , 568 , 574 , 575 , 590 , 604 , 659
double muscled beef cattle 263
Draize eye irritation test 368 , 663
drug
attrition in clinical trials 258
development 24 , 29 , 31 , 68 , 79 , 258 , 391 , 403 , 406–408 , 457 , 481 , 483 , 485–491 , 499 , 500 , 596 , 619–623 , 630 , 645 , 677 , 678 , 682
discovery 28 , 253 , 256 , 266 , 432 , 498 , 596 , 619 , 625 , 645 , 649 , 650 , 681
Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs 110
easy care sheep 264–265
ec 1907/2006 157 . reach Regulation
eceae. see European Coalition to End Animal Experiments (eceae)
echa. see European Chemicals Agency (echa)
ecological relevance 526
economic(s) 101 , 108 , 110 , 114 , 135 , 151 , 170 , 177 , 183 , 218 , 264 , 265 , 294 , 315 , 367 , 398 , 399 , 407 , 500 , 521 , 530 , 577 , 589 , 616 , 620 , 646 , 650 , 651 , 663 , 680 , 684
economic benefits 651
ecvam. see European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ecvam)
education and training 11 , 21 , 29 , 33–34 , 36 , 90 , 111 , 112 , 138 , 140 , 184 , 322 , 568 , 569 , 571 , 572 , 576–578.training
effectiveness 18 , 19 , 21 , 23 , 27 , 32 , 67 , 73 , 88 , 89 , 124 , 125 , 127 , 129 , 132 , 133 , 140 , 153–155 , 162 , 164 , 170 , 173 , 176 , 177 , 180 , 184 , 185 , 204 , 215 , 225 , 235 , 254–256 , 265 , 279 , 307 , 308 , 314 , 322–325 , 330 , 335 , 357 , 391 , 405 , 406 , 417–420 , 422–424 , 429–431 , 457 , 465 , 482 , 486 , 487 , 492 , 553 , 556 , 558 , 560 , 568 , 619 , 651 , 679
efficacy 16 , 30–32 , 34 , 35 , 73 , 74 , 92 , 109 , 124 , 245 , 246 , 255 , 256 , 275–286 , 322 , 324 , 327 , 328 , 332 , 334 , 335 , 342 , 358 , 391 , 392 , 407 , 418 , 421 , 423 , 424 , 430 , 459 , 461 , 486–488 , 500 , 555 , 587 , 588 , 596 , 597 , 619 , 621
electrodes 280 , 281 , 457 , 520
embryos 106 , 363 , 379 , 445 , 446 , 449 , 453 , 454 , 458 , 462 , 591 , 621 , 656 , 661–663 , 666 , 667 , 676
emotion 11 , 13 , 67 , 80 , 129 , 289 , 294–301 , 560 , 569 , 691 , 693
empathy 12 , 280 , 286 , 294 , 295 , 298 , 310 , 558 , 569
emst. see Early Management of Severe Trauma (emst)
endpoint
experimental 182
humane 13 , 18
less-inhumane 13
enrichment. see environmental enrichment
entrepreneurship 652
environment 5 , 72 , 94 , 127 , 151 , 171 , 195 , 211 , 228 , 244 , 278 , 290 , 306 , 325 , 359 , 392 , 418 , 518 , 558 , 568 , 587 , 614 , 641 , 663 , 682
environmental enrichment 5 , 6 , 8 , 325 , 331 , 334
Environmental Protection Agency (epa) 94 , 102 , 103 , 246 , 429
environmental refinement 5 , 7–9 . environmental enrichment
epa. see Environmental Protection Agency (epa)
epaa. see European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (epaa)
epistemic injustice 296
epistemology 194–204 , 305 , 307 , 309 , 310 , 315
problems 202
equity investment 650
Estonia 290
ethical
conflict 290
consensus 285 , 290
evaluation 178 , 291
review 228 , 232 , 282 , 289 , 292–295 , 301 , 310 , 329 , 332 , 602 , 605
Ethical Consumer Research Association 32 , 667
Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects 197 . Helsinki Declaration
ethics 12 , 21 , 22 , 36 , 139 , 183 , 194–204 , 209 , 214 , 218–220 , 227–229 , 236 , 237 , 275–286 , 290 , 292–295 , 299 , 323 , 324 , 329 , 330 , 403 , 430 , 480–500 , 531–534 , 537 , 561 , 569 , 570 , 572 , 578 , 595 . animal ethics
ethology 194 , 518 , 520–521 , 524 , 526–528 , 530 , 536
eu Cosmetics Directive 76/768/eec 183
eu Cosmetics Product Regulation (ec) No 1223/2009 157
Eurobarometer 292
Europe 3 , 92 , 102–104 , 109 , 125 , 172 , 176 , 177 , 183 , 185 , 202 , 239 , 260 , 322 , 588 , 591 , 593 , 594 , 596 , 599–601 , 603 , 604
European animal welfare and animal protection laws 290.Directive 86/609/eec, Directive 2010/63/eu
European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ecvam) 33 , 91 , 94 , 104 , 105 , 152 , 156 , 157 , 593 , 598 , 600 , 659 , 665 , 666 , 680
European Chemicals Agency (echa) 159 , 365 , 623
European Citizen’s Initiative 169
European Coalition to End Animal Experiments (eceae) 154 , 158 , 368
European Commission (ec) 4 , 11 , 12 , 21 , 27 , 32 , 33 , 88 , 93 , 94 , 102 , 105 , 113–115 , 125 , 153–157 , 159 , 161–163 , 168–170 , 173 , 183 , 185 , 202 , 322 , 341 , 365 , 378 , 420 , 591 , 593 , 594 , 599 , 601 , 602 , 604 , 661 , 676
European Commission department Directorate-General for Environment 94
European Convention on Human Rights 177
European Directive on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States regarding the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes. see Directive 86/609/eec
European Directive on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes (Directive 2010/63/eu) 3 , 8 , 10 , 11 , 27 , 34 , 35 , 37 , 88–98 , 102 , 109 , 115 , 151 , 152 , 154–156 , 160–162 , 170–173 , 175 , 179 , 181 , 182 , 233 , 234 , 236 , 239 , 282 , 289–291 , 295 , 299 , 300 , 334 , 335 , 364 , 417 , 529 , 560 , 591 , 605 , 656 , 660 , 662–665 , 668 , 676
European Ombudsman 159 , 162
European Parliament 4 , 8 , 14 , 15 , 27 , 31 , 32 , 88 , 93 , 95 , 97 , 109 , 113 , 152 , 155–159 , 161 , 170 , 171 , 173 , 175 , 176 , 179 , 181–183 , 233 , 236 , 282 , 289–291 , 297 , 334 , 364 , 417 , 418 , 529 , 560 , 575 , 591 , 600 , 603 , 605 , 656 , 660 , 662 , 664 , 668 , 676
European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (epaa) 109 , 159
European Union, Europe (eu) 3 , 10 , 88 , 92 , 102–104 , 109 , 125 , 137 , 151 , 152 , 160 , 169 , 172 , 176 , 177 , 183 , 185 , 202 , 224 , 226 , 232–235 , 239 , 246 , 260 , 282 , 289 , 322 , 341 , 417 , 443 , 526 , 529 , 560 , 588 , 591 , 593 , 594 , 596 , 599–601 , 603 , 604 , 656 , 659 , 665 , 675
European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing (eurl-ecvam) 33 , 91 , 94 , 104 , 105 , 152 , 156 , 157 , 659 , 665 , 666
European Union Seventh Framework Programme 91
eu-ToxRisk 91 , 101 , 102 , 106 , 107 , 432
evaluation committee 289–292 , 301
evidence-based medicine 25 , 276
evolution 29 , 69 , 70 , 72 , 77 , 79 , 106 , 151 , 152 , 172 , 174 , 184 , 199 , 219 , 220 , 249 , 260 , 263 , 277 , 280 , 285 , 322 , 376 , 391–394 , 399–400 , 403 , 406 , 407 , 429 , 432 , 433 , 456 , 460 , 461 , 464 , 518 , 521 , 528 , 567–579 , 681 , 684 , 692 , 693
Excellence in Editorial Mandatory Policies for Animal Research (exemplar) Scale 330 , 331
experimental animal 26 , 37 , 110 , 244 , 278 , 281 , 284 , 404 , 432
expertise 76 , 79 , 80 , 95 , 110 , 159 , 163 , 203 , 263 , 282 , 290–292 , 295 , 602 , 621 , 622
eyes 30 , 105 , 212 , 280 , 365 , 368 , 396 , 431 , 433 , 455 , 589 , 656 , 660 , 663 , 666 , 678–680
factory farm 128–131 , 259 , 262 , 265 , 309
factory farm-acology 262
failed clinical trial 256 , 257
fallibilism 298
false negative 200 , 257 , 325 , 401 , 402 , 423 , 424 , 487
drug toxicity 257
false positive 19 , 20 , 200 , 256 , 257 , 325 , 401 , 402 , 404 , 423 , 424 , 487
animal model success 256–257
drug toxicity 257
Farm Animal Welfare Committee 662
farming. see animal agriculture
fast-food 132 , 134
fat 128 , 135 , 259 , 260 , 262 , 263 , 452 , 495
fbs. see fetal bovine serum (fbs)
fcs. see fetal calf serum (fcs)
fda. see Food and Drug Administration (fda)
fdama. see Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 (fdama)
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment 34 . Bundesinstitut für Riskobewertung (BfR)
feed efficiency 259 , 262
fetal bovine serum (fbs) 92 , 664 , 665
fetal calf serum (fcs) 664 , 665
fialuridine 419 , 426
fish 130 , 171 , 209 , 228 , 246 , 281 , 343 , 367 , 446 , 521 , 529 , 538 , 659 , 661–663
embryo toxicity (fet) test 663 , 666
farms 130
five pillar-program 90 , 113
Fleming, A. 363 , 424
flow stress 642
foi. see Freedom of Information (foi)
Food and Drug Administration (fda) 19 , 29 , 73 , 94 , 102 , 125 , 139 , 246 , 254–258 , 343 , 418 , 420 , 427 , 429–431 , 486–489 , 619
Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 (fdama) 19 , 20
food deprivation 519
food service 132 , 134
frame. see Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (frame)
France 89 , 101 , 154 , 343 , 419
Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research 100
Freedom of Information (foi) 229–232 , 421 , 553
free-living 293 , 518 , 520–523 , 527
fruit, plants, vegetables 128 , 135–137 , 497
Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (frame) 358 , 659
funding 17 , 21 , 23 , 28 , 30–33 , 35 , 36 , 66 , 73 , 76 , 78 , 80 , 81 , 91–92 , 97–104 , 109 , 110 , 113 , 114 , 126 , 127 , 129 , 133–134 , 136 , 137 , 152 , 155 , 159 , 160 , 162 , 164 , 183 , 226 , 237 , 238 , 244–247 , 249 , 258 , 261 , 262 , 265 , 266 , 277–279 , 282 , 285 , 328 , 330–332 , 358 , 365 , 385 , 386 , 425 , 429 , 465 , 481 , 491 , 497–499 , 527 , 578 , 592 , 595 , 601–603 , 605 , 606 , 647 , 651 , 659 , 667 , 678
redeployment of 35–36
gas-liquid interface 647
gavage 9 , 325
gene 23 , 77 , 102 , 194 , 263 , 266 , 277 , 278 , 357 , 377 , 397 , 399 , 400 , 403 , 405 , 444–453 , 455 , 457–463 , 465 , 483–485 , 590 , 591 , 613 , 622 , 626 , 629 , 682
gene-pharming 194
general principle of animal welfare 173 , 174
general public 67 , 73 , 76 , 78 , 105 , 531 , 660 , 675
genetically modified animals (gm animals) 16 , 197 , 333 , 341 , 343 , 369 , 443–465 , 483
genetic selection 259 , 262–264
genomics 135 , 200 , 249 , 367 , 398 , 447–449
German Animal Welfare Act 96 , 97 , 171 , 175 , 176 , 181
German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R) 32 , 97 , 98
German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, see Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (bmbf)
Germany 3 , 12 , 31 , 89–92 , 95 , 97–102 , 104 , 106–109 , 113 , 154 , 289 , 291 , 292 , 294 , 295 , 343 , 530 , 553 , 570 , 601 , 651 , 679
Glivec 423
gm animals. see genetically modified animals (gm animals)
goat 258 , 451 , 552 , 555 , 664
Goldberg, A. 3 , 103 , 172 , 179 , 657
gold standard 140 , 199 , 401 , 402 , 418 , 427 , 593 , 649 , 677
Gold Standard Publication Checklist (gspc) 17 , 21 , 329
government 31 , 33 , 35 , 78 , 81 , 89 , 103 , 113 , 126 , 132 , 134 , 136 , 137 , 154 , 175 , 177 , 182–184 , 211 , 226 , 229 , 231 , 232 , 234 , 235 , 237 , 238 , 244–247 , 250 , 251 , 258 , 259 , 264–266 , 301 , 417 , 418 , 420 , 425 , 426 , 429 , 431 , 433 , 554 , 557 , 570 , 571 , 575 , 578 , 595 , 604 , 605 , 650 , 653 , 659 , 662 , 667 , 668 , 678
Greek, J. 69 , 72 , 78 , 124 , 176 , 277 , 393 , 403 , 405
Greek physicians 321
Greek, R. 29 , 35 , 65–81 , 124 , 127 , 176 , 178 , 199 , 204 , 236 , 321 , 323 , 391–408 , 518
greenhouse gas 130 , 131 , 138 , 139
gspc. see Gold Standard Publication Checklist (gspc)
Habermas, J. 312
handling 9 , 12 , 13 , 18 , 195 , 293 , 325 , 331 , 499 , 569 , 643
hand-rear 523
Hansen, L.A. 69 , 72 , 78 , 275–286 , 392 , 393 , 677
harking 19 , 21
harm-benefit-analysis (hba) 95 , 175 , 290 , 291 , 334 , 463
harmonization 290 , 292 , 407 , 429 , 560–561 , 594 , 599 , 600 , 616 , 619
harm(s), animal 176 , 283 , 578 , 692
unnecessary 197
unjustified 37
harm(s), human 257 , 310
Hartung, T. 20 , 23 , 30 , 96 , 101 , 200 , 216 , 324 , 325 , 332 , 363 , 366 , 423 , 427 , 433 , 593 , 615 , 620 , 621 , 650 , 675–684
hazard assessment 114
hba. see harm-benefit-analysis (hba)
hci. see high content imaging (hci)
hcs. see high content screening (hcs)
health 3 , 66 , 91 , 124 , 158 , 168 , 195 , 213 , 226 , 245 , 275 , 290 , 306 , 321 , 357 , 380 , 392 , 418 , 455 , 482 , 523 , 553 , 588 , 615 , 644
heart disease 79 , 125–127 , 357 , 423 , 482 , 497 , 596
Helsinki Declaration 181 , 183 , 197 . Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects
hierarchy of the 3Rs 36 , 171–174 , 184
high content imaging (hci) 613
high content screening (hcs) 612 , 613 , 615
high throughput screening (hts) 426 , 615 , 621 , 644–646 , 649 , 650 , 661
hips. see Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (hips)
hipsc. see human induced pluripotent stem cells (hipsc)
history 65 , 66 , 68 , 77–79 , 110 , 151 , 152 , 172 , 184 , 194 , 196–201 , 210 , 219 , 221 , 254 , 277 , 278 , 285 , 309 , 315 , 363 , 376 , 378 , 393 , 423 , 428 , 497 , 519 , 528 , 554 , 555 , 557 , 558 , 568 , 570–576 , 593 , 598 , 644 , 646–650 , 676 , 692
Home Office 153 , 176 , 226 , 233 , 234 , 236 , 237 , 333 , 341 , 343 , 365 , 366 , 443 , 454 , 486 , 521 , 526 , 659 , 661 , 662
homeostasis 574 , 614 , 615 , 617 , 646
Honneth, A. 306 , 309–311
Horizon 2020 91 , 101
horse 343 , 433 , 556 , 664
horseshoe crab 664 . crab
household products 93 , 342 , 343 , 366 , 604
House of Lords 154 , 160
housing. see confinement; husbandry
hts. see high throughput screening (hts)
human 3 , 65 , 92 , 124 , 151 , 168 , 194 , 209 , 225 , 245 , 275 , 290 , 305 , 321 , 341 , 376 , 391 , 417 , 443 , 480 , 518 , 551 , 568 , 587 , 612 , 641 , 657 , 676 , 691
human behavior 518 , 520 , 522
human biology-based model 28
human clinical trial 16 , 17 , 20 , 35 , 203 , 215 , 254 , 255 , 258 , 328–329 , 358 , 367 , 379 , 405 , 407 , 420 , 430 , 620
humane education 367 , 567–579
Humane Research Australia 225 , 227 , 228 , 235 , 240
human healthcare 23 , 323 , 324 , 380
human induced pluripotent stem cells (hipsc) 612 , 627 , 628 , 649
human on a chip model 103 , 105 , 107 , 366.body on a chip, disease on a chip, lab on-a chip, organ on a chip
human patient simulator 553
human primary cells 612 , 642 , 649
human-relevant, and
method 341 , 358 , 367 , 433 , 481
model 35 , 342 , 460 , 498 , 668
science, xxx
test 430
husbandry 4–11 , 18 , 22 , 237 , 264 , 329 , 523 , 535 , 661 , 662
iacucs. see Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (iacucs)
iata. see Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (iata)
iatro-epidemics 257
ic50 646
iccvam. see Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (iccvam)
ich. see International Council on Harmonisation (ich)
inconsistency 22 , 81 , 174 , 231 , 298 , 324 , 356 , 357 , 363 , 494 , 620 , 664
incubators 649
India 160 , 171 , 181–183 , 212 , 366 , 422 , 495 , 554 , 555 , 561
indispensability 6 , 20 , 175 , 176 , 291 , 292
individual differences 377 , 525
in dubio pro animale 174
induced pluripotent stem cells 366 , 462 , 612 , 628 , 649
industrial farming 129
inequity aversion in mammals 293
inhalation toxicology 106
inhumanity 3 , 4 , 196
InnoSysTox 101
innovation index for replacement methods 112
Innovative Systems Toxicology for Alternative to Animal Testing. see InnoSysTox
in silico 32 , 196 , 216 , 266 , 366 , 367 , 377–378 , 382 , 383 , 425 , 588 , 590 , 591 , 596 , 612–630 , 650 , 679 , 681 , 683
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (iacucs) 73 , 282–284 , 286
instrumentalism 279
instrumentalization 312
Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (iata) 92
integrity 65 , 177–182 , 184 , 297 , 299 , 301 , 333 , 557 , 623
intention 109 , 160 , 169 , 201 , 215 , 216 , 226 , 247 , 259 , 262 , 275 , 296 , 297 , 308 , 310 , 322 , 329 , 344 , 393 , 429 , 537 , 571 , 691
Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (iccvam) 94 , 266 , 431 , 593 , 663 , 666 , 680
International Council on Harmonisation (ich) 430 , 594
interpretation 18 , 25 , 26 , 65 , 170 , 172 , 174 , 184 , 199 , 210–212 , 228 , 291 , 365 , 492 , 613
intrinsic value 181 , 297 , 311 , 314 , 332
invasive 37 , 131 , 245 , 321 , 322 , 331 , 333 , 334 , 386 , 454 , 519–521 , 527 , 528 , 534 , 552 , 554 , 572 , 597 , 691
invertebrate 155 , 403 , 575 , 656 , 659 , 661 , 664 , 667
in vitro 16 , 24 , 32 , 34 , 74 , 91 , 92 , 98 , 99 , 101 , 103 , 106 , 107 , 196 , 216 , 234 , 266 , 362 , 365–367 , 377 , 382 , 383 , 419 , 423 , 425 , 426 , 429 , 430 , 432 , 450 , 463 , 573 , 588–591 , 595–599 , 612–630 , 641–647 , 651 , 652 , 656 , 658 , 661 , 663–666 , 668 , 679 , 681 , 683
in vivo 16–18 , 34 , 91 , 196 , 234 , 329 , 331 , 362 , 379 , 425 , 426 , 450 , 462 , 588 , 590 , 612 , 615 , 620–622 , 624–628
Ipsos mori 225 , 233 , 418
irreproducibility 16 , 18 , 249–252 , 256 , 448
isolated chicken eye (ice) test 663 , 666
isolated rabbit eye (ire) test 663
Israel 101 , 175 , 183 , 212 , 366
Italy 154
Jenni, K. 309
Jennings, M. 161 , 453 , 457 , 661 , 662
Kant, I. 309
Keesler Air Force Base 554
killing 14 , 15 , 18 , 27 , 153 , 182 , 198 , 200 , 201 , 203 , 215 , 244 , 249 , 279 , 283 , 297 , 306 , 313 , 359 , 420 , 453 , 568 , 588 , 662 , 663
Klausner, R. 254
Koëter, H. 110
Kuhn, T. 602 , 684 , 692
labelling 598 , 599
lab on a chip 590 , 596 , 598 . body on a chip, disease on a chip, human on a chip, organ on a chip
laboratory 4 , 66 , 89 , 125 , 152 , 169 , 196 , 209 , 227 , 245 , 282 , 293 , 305 , 321 , 341 , 427 , 445 , 483 , 518 , 551 , 574 , 593 , 643 , 656 , 677 , 692
animal. see experimental animal
animal research community see animal research community
animal science 4 , 11 , 72 , 95 , 113 , 308 , 311 , 454
animal science community 4 , 11
animal welfare 282 , 286 , 521–524 . welfare
behavioral experiment 524 , 531
behavioral research 519–520 , 528
enrichment. see environmental enrichment
environment 518 , 519 , 522–524 , 526 , 528
housing 333 , 522 . confinement; husbandry
noise 9 , 306 , 307 , 522 , 523
stress 294
stressor 523
technicians 308 , 311 , 314
Lackland Air Force Base 553 , 554
Langley, G. 28–30 , 36 , 74 , 424 , 485 , 486 , 587 , 596 , 617 , 682
lasting harm 28 , 182 , 237 , 520 , 521
law 3 , 8–10 , 12 , 15 , 19 , 20 , 33 , 76 , 89 , 93–97 , 136 , 152 , 155 , 157 , 159 , 162 , 168 , 170–173 , 175 , 177–185 , 195 , 199 , 211 , 216–217 , 220 , 226 , 227 , 229 , 231 , 232 , 245 , 253 , 258 , 266 , 282 , 284–286 , 289–294 , 297 , 299–301 , 313 , 365 , 399 , 417 , 443 , 464 , 527 , 529 , 536 , 553 , 569–571 , 577 , 578 , 594 , 603 , 643 , 664 , 693
ld50 594
learned helplessness 9 , 10 , 520
legislation 3 , 4 , 29 , 34 , 78 , 134 , 154–162 , 172 , 183 , 202 , 227 , 234 , 265 , 285 , 290 , 322 , 343 , 365 , 368 , 421 , 552 , 568 , 576 , 591 , 594 , 598–599 , 603 , 656 , 657 , 660–662 , 664 , 675–676 , 678
legislative change 35 , 365
likelihood ratio 422
limitation 6 , 14 , 23 , 26 , 27 , 31–33 , 74 , 75 , 96 , 104 , 128 , 155 , 160 , 161 , 172 , 179 , 180 , 199 , 200 , 202–204 , 211 , 216 , 220 , 234 , 236 , 249 , 257 , 266 , 275 , 282 , 283 , 285 , 286 , 295 , 308 , 310–312 , 314 , 324–325 , 331 , 335 , 356 , 357 , 364 , 368 , 377 , 396 , 429 , 448 , 452 , 453 , 457–459 , 461 , 486 , 487 , 492 , 494 , 500 , 529 , 557 , 569 , 579 , 598 , 605 , 615 , 620–622 , 624–627 , 642 , 657 , 664 , 668 , 676 , 677 , 679 , 681 , 686 , 692
limulus amoebocyte lysate (lal) assay 664
limulus polyphemus 664
literature review
structured 14 , 15
systematic see systematic review)
liver toxicity 612–630
live tissue training (ltt) 552–553 , 560
lock-in 427
lorcainide 422
L’Oréal 592
low clearance compounds 646
ltt. see live tissue training (ltt)
Lukács, G. 310
lung model 106
Lush Cosmetics 667
Lush Prize 32 , 667 , 668
Lyons, D. 152 , 153
macaque 8 , 280 , 359 , 381 , 453 , 457 , 520 , 530
mad. see Mutual Acceptance of Data (mad)
Mad Cow Disease 259 , 265
Madigan Health System 553 , 554
magnetic resonance imaging (mri) 279
Major Depressive Disorder (mdd) 380 , 381 , 383–385
mammal 15 , 71 , 293 , 377 , 392 , 400 , 403 , 423 , 613 , 656 , 659–662
manikin 563
marc. see Meat Animal Research Center (marc)
marketing 68 , 73 , 89 , 90 , 101 , 125 , 132 , 133 , 136–139 , 160 , 183 , 185 , 212 , 215 , 217 , 245 , 256–258 , 262 , 263 , 291 , 359 , 363 , 365 , 366 , 394 , 402 , 407 , 420 , 430 , 456 , 619–621 , 645–647 , 650 , 651 , 653 , 654 , 676 , 678
Marks, J. 36 , 660 , 666
master plan for an end to animal experiments 90
maternal separation 523
maximum tolerated dose 325
mbm. see meat and bone meal (mbm)
mdd. see Major Depressive Disorder (mdd)
meat 126 , 128 , 130–132 , 134–138 , 259–263 , 309 , 451 , 452 , 495
meat and bone meal (mbm) 260 , 261
Meat Animal Research Center (marc) 261–265
Medical Council of India 554
medical education 552 , 556 , 560 , 571 , 572
medical research 3 , 15 , 16 , 28 , 31 , 38 , 72 , 111 , 179 , 181 , 197 , 214 , 215 , 226 , 281 , 306 , 329 , 330 , 341 , 342 , 379 , 384 , 393 , 403 , 458 , 481 , 595 , 641
medical simulation 559 , 560
medical training 138–139 , 552–557 , 560 , 561 , 574
medication 15 , 26 , 124–127 , 131 , 138 , 139 , 486 , 557
medicine 23 , 68 , 89 , 127 , 184 , 194 , 235 , 244 , 276 , 292 , 322 , 341 , 385 , 391 , 417 , 446 , 486 , 553 , 572 , 594 , 613 , 682 , 692
mega farm 130
memory 278 , 481 , 484 , 485 , 519 , 521 , 530
Menache, A. 69 , 78 , 127 , 178 , 403
meta-analysis 25 , 26 , 277 , 279 , 323 , 379 , 424 , 494 , 496
metabolic signaling 642
metazoan endoparasite 658
methodological quality 26 , 200 , 325–331 , 335
Mexico, xxiii
mice. see mouse
microdosing 426 , 429 , 597
microelectronics 643
microfluidics 103 , 216 , 622 , 627 , 628 , 647 , 648
microfluidic systems 627 , 628
micro-liver 426
microphysiological system (mps) 31 , 103 , 641 , 643–644 , 679
microtiter plate 642 , 644
military 247 , 306 , 313 , 314 , 551–554 , 559 , 560 , 570
miniaturized reproductive tract. see repro-on-a-chip
mini pig 365 , 659 . pig
money 32 , 35 , 67 , 73 , 76 , 80 , 81 , 101 , 108 , 132 , 136 , 137 , 158 , 244–266 , 276 , 279 , 285 , 293 , 429 , 497 , 500 , 667
money waste 244–266
monitoring 8 , 13 , 15 , 18 , 20 , 89 , 90 , 93–95 , 112 , 114 , 115 , 228 , 234 , 238 , 246 , 301 , 308 , 456 , 521 , 572 , 578 , 589
monkey 93 , 247 , 257 , 281 , 358 , 362 , 363 , 378 , 381 , 399 , 419 , 422 , 452–453 , 456–459 , 461 , 499 , 520 , 523 , 529 , 530 , 553 , 588 , 597 , 604 , 691 , 692
moral agency 306 , 309–314
moral doubt 289–301
moral injury 305–315
moral status 200 , 209–221 , 280 , 308 , 309 , 311 , 314 , 315
moral taboo 313
morbidity 279 , 307
morphology 69 , 393 , 523 , 622 , 642
mortality 77 , 264 , 279 , 307 , 455 , 487 , 491 , 496 , 664
mouse 6–9 , 13 , 14 , 22–24 , 27 , 29 , 67 , 72 , 107 , 124 , 209 , 217 , 244–249 , 251 , 254–258 , 266 , 277 , 278 , 281 , 284 , 326 , 343 , 357–359 , 362 , 363 , 365 , 378 , 381 , 384 , 397 , 399 , 400 , 405 , 406 , 419 , 422 , 427 , 444–448 , 452–456 , 460–462 , 465 , 480 , 483–485 , 487 , 499 , 521 , 524 , 573 , 577 , 588 , 590 , 591 , 596 , 599 , 659–661 , 666 , 682
mps. see microphysiological system (mps)
mri. see magnetic resonance imaging (mri)
multi-chamber plates 643
multidisciplinary cooperation 112
Multilateral Collaboration in Computational Neuroscience 101
multiple sclerosis 324 , 330 , 419 , 459
murine local lymph node assay (llna) 596 , 599 , 666
mus 381 , 660
Mutual Acceptance of Data (mad) 599
myostatin gene 263
nann. see National Association of Neonatal Nurses (nann)
narrative review 323
nas. see National Academy of Sciences (nas)
National Academy of Sciences (nas) 595
National Anti-Vivisection Society (navs) 33 , 246 , 251 , 322
National Association of Neonatal Nurses (nann) 555
National Center for Computational Toxicology 102
National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement & Reduction of Animals in Research (nc3Rs) 32 , 33 , 35
National competency centers 93 , 94
National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (rivm) 110
National Institutes of Health (nih) 28 , 31 , 66 , 67 , 73 , 91 , 102 , 109 , 136 , 245 , 246 , 248 , 251–253 , 262 , 275 , 278 , 285 , 358 , 367 , 419 , 424 , 426 , 429 , 497 , 498 , 530 , 647
National Toxicology Program at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (niehs) 102 , 246
nato. see North Atlantic Treaty Organization (nato)
natural behavior 10 , 518–520 , 522–524 , 527 , 528
Naval Medical Center Portsmouth 554
navs. see National Anti-Vivisection Society (navs)
NCad. see Netherlands National Committee for the protection of animals used for scientific purposes (NCad)
necrosis 642
negative results 27 , 200 , 252 , 325 , 332 , 423
Netherlands 26 , 35 , 89 , 101 , 109–114 , 179 , 290 , 341 , 433
Netherlands National Committee for the protection of animals used for scientific purposes (NCad) 35 , 89 , 90 , 96 , 109–115 , 184 , 341 , 433
neurological disease 324 , 461
new drug pipeline 245 , 254 , 487
new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (nvCJD) 259 , 261
ngo. see non-governmental organization (ngo)
nhp. see non-human primate (nhp)
nih. see National Institutes of Health (nih)
noise 9 , 19 , 306 , 307 , 522 , 523
non-animal method. see animal free science
non-animal model. see animal free science
non-animal research approach 266
non-animal technology. see animal free science
non-animal test. see animal free science
non-governmental organization (ngo) 31 , 67 , 301 , 657 , 668
non-human primate (nhp) 8 , 14 , 27 , 93 , 152 , 160 , 178 , 179 , 183 , 229 , 234 , 239 , 255 , 281 , 326 , 343 , 357 , 358 , 365 , 378 , 400 , 424 , 453 , 456 , 457 , 483 , 519 , 529–531 , 538 , 552 , 659 , 691
non-invasive 278 , 331 , 518 , 520 , 528 , 529 , 531 , 597
non-technical skills 560
Non-technical Summaries (nts) 233–236 , 239 , 526
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (nato) 553 , 560
Norway 10 , 33 , 366
Norwegian Animal Research Authority 553
ntss. see Non-technical Summaries (ntss)
numbers of animals used 6 , 88 , 128 , 527 , 656 , 657
nutrition 36 , 127 , 132–136 , 138–140 , 259 , 452 , 494
nvCJD. see new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (nvCJD)
obesity 9 , 24 , 125–127 , 133 , 134 , 419 , 496
objectification 309 , 569
oecd. see Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (oecd)
ombudsman 159 , 162
omics 107 , 612–615 , 626 , 628–630
1R 197 , 667 , 668
opioid 126
opportunity cost 244 , 307
organ 9 , 91 , 92 , 101–103 , 105–107 , 109 , 115 , 138 , 194 , 196 , 199 , 216 , 324 , 332 , 343 , 364 , 366 , 367 , 377 , 419 , 425 , 426 , 428 , 451 , 459 , 462 , 493 , 555 , 596 , 613 , 615 , 617 , 622 , 624 , 627 , 641–654 , 658 , 660 , 662 , 667 , 679 , 681 , 683
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (oecd) 92 , 159 , 367 , 407 , 589–591 , 593–596 , 600 , 601 , 616 , 617 , 624 , 663 , 666 , 680 , 682
organoid 24 , 91 , 106 , 462 , 622 , 642 , 643 , 646 , 684
organ on a chip 92 , 101 , 102 , 106 , 115 , 138 , 216 , 366 , 426 , 596 , 641–653.body on a chip, disease on a chip, human on a chip, lab on a chip
organs in a plate 643 , 645 , 649
outcome assessment 329
overhead 66 , 247 , 248 , 266
pain 12–16 , 18 , 22 , 28 , 37 , 93–97 , 154 , 174 , 175 , 179 , 182 , 196–199 , 203 , 209 , 213 , 225 , 227 , 228 , 232 , 234 , 236 , 237 , 239 , 245 , 246 , 275 , 278–283 , 285 , 286 , 294 , 297 , 306 , 307 , 333 , 362 , 419 , 420 , 423 , 444 , 447 , 452–454 , 459 , 464 , 499 , 520 , 521 , 528 , 554 , 569 , 571 , 590 , 622 , 658 , 659 , 661 , 662 , 664 , 665 , 676 , 693
pals. see Pediatric Advanced Life Support (pals)
paradigm change 34 , 35 , 89 , 90 , 95 , 109–110 , 112 , 113 , 151 , 159 , 162–164 , 169 , 170 , 172 , 182–184 , 200 , 201 , 209 , 239 , 284–286 , 289 , 291 , 295 , 300 , 315 , 335 , 342 , 367 , 369 , 393 , 432 , 551 , 568 , 570 , 579 , 595 , 606 , 629 , 651–654 , 657 , 667 , 693
paradigm shift. see paradigm change
patent(s) 93 , 106 , 245 , 247 , 257 , 647 , 678
patient(s)
animal 315 , 574
human 24 , 28 , 305 , 307 , 324 , 333 , 334 , 408 , 430 , 433 , 553 , 557–559
expectations 38
safety 368 , 433 , 560
pcrm. see Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (pcrm)
Pediatric Advanced Life Support (pals) 555
peer review 17 , 21 , 65 , 70 , 76–81 , 249 , 253 , 260 , 261 , 427 , 491 , 650
Penicillin 257 , 344 , 359–364 , 424
People for Animal Rights Germany–The Federal Association against Vivisection 90 , 113
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (peta) 32 , 159 , 368 , 552 , 553 , 555 , 556 , 663 , 666
perfusion 642 , 646
pericardiocentesis 555
peristaltic pump 648
personalized medicine 68 , 79 , 127 , 138 , 140 , 277 , 278 , 391 , 403 , 408 , 613 , 628
Persson, T. 153 , 155
peta. see People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (peta)
p-hacking 19
pharmaceutical 12 , 19 , 23 , 29 , 30 , 73 , 92 , 94 , 98 , 99 , 103 , 138 , 139 , 160 , 215 , 224 , 244–247 , 254 , 256 , 258 , 266 , 291 , 306 , 325 , 342 , 358 , 364 , 407 , 422 , 423 , 426 , 429 , 430 , 432 , 433 , 456 , 460 , 486 , 487 , 491 , 492 , 554 , 619 , 620 , 623 , 644 , 645 , 647 , 650 , 677
pharmaceutical industry 73 , 92 , 139 , 244 , 254 , 256 , 358 , 423 , 487 , 619 , 620 , 644 , 647 , 677
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America 23 , 215 , 487
pharmacodynamics 614 , 615 , 625 , 627
pharmacokinetics 366 , 392 , 614 , 615 , 620 , 624 , 627
pharmacology 72 , 283 , 486 , 518 , 554 , 561 , 574 , 625
Pharmacy Council of India 554
phase-out 35 , 89 , 90 , 101 , 110–115 , 172 , 183 , 185 , 341 , 433 , 527
Philippines 175
physical
activity 129 , 133 , 493 , 494 , 497
examination 558
suffering 307
Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (pcrm) 135 , 136 , 368 , 553–556
Physiologically Based Pharmaco-Kinetic (pbpk) models 366 , 624 , 625
pig 8 , 14 , 71 , 130 , 169 , 257–260 , 262 , 343 , 357 , 362 , 363 , 368 , 381 , 451 , 452 , 459 , 521 , 552 , 554 , 555 , 569 , 590 , 602 , 661
pigeon 519 , 520
plant 124–140 , 174 , 217 , 260 , 418 , 464 , 497 , 658
plant based 124–140 , 497
plausibility 97 , 289–301
pluralism 579
pneumatic 103 , 648
Polish Ministry of National Defense 553
political critique of animal experiments 194–204
politics, political 31 , 35 , 37 , 67 , 104 , 110 , 114 , 115 , 134 , 151–164 , 169–171 , 194–196 , 203–204 , 218 , 285 , 293–295 , 300 , 309 , 315 , 342 , 365 , 369 , 570 , 579 , 594 , 595 , 600 , 601 , 604–606
poll 225 , 233 , 418 , 482
Portugal 290
pragmatism 297 , 298
precautionary principle 173 , 174 , 403
preclinical
animal test 421–426
biomedical experiments 248
research 35 , 90 , 111 , 245 , 246 , 251 , 254 , 256 , 385 , 406 , 500
science, non-repeatable 249 , 256
testing 111 , 256 , 258 , 422 , 423 , 425 , 430 , 486 , 487
trials 20 , 21 , 385
Preclinical Trials 20 , 21
predator 519 , 521 , 523
predictive value 23 , 28 , 68–74 , 76 , 78 , 79 , 178 , 391 , 393 , 394 , 399–408 , 417 , 427 , 492
predictivity 8 , 68 , 95 , 127 , 178 , 199 , 230 , 249 , 277 , 296 , 323 , 342 , 377 , 391 , 417 , 447 , 484 , 536 , 587 , 613 , 641 , 676
preregistration
animal studies 20
clinical studies 20 , 235–236
preclinical studies 20 , 235–236
prescription drugs 124–126 , 139 , 140
Principles of Humane Experimental Technique 3 , 196 , 364 , 657
The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique 3 , 196 , 364 , 657
production efficiency 259 , 261–264 , 266
professionalism 104 , 153 , 198 , 201–203 , 220 , 227 , 283 , 284 , 297 , 313 , 332 , 433 , 556 , 557 , 559 , 561 , 569 , 572 , 575 , 578 , 691
professorships for animal-free research methods 92
project evaluation 21 , 27 , 95 , 97 , 156
proportionality test 174–178
protein 135 , 259–261 , 277 , 444 , 451 , 461 , 484 , 485 , 490–492 , 575 , 590 , 596 , 623
proteomics 200
psychological constructs 518
psychological suffering 519 . suffering
publication bias 18 , 19 , 21 , 26 , 252–254 , 276 , 357
public health 16 , 36 , 110 , 126 , 128 , 133 , 134 , 158 , 247 , 282 , 322 , 324 , 334 , 429 , 430
public opinion 73 , 153 , 154 , 162 , 239 , 240 , 281 , 365 , 378 , 392
puzzle box 519
pyrogenicity 101 , 602 , 603 , 664 , 680
qsp. see quantitative systems pharmacology (qsp)
quality management 95
quantitative systems pharmacology (qsp) 625
rabbit 7 , 14 , 212 , 247 , 257 , 343 , 357 , 358 , 363 , 364 , 368 , 381 , 422 , 424 , 452 , 483 , 588–591 , 594 , 598 , 599 , 602 , 603 , 660 , 663 , 664
rabbit pyrogen test 664
randomization 17 , 18 , 26 , 276 , 326–328 , 380 , 381 , 405 , 493 , 495 , 558
rat 5 , 8 , 10–14 , 22 , 27 , 71 , 124 , 209 , 217 , 246 , 257 , 281 , 284 , 293 , 294 , 297 , 298 , 326 , 343 , 357 , 358 , 362–364 , 381 , 406 , 419 , 422–424 , 427 , 464 , 483 , 519 , 521 , 523 , 589–591 , 660 , 666 , 677
rat embryotoxicity assay 666
rat skin transcutaneous electrical resistance (ter) test 666
reach. see Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (reach)
reach Regulation 433
read-across 93 , 590 , 591 , 623 , 624 , 681
recognition 28 , 67 , 108 , 158 , 181 , 280 , 296–297 , 306 , 310 , 332 , 342 , 369 , 573 , 599
recording chambers 521
rede de desenvolvimento humano (RedEH) 578 , 579
RedEH. see Brazilian Network for Humane Education; rede de desenvolvimento humano (RedEH)
red meat production efficiency 262
reduction 3 , 72 , 89 , 124 , 158 , 168 , 196 , 218 , 227 , 265 , 279 , 290 , 315 , 327 , 342 , 396 , 430 , 456 , 493 , 551 , 558 , 577 , 588 , 612 , 657
refinement and
experimental 3 , 13–22
of experimental design, conduct and reporting 16–22 , 33
housing 5 , 9–10
R of ultima ratio 4
reform proposal 171–180
registered reports 21
Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (reach) 157 , 365 , 433 , 677
Regulation 433
Rego, L. 4 , 31 , 152 , 168 , 443
Regulation (ec) No 1223/2009 157
Regulation (ec) No 1907/2006 157 , 592 . reach
regulatory acceptance 32 , 96 , 266 , 589–591 , 593–595 , 599 , 600 , 649 , 666
regulatory approval 28 , 266 , 604 , 650 , 651
regulatory bodies 21 , 22 , 407 , 593 , 594 , 603 , 620 , 644 , 663 , 666 , 667
regulatory preclinical research 35 , 111
regulatory testing
safety testing 112 , 246 , 341 , 418 , 427 , 588
toxicity testing 363 , 659
reification
of animals 311 , 314
of humans 305–315
relative replacement 658 , 661
reliability 8 , 24 , 25 , 94 , 307 , 325 , 327 , 330–332 , 335 , 524 , 595 , 601 , 625
Renaissance 321
rendering 66 , 68 , 80 , 177 , 182 , 199 , 211 , 212 , 260 , 299 , 400 , 443 , 444 , 451 , 485 , 619
Rennes, France 419
replacement 3–38 , 88–91 , 93 , 96–100 , 102–105 , 108 , 109 , 111–113 , 151 , 152 , 154–160 , 169–174 , 178 , 183–185 , 196 , 227 , 228 , 233 , 239 , 290 , 291 , 330 , 332 , 342 , 358 , 364 , 366 , 367 , 369 , 377 , 418 , 430 , 432 , 433 , 457 , 481 , 490 , 494 , 500 , 519 , 527 , 551 , 555 , 557 , 568–572 , 574 , 575 , 577–579 , 587–589 , 592 , 596 , 599–602 , 605 , 649–652 , 656–668 , 676 , 678 , 679 , 681 . alternative
replicability 6 , 8 , 524 . alternative
reporting
bias 18 , 20 , 21 , 26 , 235 , 326 , 356
selective 18 , 20 , 235 , 421
reproducibility crisis 16 , 424 , 677 , 680 , 682 , 684
reproductive toxicology 107
repro-on-a-chip 107
reptile 217 , 661 , 662
research
budget 100 , 136 , 261
competition 291
confirmatory 19
discovery see discovery research)
exploratory 19
flaws and shortcomings 20 , 21
non-publishable 252–254
quality 379scientific rigor)
research assessment exercise 328
Research Initiative R2N–Replace and Reduce 98
responsibility 10 , 11 , 15 , 25 , 35–37 , 88 , 94 , 113 , 114 , 135 , 136 , 182 , 185 , 211 , 224 , 227 , 229 , 232 , 233 , 238 , 265 , 279 , 311 , 324 , 365 , 368 , 378 , 420 , 423 , 430 , 456 , 464 , 481 , 484 , 523 , 553 , 576 , 603
rethink 168–185 , 659
retrospective assessment 21 , 27–28 , 95 , 156 , 233–235 , 368 , 676
return on investment (roi) 239 , 247 , 266 , 358
review process 65 , 76 , 77 , 289–301 , 427
Rice, M.J. 69 , 72 , 78 , 127 , 393 , 398 , 403 , 404 , 406
Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu Netherlands (rivm) 110
risk assessment 30 , 34 , 97 , 100 , 101 , 112 , 114 , 431 , 432 , 616 , 625–627 , 641
risk of bias (RoB) 17 , 25 , 26 , 329 , 330
rivm. see Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu Netherlands (rivm)
road map 89 , 90 , 113
RoB. see Risk of Bias (RoB)
robotic equipment 642 , 643
rodent 8 , 12 , 14 , 28 , 30 , 171 , 325 , 358 , 365 , 426 , 451 , 453 , 456–458 , 520 , 521 , 523 , 538 , 590 , 661 , 662
roi. see return on investment (roi)
routes of exposure 325
Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (rspca) 330 , 662
rspca. see Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (rspca)
Russell, W.M.S. 3 , 4 , 18 , 29 , 36 , 171 , 172 , 196 , 197 , 364 , 577 , 656–659 , 664 , 668
Safer Medicines Trust 433
safety of medicines 89 , 90 , 417 , 418 , 432
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux 259
same-species feeding 260
sample size 18 , 327–329 , 344
saturated fat 135 , 495
scaffold 575 , 642
scheer. see Scientific Committee on Health Environmental and Emerging Risks (scheer)
science-friendly 298
scientific collaboration 36–37
Scientific Committee on Health Environmental and Emerging Risks (scheer) 161 , 171 , 178
scientific output 109 , 521
scientific progress 30 , 110 , 162 , 300 , 433 , 678 , 682
scientific rigor 23 , 394 , 428
search engine for alternative methods 34
sentience 77 , 153 , 161 , 170 , 171 , 181 , 198 , 200 , 203 , 280 , 285 , 290 , 300 , 402 , 403 , 499 , 535 , 570 , 656–659 , 662 , 664
serum 92 , 103 , 423 , 664 , 665 , 667
Set Foundation 98 , 100 , 101
seurat- 1 , 91 , 102 , 601
severity assessment 294
severity classification 297 , 301
shame 297 , 314
Shanks, N. 69 , 71 , 78 , 124 , 199 , 202 , 204 , 277 , 307 , 393 , 403–405
sheep 14 , 257 , 258 , 262 , 264–265 , 284 , 343 , 357 , 452 , 454 , 521 , 555 , 556
Simulab Corporation 555–557
simulator 368 , 553–560 , 573
Singapore 160 , 175
Singer, P. 213 , 214 , 217 , 218 , 308 , 691 , 692
skin and
corrosion 366 , 598 , 666
irritation 365 , 431 , 589 , 592 , 594 , 595 , 598–600 , 602
sensitization 365 , 367 , 590 , 595 , 599 , 600 , 602 , 617 , 666 , 680
Skinner box 519
smafira. see smart feature-based interactive ranking algorithm (smafira)
smart feature-based interactive ranking algorithm (smafira) 34
snap. see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (snap)
social isolation 217 , 520
societal concerns 4 , 29 , 38
species differences 18 , 23 , 107 , 332 , 356 , 357 , 363 , 425 , 443 , 444 , 465 , 497 , 593 , 596
speciesism 198 , 200 , 202 , 568 , 571
spheroids 642 , 644 , 647
stakeholder 66 , 74 , 90 , 93 , 94 , 104 , 105 , 109 , 110 , 112–115 , 135 , 154 , 157 , 162 , 163 , 170 , 209–221 , 224 , 286 , 342 , 369 , 448 , 456 , 660
theory 209 , 210 , 216 , 220
standardization 5 , 6 , 9 , 195 , 588 , 603 , 619 , 625 , 643 , 648
statins 162 , 173 , 293 , 362 , 364 , 368 , 423–425 , 486 , 495
statistics 16 , 18–20 , 25 , 31 , 76 , 79 , 130 , 195 , 199 , 216 , 228–230 , 238 , 323 , 326–330 , 343 , 379 , 381–385 , 422 , 429 , 443 , 454 , 482 , 496 , 521 , 652 , 662 , 676
stem cells 24 , 92 , 107 , 216 , 278 , 357 , 366 , 445 , 450 , 462 , 591 , 612 , 626 , 628 , 649 , 679
stereotactic 521
stereotypy 7–9 , 455 , 522 . abnormal behavior
stewardship 279–281
Stop Vivisection 161–163 , 169 , 170 , 194 . Citizen’s Initiative
strategy 20 , 22 , 33 , 35 , 89 , 90 , 104 , 108 , 110 , 112 , 113 , 138 , 152 , 158 , 162–164 , 170 , 171 , 173 , 201 , 202 , 227 , 236 , 237 , 239 , 254 , 313 , 314 , 342 , 362 , 368 , 429 , 431–433 , 452 , 530 , 535 , 557 , 577 , 589 , 590 , 603 , 615 , 617 , 651–654 , 681–683
stress 7–11 , 13 , 129 , 172 , 196 , 231 , 232 , 263 , 300 , 305 , 307 , 313 , 314 , 325 , 333 , 454 , 465 , 522 , 523 , 528 , 535 , 538 , 560 , 614 , 615 , 617 , 642 , 662
stressor 5 , 8 , 10 , 305 , 307 , 325 , 333 , 518 , 523 , 614 , 616
stroke 22 , 24–26 , 125 , 126 , 133 , 255 , 276 , 324 , 357 , 402 , 406 , 424 , 425 , 482 , 495
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 684 , 692
subjectivity 11 , 237 , 308 , 310 , 314 , 327 , 399 , 454 , 569 , 590
subsidies 135–139 , 244 , 247 , 261 , 266 , 368
suffering 13 , 92 , 124 , 153 , 168 , 194 , 210 , 225 , 248 , 275 , 290 , 306 , 321 , 342 , 377 , 403 , 420 , 444 , 499 , 519 , 569 , 594 , 652 , 656 , 675 , 692
unnecessary 300 , 301
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (snap) 134 , 137
sustainability 127 , 130–132 , 137 , 266 , 652
Sweden 154 , 179 , 290 , 601
Switzerland 17 , 179 , 331
symptoms 125 , 139 , 255 , 297 , 385 , 405 , 483 , 487 , 491 , 492 , 558
syrcle. see Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (syrcle)
systematic review 6 , 15 , 17 , 25–27 , 96 , 161 , 236 , 276 , 323 , 325 , 326 , 329 , 331 , 332 , 344–358 , 362 , 369 , 379 , 429 , 494–496 , 681
Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (syrcle) 6 , 26 , 27
system change 90
systemic models 646
systems biology 101 , 216 , 613 , 614 , 621 , 625–627 , 682 , 683
systems toxicology 101 , 613–615 , 630 , 682
Taiwan 183
Tamoxifen 257 , 423
target 22 , 32 , 75 , 107 , 110 , 114 , 132 , 137 , 229 , 231 , 253 , 256 , 261 , 278 , 312 , 380–384 , 419 , 445–450 , 452 , 454 , 455 , 457 , 458 , 460 , 463–465 , 480 , 486 , 491–493 , 524 , 527 , 604–606 , 615–618 , 623 , 625 , 627–629 , 644 , 650 , 665 , 678
taxpayers 35 , 109 , 136 , 244 , 245 , 247 , 248 , 254 , 261–266 , 499
tax-supported animal research 245
Taylor, K. 4 , 14 , 31 , 152 , 168 , 216 , 322 , 379 , 443 , 454 , 482 , 587–606 , 647 , 666
technological development 94 , 613 , 683
teratogenicity research 324
testing 3 , 65 , 88 , 124 , 151 , 170 , 194 , 209 , 227 , 244 , 281 , 289 , 306 , 322 , 341 , 381 , 391 , 417 , 448 , 486 , 521 , 569 , 587 , 615 , 641 , 656 , 675 , 691
Test Methods Regulation, ec 440/2008 600
tgn1412 366 , 419 , 426
Thailand 181
theory of mind 521 , 525 , 526 , 529 , 530 , 532 , 536 , 537
Think Tank on Supplementary Financing for Alternatives to Animal Testing 110
3D and
bioprint 108
cell culture 106 , 462 , 621 , 642 , 644 , 646
3D organotypic cultures 627
3Rs
hierarchy 36 , 171–174 , 184
impact 4
implementation of 27 , 159 , 237 , 239 , 331 , 577
Tierschutz-Versuchstierverordnung (Ordinance on the protection of animals used for experimental purposes) 96 , 292 , 297
tissues 24 , 31 , 71 , 92 , 101–103 , 107 , 183 , 194 , 196 , 212 , 216 , 249 , 278 , 358 , 364 , 366 , 367 , 377 , 378 , 425 , 426 , 428 , 454 , 455 , 552 , 555 , 558 , 573 , 574 , 588 , 598 , 613 , 617 , 621 , 622 , 624 , 642 , 644 , 646 , 649 , 656 , 658 , 659 , 662 , 665–667
tool use 521
Tox21. see Toxicology in the 21th Century (Tox21)
Toxicity in the 21st century (Tox21) 29 , 89 , 92 , 102 , 367 , 426 , 432 , 595 , 612–619
toxicity testing 29 , 30 , 35 , 89 , 91 , 102 , 105 , 109–111 , 114 , 152 , 158 , 159 , 184 , 236 , 244 , 245 , 322 , 341 , 342 , 362 , 363 , 365–367 , 417 , 418 , 421 , 423 , 428 , 432 , 433 , 587–592 , 595 , 601–603 , 620 , 659 , 660 , 676–680
toxicodynamics 324 , 332 , 624
toxicokinetics 365
toxicology 29 , 72 , 89 , 157 , 200 , 266 , 306 , 323 , 342 , 424 , 486 , 588 , 612 , 667 , 676 , 693
Toxicology in the 21th Century (Tox21) 29 , 89 , 92 , 102 , 367 , 426 , 432 , 595 , 612–619
training 11 , 33 , 36 , 66 , 90 , 137 , 184 , 209 , 237 , 263 , 301 , 322 , 342 , 457 , 551 , 568 , 666 , 679.education and training
transgenic 29 , 195 , 239 , 278 , 365 , 453 , 456 , 483–485 , 492 , 659
transition
management 112–113
strategy 90 , 112–113
to non-animal research 35 , 89 , 110 , 113 , 114
translatability 10 , 22 , 199 , 424 , 460 , 489
crisis 18
translation 10 , 14 , 18 , 19 , 22–25 , 31 , 73 , 75 , 90 , 101 , 102 , 111 , 112 , 124 , 125 , 151 , 180 , 199 , 245 , 252 , 254–258 , 265 , 266 , 276 , 277 , 280 , 285 , 305 , 307 , 315 , 324 , 327 , 343 , 344 , 356 , 357 , 362 , 386 , 408 , 424–426 , 451 , 457 , 460 , 462 , 465 , 480 , 483 , 485–487 , 489 , 499 , 620 , 621 , 652 , 657 , 680
translational research 90 , 111 , 112 . applied research
translational risk 254
transparency 19–21 , 27 , 34 , 37 , 93 , 94 , 115 , 134 , 156 , 158 , 160 , 162 , 163 , 197 , 224–240 , 265 , 292 , 301 , 328 , 329 , 427 , 682
transportation 130 , 246 , 333
Trans-species modeling theory (tsmt) 69 , 70 , 72 , 392–394 , 408
trauma 23 , 276 , 313 , 499 , 551–553 , 555–557 , 560
TraumaMan 555–557
trauma management 552
Travis Air Force Base 554
trial registries 20 , 253 , 332
tsmt. see Trans-species modeling theory (tsmt)
twinner beef cattle 263
un ghs. see United Nations Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (un ghs)
unintended negative consequences 244
United Kingdom (uk) 3 , 26 , 32 , 33 , 36 , 89 , 126 , 130 , 152–155 , 159 , 160 , 174 , 176 , 179 , 185 , 196 , 225 , 226 , 232–234 , 236 , 237 , 239 , 281 , 290 , 291 , 326 , 328 , 330 , 333 , 334 , 341 , 343 , 358 , 418 , 419 , 421 , 425 , 432 , 433 , 443 , 454 , 486 , 520 , 521 , 526 , 560 , 588 , 592 , 601 , 603 , 650 , 651 , 653 , 659 , 661 , 662
United Nations Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (un ghs) 599
United States of America (usa, us) 16 , 28 , 29 , 31–33 , 66 , 73 , 89 , 91 , 92 , 94 , 101 , 102 , 104 , 109 , 124–126 , 128–134 , 136 , 137 , 160 , 168 , 171 , 176 , 209 , 212 , 217 , 219 , 244–251 , 253 , 254 , 257–259 , 261–265 , 275 , 276 , 278 , 279 , 282 , 285 , 286 , 326 , 330 , 366 , 418–420 , 422 , 424 , 426 , 427 , 429 , 431 , 432 , 445 , 452 , 456 , 461 , 481 , 482 , 486 , 497 , 498 , 529 , 530 , 534 , 538 , 551–554 , 556 , 560 , 561 , 593 , 595 , 601 , 615 , 619 , 643 , 647 , 650 , 651 , 660 , 661 , 677 , 678 , 680
universities 26 , 34 , 42 , 66 , 78 , 79 , 93 , 98 , 103 , 104 , 108 , 109 , 176 , 196 , 219 , 226 , 229–232 , 247 , 248 , 254 , 260 , 261 , 283 , 312 , 314 , 328 , 366 , 367 , 392 , 489 , 491 , 500 , 521 , 529 , 530 , 555 , 571–575 , 578 , 587 , 602 , 628 , 647–652 , 657 , 661 , 665 , 684
University of Nebraska-Lincoln (unl) 260–263
unl. see University of Nebraska-Lincoln (unl)
usda. see us Department of Agriculture (usda)
us Department of Defense 246 , 552 , 554
us epartment of Agriculture (usda) 124 , 129–132 , 134–136 , 209 , 246 , 258 , 260–263 , 282 , 554 , 659 , 660
us National Institutes of Health 28 , 245 , 248 , 647 . National Institutes of Health (nih)
utilitarianism 153 , 177 , 198 , 229 , 334 , 464 , 533 , 535 , 537 , 692
vaccine 32 , 35 , 67 , 90 , 111 , 112 , 184 , 245 , 246 , 248 , 249 , 255 , 259 , 266 , 306 , 341 , 378 , 379 , 406 , 424 , 489 , 538 , 587 , 588 , 644 , 659 , 664 , 678 , 680
validation 30 , 32–34 , 69 , 88 , 91 , 92 , 94–97 , 101 , 104–106 , 114 , 152 , 155 , 157 , 162 , 170 , 178 , 256 , 266 , 278 , 366 , 418 , 425 , 427 , 431 , 433 , 463 , 486 , 492 , 592 , 593 , 595 , 598–600 , 624 , 628 , 644 , 650 , 651 , 653 , 663 , 666 , 676 , 678–681 , 683
validity
animal model 22 , 392 , 522
drug screening 105
construct 25
external 6 , 25 , 276 , 524 , 526
internal 25 , 524
lack of 251 , 307
predictive 24 , 394
relative 174 , 176
scientific 25 , 70 , 334 , 343 , 368
toxicity screening 257
van Dam, M. 90 , 109 , 110
variation 5 , 6 , 10 , 16 , 25 , 405 , 524 , 525 , 575
vascular network 642
vegetables 128 , 135–137 , 497
venous cutdown 555
vertebrates 97 , 155 , 168 , 172 , 179 , 246 , 292 , 294 , 322 , 334 , 377 , 403 , 551 , 575 , 647 , 656–658 , 660 , 662–665 , 667
Vesalius, A. 321
vivisection 33 , 90 , 161–163 , 169 , 170 , 194 , 199 , 201 , 227 , 228 , 275 , 276 , 283 , 285 , 286 , 322 , 571 , 661
Washington University, St. Louis 555
waste
animal lives 18 , 328 , 454
funding/funds 307
money 73 , 158 , 244–266 , 405
resources 16 , 36 , 643
welfare. laboratory animal welfare
behavioral indicators of 522
poor 264
whitewashing 37 , 168–185
who. see World Health Organization (who)
whole body mannequins 557 , 558
whole food 124 , 127 , 131 , 139 , 140
wild animal 219 , 518–528
behavior 518–528
wild-caught 519 , 522
wildlife 131 , 367 , 529 , 538
workplace environment 107 , 108
World Health Organization (who) 36 , 135 , 174 , 380 , 482 , 588 , 664
World Organization for Animal Health 3 , 168
Wyss-Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University 103
zebrafish 365 , 446 , 460 , 656 , 658 , 661–663
Zentrum zum Schutz der Versuchstiere see German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R)
Zerhouni, E. 28 , 29 , 74 , 248 , 278 , 429
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Series:  Human-Animal Studies, Volume: 22
Cover Animal Experimentation: Working Towards a Paradigm Change
E-Book ISBN:
9789004391192
Publisher:
Brill
Print Publication Date:
17 Apr 2019