Figures
0.1 Famagusta before the siege of 1570–1571, painting, Codex Maggi IX
0.2 The Lives of Cities: Maritime Famagusta, University of Padua, November 20, 2017 XII
0.3 Stephano Gibellino, Gravure représentant le siège de Famagouste (1571) 12
0.4 Embarkation of booty onto Turkish vessel and explosion off Famagusta, paintings, Codex Maggi 13
0.5 Marius Cartaro, Il vero ritratto della Città di Famagosta (1571) 15
0.6 Grafitto of 16th-century Christian vessel, Famagusta ramparts 17
0.7 Sack of Famagusta, 1571, painting, Codex Maggi 19
0.8 Jan Somer ship attack, coast of Famagusta, 1591 21
0.9 Cornelis de Bruyn, copperplate engraving of Famagusta, 1683 23
0.10 Olfert Dapper, copperplate engraving of Famagusta, 1688 25
0.11 Jacob Enderlin, rendering of Famagusta, 1693 26
0.12 Graffito of a brig flying an Ottoman flag, Famagusta church, 19th century 28
0.13 Photograph of enemy bombers over Famagusta, November 5, 1942 31
0.14 George Pol Georghiou, Italians Surrendering at Famagusta Cyprus, 13 September 1943, oil painting, 1943 33
0.15 USS Albany, Famagusta Harbor, March 6, 1949 34
0.16 Still from the opening scenes of the movie Exodus (1960) 35
0.17 Still from Leaving the Harbour of Haloes, animated installation by Elizabeth Hoak-Doering 36
1.1 Medieval cave shrines surrounding Famagusta 45
1.2 Plan of the Panagia Chrysospiliotissa cave church in Kato Varosha 56
1.3 Flight of steps to the Panagia Chrysospiliotissa 56
1.4 Dome over the naos in the Panagia Chrysospiliotissa 57
1.5 Greek-rite and possibly Latin-rite altars, Panagia Chrysospiliotissa 58
1.6 Baptism, icon, circa 1550, Panagia Chrysospiliotissa 59
1.7 Plan of the underground chapel of Agia Thecla near the Martinengo Bastion, Famagusta 61
1.8 Interior of the Agia Thecla, Famagusta 61
2.1 Facades of Saint Nicholas cathedral, Famagusta, and prominent churches in Western Europe 75
2.2 Sculptural marginalia from Saint Nicholas cathedral, Famagusta, and Western European examples 76
2.3 Tracery patterns in prominent Latin buildings in the Levant and in major cathedrals of Western Europe 77
2.4 Tracery patterns in Famagusta and Cologne cathedrals and the “Riss F” drawing 77
2.5 Pierced flying buttresses in the Cypriot and European cathedrals 77
2.6 Tracery patterns in the Carmelite and Dominican churches, Famagusta, and in the cathedral in Troyes, France 78
2.7 Plans and corbels of Latin monastic churches in Famagusta and the Latin cathedral in Rhodes 79
2.8 Choir of the Carmelite church, Famagusta 79
2.9 Fresco depicting Saint George with red castle in background, as well as examples of Cypriot, Italian and Baltic castles 80
2.10 Two levels of scuppers above central nave of the Dominican (?) church, Famagusta Domes of Famagusta 82
2.11 Domes of Famagusta: photograph of the churches of Saint Nicholas and Agia Zoni, a fragment of an engraving of Famagusta from 1683 by Cornelis de Bruyn 83
2.12 Betrayal of Judas, cathedral of Saint George of the Greeks, and the Resurrection, church of the Holy Saviour in Chora 84
2.13 Crosses of Jerusalem in Famagusta 86
2.14 Syrian church in Famagusta and Saint John in Gibelet 87
2.15 Eight-pointed star in barbed quatrefoil, Syrian church, and coins from mainland crusader states 88
2.16 Elbow column in the Syrian church, Famagusta, and in mainland Levant 88
2.17 Plans of Famagusta’s three largest churches and layouts of major churches of Latin Syria and Palestine 89
2.18 Ruins of the Hospitaller church of Saint John, Acre, and of the Greek cathedral of Saint George, Famagusta 90
2.19 Foliage decoration of keystones in the cathedrals of Saint Nicholas, Famagusta, and Saint Mary, Tortosa 91
2.20 Syriac estranghelo inscriptions in the Syrian church in Famagusta 93
2.21 Syrian murals in the Syrian church in Famagusta 94
2.22 Depictions of Saint Thecla in the Syrian church, Famagusta, and the monastery of Deir Mar Takla, Ma’loula 95
2.23 Black marble lintel with Syriac inscription, Famagusta 96
2.24 Carved crosses on walls of Armenian churches 99
2.25 Plans of the Armenian church in Famagusta 100
2.26 A sample of castle chapels in Cilicia Saint Paraskeve and Saint Helena, Armenian church, Famagusta, and murals from the Eskigümüş Monastery 101
2.27 Interior of the underground church of Saint Mary de la Cava 102
2.28 Photograph and drawing in the apse of the Carmelite church 104
2.29 Sudanese woman around 1900 and modern pilgrims in Ethiopia 105
8.1 View of northern half of seawalls of Famagusta 107
8.2 Sea defenses of the original site of Corfu 185
8.3 Campana tower, Cattaro, and Mocenigo demi-bastion, Canea 186
8.4 Diamante tower and Arsenal tower, Famagusta 187
8.5 Famagusta’s citadel, moat wall and pier tower 192
8.6 Exterior portal of Sea Gate, Famagusta 194
10.1 Drawing of Famagusta Harbor the steam vessel Stella, Edmond Duthoit 226
10.2 Map of Famagusta Harbor 229
11.1 Map of Famagusta Harbor, including layout of future development, 1906 242
11.2 Schematic proposal for future extension of Famagusta Harbor, 1906 243
11.3 The glacis declared as an “Ancient Monument” for the preservation of Famagusta fortifications, 1933 245
11.4 Map showing outer perimeter of the glacis and settled areas within walled city, 1935 246
11.5 Antiquities Department sketch of extension work near Othello’s Tower, 1937, and drawing of final landing stage of the harbor, 1939 247
11.6 Proposal of rearrangement of area between city walls and storage buildings of harbor, 1939 249
11.7 Proposed recreation project, 1949 250
11.8 Proposal for former recreation project area, 1960 251
11.9 Proposed dining room for port workers, 1960 252
11.10 Map showing private lands acquired for harbour extension, 1956 253
11.11 Layout of new harbor and proposed traffic access, 1958 254
11.12 Site plan showing proposed passenger hall and gate house, 1958 254
12.1 Satellite image of Famagusta 265
12.2 View of the Florida Hotel in Varosha, postcard, 1957 273
12.3 View of the four-story Florida Hotel, Varosha, after 1971 and before 1974 275
12.4 View of Varosha to the south with Golden Sands Hotel in the distance, after 1973 275
12.5 Proposal for a hotel in Famagusta by Governor Sir Malcolm Stevenson, 1926 277
12.6 Catsellis Dome Hotel, postcard, Kyrenia 278
12.7 King George Hotel, Varosha, postcard, probably before 1957 279
12.8 King George Hotel, Varosha, probably after 1957, 1966 at the latest 280
12.9 Constantia Hotel, Varosha, in Architecture Illustrated, 1948 281
12.10 Constantia Hotel, plans of ground and first floors, featured in Architecture Illustrated, 1948 282
12.11 Constantia Hotel, west entrance 283
12.12 Constantia Hotel, postcard, 1959 284
12.13 Screenshot from the motion picture Exodus (1960) 285
12.14 Constantia Hotel, postcard, 1959–1962 287
12.15 Constantia Hotel, edited image, after 1962 and before 1966 287
12.16 View from King George Hotel to the south, Varosha, postcard 290
Tables
3.1 Cypriot trade licenses 121
4.1 Comparative table of Guichenon’s list and the Bavarian roll 152
7.1 List of acts relating to maritime slave trading in and through Famagusta 180
11.1 Planned and completed alterations of Famagusta Harbor, 1878–1918 255
11.2 Planned and completed alterations of Famagusta Harbor, 1919–1938 257
11.3 Planned and completed alterations of Famagusta Harbor, 1939–1960 260
12.1 Tourist arrivals on Cyprus 271
12.2 Bed capacity on Cyprus 271
12.3 Number of hotels in Famagusta 272
Maps
2.1 Map showing the interregional, maritime cultural links that connected Famagusta with Europe, Africa and Asia in the 14th century 107