Indexes
Ancient Sources Index
Ancient Near Eastern Texts
Adapa myth/story
7
Babylonian-Assyrian Antiquities
11
Babylonian Theodicy
116
Berliner Ptahhymnus
pBerlin 3048
16n44
Book of the Dead
19–20, 20n54, 21, 21n64, 46
Spell 52
19, 50n45
Spell 59
21, 50n45
Spell 68
50n45
Spell 152
22
Spell 168A
22n66
Spell 189
22n66
Spell 359
21
Spell 467
21
Spell 547
21
Coffin texts
20
Constantinople
Nr. 2828
11
Descent of Ishtar to the Underworld
10n24, 15
Enki and Ninhursag myth
8, 8n18
Epic of Gilgamesh
viii, 12, 15, 15n40, 27, 93, 366, 368
Great Cairo Hymn of Praise to Amun-Re
17, 19, 26
Great Hymn to Osiris
18, 18n50, 18n52, 26
Great Hymn to the Aten
17n45
Hymn to Ptah
16, 26
Inanna’s Descent to the Netherworld
10, 11, 27
Instruction of Amenemope
4.6.1–12
112–113
Khirbet el-Qom inscriptions
25–26
Kuntillet ʿAjrud inscriptions
25–26
Nimrud reliefs
52–59
Pyramid Texts
20, 21, 27, 47, 63
Stele of Amenmose
18
Ugaritic Liturgy against Venomous Reptiles
Rs 24.244
24n69
Utukkū Lemnūtu incantations
15, 122–129
116, 117
Old Testament [Septuagint]
Genesis
32, 184–186, 197, 208, 218, 219, 222, 252, 259, 368, 380
1–2
136, 236, 244, 377
1–3
252, 254, 264, 365–370, 372–379, 382
1:1
375
1:1–2
373
1:1–2:3
378
1:26–27
224
2
84, 245, 246, 375
2–3
6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 22, 23, 24, 24n70, 26, 27, 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 86, 90, 95–96, 107, 118
2:4
74n1, 375
2:4–3:24
123, 126, 128
2:5
88
2:7
85, 86, 88, 89, 159, 224
2:8
76, 88, 217
2:8–17
373
2:9
7, 19, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 81, 82, 84, 86, 95, 96, 152, 174, 184n4, 185, 194, 197, 236, 237, 240, 242, 244, 371
2:9–10
287, 377
2:10
179
2:10–3:21
95
2:15
76, 88
2:16
90, 94
2:16–17
81, 84, 378
2:17
76, 81, 83, 86, 88, 89, 90, 96
2:19–20
85
2:21
85
2:22
84
2:23
85
2:23–24
85, 90
3
15n40, 136, 229, 233, 274, 371, 380
3:3
77, 80, 81, 83, 86, 95, 371
3:4–5
83
3:5
83
3:6
83, 85
3:8
90
3:9
239
3:15
258n32
3:16
85, 371
3:17–19
86, 88, 143
3:18–19
76
3:19
89, 90
3:22
7, 76, 84, 86–88, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 184n4, 185, 194, 210, 217, 369, 371, 373
3:22–24
43, 75, 80, 86, 87, 95, 236
3:23
86–88, 96, 241
3:23–24
76, 174, 241
3:24
76, 86–87, 88, 95, 96, 169, 184n4, 185, 194, 242, 243
4
89
4:1
373
6:3
90
8:9
92
12:6
46n34
13:18
46n34
14:13
46n34
18:1
46n34, 63n96
19:10
92
30:2
103
30:37–41
63n96
49:21
225
Exodus
1:7
91
1:10
91
3:1–5
63n96
3:20
92
6:1
86
9:15
92
15:25
245
20:5
274
24:4
82
25:31–40
206, 290
27:20
206
30:1–20
129
30:33
103
Leviticus
19:26
191n41
24:2
206
26:4
83
Deuteronomy
16:21
24, 237n7
17:17
239
18:10
191n41
Joshua
24:26
63n96
24:26–27
46n34
Judges
4:5
63n96
6:25
24
9:7–21
103n14
9:37
63n96, 269n62
1 Samuel
6:11
81
7:3
82
13:19
91
13:22
91
15:23
191n41
31:13
63n96
2 Samuel
6:14–15
104n15
11:1
82n28
11:8
88
12:26–28
91n57
15:1–6
88
15:5
92
24
88
1 Kings
2:37
95
5:9
82n28
6:23
114
6:29
59, 114, 117
6:29–35
59
6:32
59, 114
6:35
59
8
104n15
16:33
24
19:5
63n96
22
88
2 Kings
1
94
17:17
191n41
18:3–8
63
21:6
191n41
22:2–9
63
23:1–27
63
23:4
63
1 Chronicles
2:23
82n28
28:1
82n28
29:21
82n28
2 Chronicles
21:4
82n28
33:6
191n41
Ezra
8:5
82n28
Nehemiah
13:15
82n28
Job
1–2
88
1:11
92
2:5
92
Psalms
382
1
100n3, 110–113, 130n14
1:1–4
100n2
1:3
100, 111, 112, 206, 217, 226, 231
1:4
112
2
111n37
23:6
107n27
36
111
36:9
377
37
100n3
37:35
100, 115
46:5
111
52
100n3, 113, 114
52:7
113
52:9
113
52:9–10
100n2
52:10
100, 113
73:1–13
115
91:13
259n38
92
100n3, 114–118
92:6
100n2, 114
92:13
100, 115, 117
92:13–16
100n2, 115, 118
92:14
117
96:12
100
104
17, 100n3
104:13–15
143n18
104:14–16
81n24
104:16–17
100, 117
105
100n3
Proverbs
367n4, 377, 379, 382
1–3
114
3:2
107n27
3:13
106
3:13–18
106
3:15
106
3:16
106
3:17
106
3:17–18
100n2, 105–106
3:18
7, 105–108, 111n36, 113n43, 126, 174, 184n4, 206, 225–227, 232, 241, 368, 380
3:19–20
106
11:28
107, 115
11:30
107, 113n43, 115, 184n4
11:30–31
100n2, 105
13:12
100n2, 105, 108, 113n43, 184n4
13:12–14
108
15:1–2
109
15:4
100n2, 105, 108, 113, 184n4
Ecclesiastes
2:4–6
81n24
3:9–22
143n18
Isaiah
382
2:11–13
103n14
5
171
5:2
227
6:10
254, 274
10:33–34
103n14
11:1
103n14
11:1–3
297, 301
14
130
41:8
103
60:13
117
65:22
241
Jeremiah
2:13
247
11:16
103n14
17:5–8
103n14, 112, 113
17:7
111
17:8
231
17:10
103
23:5–6
103n14
50:16
82n28
Lamentations
2:6
129
3:61
82n28
Ezekiel
185n8, 186, 191, 197, 200, 208
1
221
3:18
94
6:13
46n34
17
130
17:1–24
103n14, 114
19:10–14
103n14, 114
28
118n51
28:1–19
174
28:13–14
117, 174
28:16
175, 180
31
117, 118n51
31:1–12
114
31:2–9
174
31:3
130
31:3–9
103n14
31:6
177
33:8
94
33:14
94
47
186n10
47:6–12
174, 175
47:7
184n6, 194
47:12
175, 184n6, 196, 210
Daniel
191
4
130
4–12 (HB)
103n14
Zechariah
4
206
4:2
206
4:3
291
4:12–14
103n14
Deuterocanonical Books
2 Esdras (4 Ezra)
136, 144, 159, 368
1–2
142, 144
1.1–23
142
1.24–40
142
1.28–30
142
1.34
142
1.37
142
1.38
142
2
137, 143, 160
2.1
142
2.1–2
142
2.1–4
143n16
2.1–9
143
2.2–17
141–142
2.2
143
2.3
143, 144
2.4
142, 143
2.10
143
2.10–14
143
2.11
128
2.12
124, 134, 137, 143, 184n7, 194
2.13
143
2.14
143
2.15
143, 144
2.17
144
4.5–9
150
5.35–38
150
6.35
137
6.38–54
137
6.55–59
137
7
141
7.10–18
137
7.26–44
138
7.36–37
138
7.75
138
7.75–101
138
7.102–131
138
7.123
176
7.132–140
138
8
137–138, 147, 149, 157, 160, 161
8.1–3
138
8.4
138
8.7
138
8.7–9
138
8.7–12
138
8.10
138
8.12
138
8.13
138
8.14–15
138
8.16
138, 161
8.17–18
138
8.19
138
8.19–36
156
8.24
138
8.37–40
139
8.41
139
8.41–45
139, 161
8.42–45
139
8.44
139
8.45
139
8.46–51
161
8.46–62
139
8.47
139
8.49
140
8.49–55
137
8.50
140
8.50–52
183n1
8.51
139–140
8.52
134, 176, 137, 139, 140, 184n7, 194, 241n21
8.52–53
124
8.53–54
140
8.56–57
141
8.60
141
8.62
141
9.25
137
15–16
144
Wisdom of Solomon
366
Sirach
19:19
184n5, 206, 210
24:12–17
173
Pseudepigrapha
Apocalypse of Elijah
4.1
156
4.4–6
156
5
154, 157
5.1–6
154
5.1–14
155
5.2–6
155
5.6
134, 154, 159, 194
5.7–14
155
5.11
156, 158
5.13
159
Apocalypse of Moses
19.2
194
22.4
128, 194
28.2
184n7
28.2–4
194
28.4
184n7
Apocalypse of Sedrach
2.2
151
3
151
3–4
157
3.4–5
151
3.6
151
3.8
151
4
150, 151, 152, 153
4.1
151
4.1–5
151
4.2
151, 152
4.3
151, 152, 158
4.4
134, 152, 158
5
160
7
152, 153, 157, 161
7.6–9
151, 152, 153
7.7–8
153n37
8
150, 153
9
152, 153, 157
9.2
153
9.2–3
151
9.3
152
3 Baruch
201
4 Baruch
9
viii
9.16
194, 197
9.16–17
140
9.16–18
125, 130
1 Enoch
191
1–5
166
2.1
166
3.1
167
5
174
5.1
167
5.4
166
5.8–9
172
5.9
169
6–8
167
8.3
167
9–11
167
10
172
10.16
167
10.17
169
10.18
167
10.18–19
172
10.19
167
12–36
167, 177
14
168
17–19
167
18
171
18.6
172
18.6–19.2
177
18.8
167
20.7
156
21–27
177
21–36
167
23.1
167
24–25
123, 166, 168, 170, 171
24–26
184n7
24.1
167, 175
24.2
167, 175
24.3
167, 171, 180
24.3–4
197n67
24.3–25.6
166
24.4
123, 168, 175, 194, 197
24.4–5
195n53
24.5
167
25.1
168
25.1–5
241
25.3
167
25.4
168, 170, 180
25.4–5
128–129, 168, 175
25.5
167, 168, 210
25.6
169, 170
26.1
168
27.4
168
30.2–3
168
31.3
168
32
171, 172, 177
32.4
168
70.3
170
2 Enoch
3–37
177
7–10
177
8.1
176
8.3
124, 125, 175, 180, 184n7
8.3–4
194, 195n53
8.3–7
166
8.4
176
8.8
176, 177
9.1
176, 180
10
176
10.4
177
18
177
18.1
177
18.7
177
40.10–11
149n28
3 Enoch
5.1
125, 166, 178, 180, 194
5.5
179
5.10–12
179
23.18
166, 178, 179, 180, 194
48D.8
166, 179, 194
Ethiopic Apocalypse of Ezra
144
Greek Apocalypse of Ezra
1
145
1.12–24
145
1.12–2.17
145–146
2
145, 146, 148, 153, 158, 160
2.11–14
134, 144
2.13
147
2.16
153
2.16–17
160
2.17
147
4
149
4–5
144, 149
5
147, 148, 149, 151, 157, 160, 161
5.1–28
147–148
5.2
161
5.2–3
148
5.3
160
5.4
148
5.4–5
160
5.9
149, 160
5.12
149, 161
5.12–19
161
5.14
149
5.20
158
5.20–21
161
5.20–23
147
5.21
134, 144, 158
5.22
156
5.23
149
5.27
149
Syriac Apocalypse of Ezra
144
Jubilees
241
1:29
140
Life of Adam and Eve
294
9:3
124
19:2
126
22:4
126, 127
28:3–4
127
29:3
129
29:6
129
Life of Adam and Eve (Armenian)
28:3
127
Life of Adam and Eve (Georgian)
28:3
128
4 Maccabees
18:16
184n5
18:16–18
126
Odes of Solomon
11:15
124
Parables of Enoch
150n31
Psalms of Solomon
14.2
206
14.3
194, 220
Pseudo-Philo
Biblical Antiquities
11.15
124, 125, 194
Revelatio Esdras de qualitatibus anni
144
Testament of Levi
18:11
129, 210
18:12
259n38
Testament of Simeon
6:6
259n38
Visio Beati Esdrae
144, 147
Dead Sea Scrolls
1QHa (Hodayot)
XVI, 5–6
194, 196, 197n67
4Q385 (Pseudo-Ezekiel)
2
241n21
4Q458 (Narrative A)
1, 1:18–19
130
11Q10 (Targum of Job)
28:7
126
11Q19 (Temple Scroll)
29:8–9
140n12
Ancient Jewish Writers
Philo
252n12
Allegorical Interpretation 1
31–32
246
35
246
48–52
237n7
56
237
56–58
242
56–59
236–238, 244, 245
57
237
58
237
59
194, 197n67, 205n101, 237, 238
60
238
60–61
236, 237
61
205n101, 238
90
238n10
97
238n10
100
238n10
101
238n10
108
238n10
Allegorical Interpretation 3
52
236, 238, 239, 242
107
236, 239
On Flight and Finding
58–61
246
78
246
97
247
197f
247
On Giants
14
247
On Planting
36–37
244
36–45
236, 244–245
38
244
38–39
244
40–42
244
43–45
244
44
244–245
44–45
238, 244
45
245
46
245
On the Change of Names
213–214
246
223
247
On the Cherubim
1
236, 243–244
On the Contemplative Life
13
246
On the Creation of the World
30
246
151
242
151–152
242
151–156
242–243
153
242
154
198n73, 201n88, 205n99, 242–243
155
243
156
243, 245
157–167
243
172
246
On Dreams 1
34
246
148
247
On Dreams 2
70
236, 245–246
On the Embassy to Gaius
192
246
On the Life of Abraham
6
246
84
246
271
246
On the Migration of Abraham
34–35
245
36
245
36–37
236, 245
37
245
On the Posterity of Cain
9
246
45
246
68
246
69
246
On the Preliminary Studies
87
247
On the Special Laws 1
31
246
345
247
On the Special Laws 2
262
246
On the Special Laws 4
123
246
169
247
On the Virtues
177
246
204–205
246
Questions and Answers on Genesis 1
8
236
9
240
9–10
240–241
9–11
236
10
196, 236, 240, 242–243
11
238n10
54–57
236
55
236, 241–242
57
241–242
That the Worse Attacks the Better
84
246
Who Is the Heir?
42–49
247
290
246
292
246
New Testament
Matthew
7:19
227
15:13
227
16:18
194n50
25
177
25:34
143
Mark
4:32
382
14:22–25
325
Luke
6:43–45
227
10:19–20
259n38
17:20
227
22:18–20
325
23:31
207
23:34
225
23:43
227
John
3:3
194n50
4:10
207
6:51
207
6:57
207
8:12
287
14:6
297
15:1–5
382
15:5
305
19:33–34
355
Acts
5:29–30
ix
5:30
207
16:16–18
191n41
Romans
7:4–12
263
16:20
259n38
1 Corinthians
3:12
207
11:23–25
325
2 Corinthians
12:2
176
12:4
176
Galatians
3:13
207
Revelation
184–186, 188, 193, 194, 379
1
192
1:1
183n3, 189
1:3
189
1:10
189
1:12–13
206–207
1:12–20
193
1:20
206–207
2:1
206–207
2:7
7, 180, 184n4, 185, 209, 230, 231, 232, 312, 315, 371
2:8
217
3:5
192
3:20
198n71
4:5
206–207
5:1–9
192
9:17
189
10:9–10
192
11:4
206–207
18:12
207
21–22
380, 382
21:1
183n1
21:10
194
21:11–22
194
21:23
206
21:23–27
194–195
22:2
7, 184n4, 185, 186, 193, 200, 209, 210, 217, 229, 230, 232, 313, 371, 382
22:2–3
125
22:3
200
22:7
189
22:10
189
22:14
180, 184n4, 185, 200, 209, 210, 230
22:18–19
189
22:19
180, 184n4, 185, 209
Rabbinic and Medieval Jewish Works
Alphabet of Ben Sira
78
160
Genesis Rabbah
239
Gen 3:22–24
128
Talmud
b. Arak.
15b
206
b. Ber.
32b
206
34b
179
Gnostic Texts
Acts of Andrew
281
Acts of Peter
253n15
Apocalypse of Peter
76.4–8
249n2
81.10–21
249n3
Apocryphon of John (BG 8502 2)
253
60.19–61.7
255n20
62.6–7
255n21
Apocryphon of John (NHC II 1)
249, 250, 253–256, 260, 267n52, 270n64, 275–276
4.26–5.11
255n19
10.18
255n19
13.19–20
254n18
19.10–21.10
253
21.6–9
253
21.13–14
253
21.15
259n37
21.16–22.8
253–254
21.16–22.9
262n45
21.24–22.2
249
22.5
259n37
22.9
254, 255
22.12–14
255
22.13–14
254
22.16–17
259n37
22.19–25
254
22.22
254n18
22.27–28
254
22.28
259n37
22.30
254
22.31
259n37
23.3
254n18
23.7–8
254
23.9
254
23.10–22
254–255
23.23–26
255
23.26–31
255
23.32–33
255
24.4–8
255
24.9–12
255
24.13–15
255
24.15–16
255
24.16–25
255
24.26–25.16
255
29.6
254n18
Apocryphon of John (NHC III 1)
249, 250, 253
30.17–21
255n20
31.8–9
255n21
Apocryphon of John (NHC IV 1)
249, 250, 253
Book of Thomas
142.14–15
249n2
Gospel of Mary
253n14
Gospel of Philip (II 3)
249, 250, 261–264, 266, 276
55.6–22
261
55.23–36
264
71.21–72.4
261
71.27
262
71.28–34
262
72.1–4
262
73.8–74.12
262
73.9–15
249n3
73.15–19
262, 266
73.17–19
249, 268
73.19
262
73.21–22
262
74.2
263
74.3–4
263
74.4
264
74.5–12
263
74.14
264
74.16–24
258n33, 264
75.2–14
261n43
75.3–9
263
77.15–31
264
83.3–5
249
Gospel of Thomas
36.17–25
249
39.34
259n38
40.23–25
249n2
40.31–33
249n2
Gospel of Truth
261
18.24–26
249n3
20.23–21.2
249n3
Interpretation of Knowledge (XI 1)
261
Letter of Peter to Philip
139.15–22
249n3
Melchizedek
249, 258n34, 258–259, 260
1.1–14.15
259
6.22–7.6
259
8.22–9.27
259
9.28–10.5
259
14.15–18.11
259
18.11–27.10
259
Nature of the Rulers
249, 255n21, 256–258, 260, 267n52, 270n64, 274n69, 276
86.30–31
256
87.22–23
256n26
88.2
256n26
88.10–11
256n26
88.12
257
88.13–16
257
88.15
257
88.33–89.3
257
88.35
256n26
89.3–11
257
89.11
257
89.11–13
270
89.11–17
257
89.15
260
89.19–28
257
89.31–90.12
257
90.2
257
90.6–10
257–258
90.11–12
258
90.13–17
258
91.2
256
91.5–7
258
91.7–11
258
93.22–27
256n26
93.25–26
256
93.24–25
258
93.28–29
258
94.21–22
256
95.5
256
96.12
256n26
96.14
256, 258
96.19–22
258
96.24
258
96.25–27
258
96.33
259n37
96.33–97.4
256
97.1–3
258
97.2–4
268
97.5–9
258
97.6–7
259n38
97.10–13
258
97.13–21
258
97.18–19
256n26
On Anointing (NHC XI 2a)
259n38
On the Origin of the World (NHC II 5)
249, 250, 255n21, 267–273, 274n69, 276
97.24–98.11
267
98.11–123.2
267
110.2
267
110.3–6
267
110.8–9
267
110.10–12
267
110.14–19
131
110.19–20
268
110.26
268
110.27–29
268
110.31–111.1
268
111.2–8
249, 262n45
111.3–5
268
111.6–7
268
112.13
268
112.18–22
268
112.25–29
268
112.34–113.1
268
113.8
269
113.9–10
269
113.12–14
269
113.15
269
113.17–19
269
113.19–20
269
113.22–33
269
113.33–34
269
113.35–114.1
269
114.3–4
269
114.3–5
269
115.1
269
115.4
269
115.5
269
115.11–12
269
115.11–14
269
115.15
269
115.19–22
269
115.25–31
270
116.3–4
270
116.5–8
270
116.13
270
116.14–21
270
116.21–25
270
116.24–25
270n63
116.26–28
270
116.28–29
257n28, 270
116.33–117.4
270
117.2,11
259n37
117.4–7
270
117.13
270
117.18–24
270
117.24–28
271
117.28–118.2
259n37, 269
118.2–3
271
118.5–6
271
118.6–9
271
118.20–24
271
118.25–119.7
271
119.11–18
271
120.3–6
272
120.10–17
258, 272
120.18
272
120.26–121.5
272
121.7–13
272
121.23–27
272
121.28–35
272
123.2–31
267
123.4–15
272
123.15–24
272
123.31–127.17
267
124.33–125.7
273
On the Origin of the World (NHC XIII 2)
249, 250
103.21
259n38
121.7–13
259
Pistis Sophia
99:246
131
134:354
131
Second Discourse of Great Seth
56.34–57.1
259n38
58.22–28
249n3
Teachings of Silvanus (NHC VII 4)
249, 262–263, 263n46, 264, 266, 276
85.10–11
259n38
86.4–6
259n38
94.20–24
263
94.25–27
263
94.31–32
263
106.21–30
263
107.8–14
259n38
107.17–19
263
Testimony of Truth
249, 250, 273–275, 276
30.2–17
275
32.18–21
274n70
33.24–34.7
274n70
34.26–37.9
274–275n70
45.27–28
274
45.31–46.6
274
46.16–27
274
47.5–6
274
47.10–14
274
47.15–16
274
47.16–17
274
47.18–23
274
47.23–30
274
47.30–48.1
274
48.2–4
274
48.4–7
274
48.8–13
274
48.13–15
274
50.3–5
273n68
50.5–9
273n68
55.4–10
274–275n70
55.7–10
273n66, 274–275n70
69.7–14
274–275n70
70.4–9
274n70
70.9–24
274n70
Treatise of the Resurrection (NHC I 4)
261
Tripartite Tractate
249, 261, 264–266, 268
51.15–19
249n2
66.16
265n50
66.22–23
265n50
66.28
265n50
74.10–13
249
85.30
265n50
104.4–108.12
264
106.28–29
265n51
107.1–7
265
107.7–8
265
107.29–31
265
107.30–31
265
107.36–39
265
107.36–108.4
265
114.20–21
265n50
117.6–7
265n50
118.14–122.12
266
122.16–17
265
122.23–24
265
128.21–129.14
265
128.33
265
128.35
265
129.6–7
265
Valentinian Exposition (NHC XI 2)
261
Wisdom of Jesus Christ
253n15
Early Christian Writings
Ambrose of Milan
Exposition
1.35–44
227
On Paradise
1.5
224
5.28–29
224
7.35
224
Andrew of Caesarea
Commentary on the Apocalypse
197, 205, 232
Apringius
Treatise on the Apocalypse
1.543–550
230
7.557–565
230
Arethas of Caesarea
Commentary on the Apocalypse
2.7
232
22.2
232
Augustine
On Genesis Literally Interpreted
8.5.9–11
220
Enarrations on the Psalms
229
Barnabas
8.5
207
Basil of Caesarea
De Invidia (Homily)
229
Bede, Venerable
Commentary on Genesis
222
Ecclesiastical History
1.30
350n15
On the Apocalypse
197
26.429–439
232
PL
77.1215–1216
350n15
Bonaventure
Journey of the Mind to God
318n
Hymn on the Holy Cross
318n
The Tree of Life
302, 312, 317–320, 322–328, 331–332
The Book of the Mysteries of Heaven and Earth
26
221
Caesarius of Arles
231
PL
2451
231
Sermons
103
231
Cassiodorus
231
Complexions
32.11–13
231
Chromatius of Aquileia
Sermons
35.8
226
1 Clement
23.4
207
Commemoratorium
230
Cyril of Jerusalem
Catechetical Lectures
13.31
218
Diodore of Tarsus
Commentary on Psalms 1–51
228
Diognetus
12.3–5
218
Dream of the Rood
294
Ephraem Syrus
Armenian Commentary on Genesis
223
Commentary on the Diatessaron
1.18–19
223
21.25
223
Commentary on Genesis
35.2
222
35.3
222
Hymns on the Crucifixion
9.2
223
Hymns on Paradise
2.17
222
2.22
222
2.23
222
2.34
222–223
Epiphanius of Salamis
Panarion
26
250n4
Eusebius of Caesarea
227
PG
23, 77
226
Evagrius Ponticus
Propositions on Knowledge
5.69
207
Firmicus Maternus
On the Error of Profane Religions
27.1
219
Gregory of Nazianzus
Orations
29.20
218
Gregory of Nyssa
218, 225, 226
Patrologia Graeca
23
226
77
226
Patrologia Latina
9
226
254–256
226
On the Making of Man
18
220
On Paradise
226
On Virginity
24
225
Heiland
345–346, 350, 355, 356
Songs 65–66
346n6
Hilary of Poitiers
Homilies on the Psalms
1.14
207
PL
9, 254–256
226–227
Hippolytus of Rome
Refutation of all Heresies
5.23–28
250n4
5.26.5
219
Hugh of Saint Victor
Noah’s Ark
297n
Irenaeus of Lyons
Against Heresies
260
1.29–30
250n4, 253
3.11.9
261
5.17.1
219
Isidore of Seville
The Etymologies (or Origins)
321
Jacobus de Voragine
Golden Legend
294
Jacopone da Todi
Praise Song
328
Jerome
Commentary on Psalm 1
180
220
Homilies
9–10
196, 197
Homily on Psalm 1
8–9
229
John Chrysostom
On Genesis
13
220
PG
53
218
110
218
John Damascene
On the Orthodox Faith
2.23
221
Justin
Dialogue with Trypho
86
205, 207
Lactantius
Phoenix
1–24
229
Liber Floridus
290n25
Mirror of Human Salvation
319n10
Nicholas Eirenikos
Wedding Poem
301
Oecumenius
Commentary on the Apocalypse
197, 199, 201, 203, 207, 208
2.7
232
22.2
232
Origen
Against Celsus
6.24–28
250n4
Commentary on Romans
5.9.3
207
First Principles
4.2.4
217
Homilies on Joshua
7.1
191
On Prayer
10
225
Primasius
On the Apocalypse
1.2
231
5.22
231
Pseudo-Chrysostom
Easter Homily
281n
Pseudo-Cyprian
Easter Song (Tree of Life)
281
Romanus the Melodist
Genuine Hymns
224
Rufinus
On the Patriarchal Blessings
2.24
225
Tertullian
Against the Jews
13.11
226
Theodore of Mopsuestia
Commentary on Psalms 1–81
228
Theodoret of Cyrus
Questions
26
219
Theophilus of Antioch
223
To Autolycus
2.25–27
219
Tyconius
Commentary on the Apocalypse
231
Ubertino da Casale
The Tree of the Crucified Life of Jesus
328
Venantius Fortunatus
In Honor of the Holy Cross
280, 283
Victorinus of Petau
On the Apocalypse
230
Greco-Roman Literature
Aelius Theon
Preliminary Exercises
118
187
119
187, 188
Aphthonius the Sophist
Preliminary Exercises
37R
187, 188
Aristotle
Homeric Questions
175
237
Poetics
1457b7–32
89
1460b8
187
Artemidorus
The Interpretation of Dreams
1.1
190, 191
1.2
190, 200
1.5
189, 192, 194
1.27
202
1.29
204
1.73
210
4.24
204
5.3
204
Cicero
Concerning Divination
1.6
189
Demetrius
On Style
291
194n50
Hermogenes
Preliminary Exercises
22
187
Longinus
On the Sublime
15
187
17.3
200
Macrobius
Commentary on the Dream of Scipio
189
Nicolaus the Sophist
Preliminary Exercises
68
187
69
188
Plato
Republic
2.378d
237
Republic (NHC VI 5)
50.27–28
259n38
Pliny the Elder
Natural History
301
Plutarch
Artaxerxes
8.1
195n53
Quintilian
Institutes of Oratory
2.17.21
194
8.3.88
187
Other Primary Texts
Edda
347, 353, 356–358, 360, 363
Qur’an
5
2:34–36
9
7:19–22
9
Rig Veda
9
Zohar Leviticus
34b
206
Hebrew and Greek Word Index
אדם
84, 85
אדמה
89, 93
אישׁ
85
אל
81
ארך ימים
27
אשׁה
84, 85
אשׁרי
106, 111
אשׁרה
24, 25
ב–
82, 83
באה
108n29
ביום
94
ברך
111
בשׂר
90
בתוך הגן
74, 77, 81–83, 84, 95
גם
93
גרשׁ
86
יד
92
החיים
7
חכם
107n28
חמס
107n28
לעולם
76
מאשׁר
106
מות תמות
88, 93–94
מחלה־לב
108
מכל עץ הגן
90
נטע
80n24
נשׁמת חיים
89–90
פלג
111
עבד אדמה
89
עפר
89, 90, 93
עץ
83
עץ החיים
5, 7
עץ חיים
100
פן
91
צמח
80n24
רוח
90
שׂטן
92
שׁלום
106, 108
שׁלח
86, 87
תוך
82
תולדות
74
ἀγαθότητα
240
ἀλληγορικός
190, 191, 198, 199, 202–208, 209
ἄλσος
24
ἄνωθεν
194n50
ἀποκάλυψις
189
δένδρον
24, 167
ἔκφρᾰσις
187, 188, 195, 197, 209
εἰκονοποιός
187
ἐξουσία
170
ἐνάργεια
195, 209
ἐνύπνιον
189
εὐσεβεία
240
ζωή
287
θεωρημᾰτικός
189–190, 191, 198, 199–202, 209
θρόνος
167
κέδρος
115n45
κοσμικός
190
μεταφορά
199
μεταφορικός
202–204
ὄνειρος
189
ὅρᾱμα
189, 190n35, 194, 209
ὅρᾱσις
189, 190n35, 194, 209
ξύλον
196–197, 207
ξύλον ζωῆς
196
παράνομος
108n28
πέτρα
194n50
πνεῦμα
189
προφητεία
189
ῥιζοτομία
167
σκηνή
195, 201
σκηνογρᾰφία
183, 188
σκῐά
200
σκῐᾱγρᾰφία
197
σοφία
240, 247
συμβολικός
201n88, 204–208
σύμβολον
199, 204, 207n115
τρυφή
244
φαντᾰσία
187, 188
φάντᾰσμα
189
φῶς
287
χρημᾰτισμός
189
Modern Author Index
Abma, Richtsje
162
Agourides, S.
145, 150–153
Akoto-Abutiate, Dorothy B.E.A.
201, 382
Alexander, Philip S.
177, 178, 179, 251, 252, 257, 258, 274
Allen, James P.
21
Allen, Thomas George
19, 21, 22
Ameisenowa, Zofja
287, 288
Anderson, F.I.
125, 175, 177
Anderson, Gary A.
124, 127–128
Anderson, Paul
198
Anker, Peter
345, 348
Arad, Lily
283
Assman, Jan
16, 18, 20
Ataç, Mehmet-Ali
33, 38, 57, 58
Attridge, Harold
261, 264, 265
Auffarth, Christoph
188
Aune, David E.
174, 196, 198
Bachmann, Veronika
168, 171, 172
Baden, Joel
77, 80, 159
Baert, Barbara
294
Balfour, David
301
Balogh, Amy
24, 74, 106
Baranov, Vladimir
284
Barber, Charles
289
Barker, Margaret
201, 206, 207, 290
Barlow, H.C.
201
Barr, James
79, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 94, 365–367, 369, 383
Barth, Karl
184, 375–377, 379, 383
Bauckham, Richard
149, 154
Bauks, Michaela
6, 8, 25, 198
Baumgarten, James
152
Bautch, Kelley Coblentz
170, 172
Beale, G.K.
194, 206
Bechtel, Lyn
93, 370
Bergmann, Claudia D.
160
Bergren, Theodore
160
Bethge, Hans-Gebhard
267
Billing, Nils
21, 46, 47
Bintley, Michael D.J.
291, 298
Black J.A.
10, 15
Blaising, C.S.
227, 233
Blenkinsopp, Joseph
85, 92
Blocher, Henri
377–379
Bloch-Smith, Elizabeth
45, 61, 62, 201
Blume, Dieter
329
Böcher, Otto
200, 207
Bockmuehl, Marcus
251, 263
Boda, Mark J.
105
Boggi, Flavio
311
Bonavia, Emanuel
201
Bonhoeffer, Dietrich
372–375, 378–379, 383
Botha, Philipus J.
114
Bourdua, Louise
328
Boxall, Ian
207
Brakke, David
251, 252–253
Brieger, Peter
313
Brighton, Louis A.
197
Brisch, Nicole
13
Brock, Sebastian
222, 223, 233
Brown, Michael
111
Brown, Michelle P.
298
Brown, William P.
100, 111, 161
Brütsch, Charles
185
Buber, Martin
368
Budde, Karl
76, 78, 89–90, 91, 93, 95
Budge, E.A. Wallis
221, 223, 233, 234
Bugge, Anders
353, 362, 363
Bullard, Roger A.
256, 257
Burns, Dylan
251, 256
Busch, Austin
251–252, 255
Campanati, Raggaella Farioli
316
Canal, Maximilien
330
Carnie, Andrew
82
Carruthers, Mary
297
Cassuto, Umberto
368
Castañeiras, Manuel
308
Charles, R.H.
169, 170, 196, 203
Charlesworth, James H.
vii–viii, 198
Childs, Brevard
366
Claassens, L. Juliana M.
162
Coats, George W.
91
Coatsworth, Elizabeth
316
Cole, Robert L.
110
Collon, Dominique
38, 39, 41, 42, 51, 55, 57, 59
Cook, Roger
295, 299, 315
Cosentino, Delia
330
Couliano, Ioan P.
252, 257
Cozzi, Enrica
328
Cramer, J.A.
232, 234
Creach, Jerome F.D.
112
Cremascoli, Giuseppe
325
Crenshaw, James L.
106
Curtis, V.S.
12
Dalley, Stephanie
10, 12, 13, 14
Davila, James R.
149
Day, Peggy L.
160
De Gruchy, John W.
373, 375
Dell, Katharine
100
Dercks, Ute
197, 295, 297, 313
deSilva, David A.
195
Di Brazzano, Stefano
280
Dillmann, August
81, 166, 168, 169
DiTommaso, Lorenzo
143
Driver, S.R.
84
Dronke, Peter
210
Dunning, Benjamin
267, 268, 269
Dus, Jan
78
Echols, Charles L.
14, 74
Eder, Sigrid
102
Edwards, M.J.
220, 234
Eidevall, Göran
105, 109
Eliade, Mircea
130–131, 297
Estes, Douglas
195, 313
Evangelatou, Maria
313
Farjon, Aljos
351
Farrer, Austin
183
Fauconnier, Gilles
134–135, 162
Fewell, Danna Nolan
369
Filipová, Alžběta
283
Fishbane, Michael
367
Ford, J. Massyngberde
196
Foreman, Benjamin
107
Forti, Tova L.
109
Foster, Benjamin R.
7
Foster-Gilbert, Claire
379–380
Frankfurter, David
154
Franklin-Brown, Mary
317, 318
Fretheim, Terence E.
93
Frevel, Christian
46
Funk, Wolf-Peter
259
Gamer-Wallert, Ingrid
16
Gardner, Julian
311
Garrett, Duane
108
Gelin, Marie-Pierre
302
Genge, Heinze
5, 6, 8, 11
George, A.R.
12, 13, 14
Gianotto, Claudio
259
Gibson, Craig A.
187
Gilchrest, Eric J.
197
Gilhus, Ingvild S.
257, 262
Gillingham, Susan
110
Giovino, Mariana
6, 8, 32, 201, 367
Good, Edwin
93
Goodenough, Edwin R.
200, 204, 206, 236
Graham, Christopher A.
206, 251
Grant, Jamie A.
110, 111
Graves-Brown, Carolyn
20
Gray, Alison Ruth
102
Greatrex, Joan
319
Greenacre, Roger
281
Gregorini, Alessandra
305
Grelot, Pierre
129
Gruenwald, Ithamar
177
Gryson, R.
230, 231, 234
Gunkel, Hermann
74, 78, 87, 90, 94, 154
Gunn, David M.
369
Hachlili, Rachel
206, 290, 291, 306
Hamburger, Jeffrey
300
Hamilton, Victor P.
74, 83, 87, 89, 91, 93
Hanneken, Todd R.
196
Hansman, J.
12, 117
Hardin, C.A.
227, 233
Harrington, Wilfrid J.
190, 191, 196, 197
Harris-McCoy, Daniel E.
189, 190
Haselock, Jeremy
281
Hays, Christopher
19, 20
Heard, Christopher
197
Heel, Koenraad Donker Van
16
Heffernan, James A.W.
187
Hemer, Colin J.
185, 207
Himmelfarb, Martha
123
Hinckley, Robert
207
Hock, Ronald F.
187
Hodge, Bodie
372
Hogan, Karina Martin
136, 138, 142, 144, 159
Holt, Else K.
111, 112
Hongisto, Leif
196
Horowitz, Maryanne Cline
288, 290
Hubbes, László Attila
183
Huijbers, Anne
330
Humbert, Paul
76, 84, 86–87
Iacobini, Antonio
310, 311, 313, 315
Ilg, Ulrike
317, 318, 321, 324, 329
Irvine, Christopher
283, 295, 316
Irwin, William H.
108
Isenberg, Wesley W.
261
James, E.O.
5, 8, 9, 20–21, 24, 156, 201
Jaroš, Karl
78
Jensen, Robin M.
325
Jindo, Job Y.
101, 103
Johnson, Elizabeth A.
380
Johnson, Mark
101
Johnson, Mark J.
288
Johnson, M.D.
128
Joüon, Paul
7
Karnes, Michelle
318
Karrer, Martin
191
Kawashima, Robert S.
85
Keel, Othmar
36–39, 41, 42–49, 51, 52, 58–65, 106
Keepers, Dustyn Elizabeth
24
Kennedy, George A.
187
Kepinski-Lecomte, Christine
6, 34, 53
Kessler, Herbert
288
Keuls, Eva C.
197
Kieser, Ty
24
King, Karen
250, 251, 252, 253
Kister, Menahem
263
Kitzberger, Ingrid Rosa
380
Klangwisan, Yael
381
Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane
319, 322
Koemoth, Pierre
67
Koester, Craig R.
190, 197, 203
Kogman-Appel, Katrin
289, 291
Kottsieper, I.
8
Kövecs, Zoltán
107
Kramer, S.N.
8
Kraus, Hans-Joachim
115
Krispenz, Jutta
78
Kulik, Alexander
201
Labhan, Antje
101, 105, 111
LaCocque, André
78, 85, 89, 93
Ladner, Gerhart B.
297, 312, 319
Lakoff, George
101
Lambert, W.G.
57
Lanfer, Peter Thacher
123, 126, 140, 143, 152, 157, 177, 251, 268, 287, 294, 295
Larson, E.
130
Lathrop, Gordon
381–382
Lauria, Antonietta
327
Layton, Bentley
257, 267
Leonhardt-Balzer, J.
238, 244
Levenson, Jon
368
Levin, A.G.
236
Levine, Baruch A.
24
Lichtheim, Miriam
17, 18
Lillie, Celene
255, 257, 270
Long, Asphodel
381
Long, R. James
301, 305
Lucarelli, Rita
21, 22
Luttikhuizen, Gerald P.
251
Maguire, Henry
287, 300, 301
Mahé, Jean-Pierre
259
Mangina, Joseph L.
207
Marchini, Lucia
345
Marcus, Ralph
107, 368
Margulis, B
8
Marjanen, Antti
251
Markham, J. Geller
116
Mastin, B.A.
25
Mathewson, David
197
McCann, J. Clinton, Jr.
110
McKane, William
108
McKinlay, Judith
370
McRae, George
261
Mealy, J. Webb
203
Meek, Russell L.
105
Meiggs, Russell
117
Mercer, Samuel A.B.
21
Mettinger, Tryggve N.D.
12, 14, 82, 84, 367
Metzger, Bruce M.
124, 137, 142–143
Metzger, Martin
6, 25, 26
Meyer, Marvin
262, 266, 267
Meyers, Carol L.
206
Meyers, Eric M.
206
Michel, Andreas
80
Miller, John B.F.
189
Miller, Patricia Cox
190
Miskotte, Kornelis Heiko
203
Mitchell, W.J.T.
193
Mobley, Gregory
13
Mojsov, Bojana
68
Möller, G.
16
Moor, Johannes C. de
24
Morris, Henry M.
371
Morris, Paul
184
Moss, Candida
159
Moughtin-Mumby, Sharon
162
Muraoka, T.
7
Murphy, G. Ronald, S.J.
345
Nerbano, Mara
327
Neumann-Gorsolke, Ute
6, 16
Neusner, Jacob
179
Nickelsburg, George W.E.
123, 168, 169
Niehoff, Maren R.
236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 252
Noga-Banai, Galit
287
Nogalski, James
154
Norbye, Marigold
322
Obbink, Herman Th.,
7, 9, 13, 84, 90–91, 92, 93
Ó Carragáin, Éamonn
291, 294
O’Connor, Michael Patrick
7, 94
O’Flynn, Donnel
280, 283
O’Hear, Anthony
195–196
O’Hear, Natasha
195–196
Omanson, Roger L.
196
Opitz, Christian Nikolaus
321, 329, 330
O’Reilly, Jennifer
283, 287, 295
Orlov, Andrei A.
206
Oropeza, B.J.
188
Osborne, Grant R.
196
Osborne, William R.
6, 10, 11, 16, 18, 20, 48, 50, 53, 56, 62, 102, 103, 105, 106, 111
Otzen, Benedikt
251
Owen-Crocker, Gale
316
Pagels, Elaine
264, 265
Painchaud, Louis
252, 267
Panayotov, Alexander
149
Pardee, Dennis
24
Parpola, Simo
5, 7, 34, 55, 367
Pasquini, Laura
310
Patte, Daniel
80
Pearson, Birger
258–259, 263, 273
Penner, Ken M.
210
Perdue, Leo G.
106
Pezzoli-Olgiati, Daria
201
Pfeiffer, Henrik
8, 78, 81
Piccirillo, Michele
306, 308, 315
Popenoe, Paul
116
Porter, Barbara Nevling
53, 58
Porter, James I.
194
Preisinger, Raphaèle
327, 328, 329
Presley, Stephen O.
250, 252
Punter, David
202
Quinn, E.C.
124
Rad, Gerhard von
79
Ramshaw, Gail
381
Rasimus, Tuomas
251, 255, 256
Reeder, Caryn A.
195
Rendtorff, Rolf
154
Rhodes James, Montague
281
Ricci, Fulvio
302, 324
Riccioni, Stefano
311
Richards, I.A.
101
Riede, Peter
6, 16
Ringgren, Helmer
5, 6
Ritchey, Sarah
317, 318, 325, 328
Ritner, Robert K.
17, 18
Robbins, Vernon K.
188, 191
Roberts, Michael
280–281
Robinson, James M.
249
Robinson, Stephen
125, 130
Rodov, Ilia
289, 290
Roloff, Jürgen
189, 196
Rooke, Deborah W.
104
Rose, Wolter H.
291
Rubin, Miri
325
Safran, Linda
287
Salonius, Pippa
186, 198, 298, 302, 305, 306, 311, 322, 329
Santos, Daniel
206
Sarna, Nahum
368–369
Sawyer, John F.A.
74
Scalf, Foy
20
Schenke, H.-M.
253
Schipper, Bernd Ulrich
23
Schlosser, Marianne
317, 318
Schmid, J.
232, 235
Schorsch, Ismar
368
Schoske, Sylvia
16
Schroer, Silvia
37–39, 42, 46, 51, 52, 63
Sicard, Patrice
296, 297
Simbeni, Alessandro
302, 324, 327, 328, 329
Simor, Suzanna B.
283, 319
Shields, Mary E.
162
Skinner, John
74, 78, 86, 93
Smalley, Stephen S.
196
Smend, Rudolf
79
Smith, Carl B.
253
Smith, Mark S.
25
Smith, Morton
290, 291
Smith, Ralph L.
206
Sneed, Mark R.
105
Speiser, E.A.
13, 14, 87, 93
Stambaugh, James
372
Sternberg, Meier
76
Stolz, Fritz
117, 118
Stone, Michael E.
124, 127–128, 144–150, 153
Stordalen, Terje
5, 6, 7, 79, 90, 91, 93
Stovell, Beth M.
135, 159, 162
Stratton, Beverly J.
85
Stromberg, Jake
161
Stroumsa, Guy D.
251, 263
Struck, Peter T.
199, 204, 205
Suggit, John N.
208
Sweetser, Eve
135
Swete, Henry B.
371
Tarragon, Jean-Michael de
24
Teissier, Beatrice
23
Thee, Francis C.R.
191
Thomassen, Einar
260, 261, 262, 265
Thomson, Margaret H.
316
Thunø, Eric
310
Tigchelaar, Eibert J.C.
129, 154, 170, 177
Trapp, Thomas H.
106
Treier, Daniel J.
24
Trible, Phyllis
369
Trumbower, Jeffrey A.
262
Turner, John
253
Turner, Mark
134–135, 162
Uehlinger, Christoph
106
Uhlig, Siegbert
170
Ungnad, Arthur
84
van der Kooij, Arie
89
Van Hecke, Pierre
101, 105
Van Ruiten, J.T.A.G.M
123
Vasari, Giorgio
327
Vilímková, Milada
290
Vogels, Walter
77, 79, 269
Vriezen, Th.C.
89, 93
Walck, Leslie
150
Wallace, Howard N.
6, 8, 9, 14, 24, 25, 78, 83, 91, 92, 368
Walsh, Jerome T.
79–80
Waltke, Bruce K.
7, 94, 107
Walton, John H.
78, 367
Walvoord, John F.
371
Wasilewska, Ewa
9, 12
Watanabe, Chikako E.
557
Watanabe, Kazuko
6, 10, 13
Watson, Arthur
298, 322
Watson, Francis
366
Weeks, Stuart
100
Weitzmann, Kurt
288
Wenham, Gordon J.
74, 87, 90, 91, 93, 94
Westermann, Claus
74, 79, 87, 89, 90, 94
Whitaker, Robyn J.
195
Whiting, Mark J.
110
Widengren, Geo
8
Wiggins, Steven A.
25
Williams, Michael
250, 251, 252
Willis, John T.
162
Wilson, Gerald H.
110
Winter, Irene
34–35
Winter, Urs
6, 105
Wintermute, Orval S.
154–155, 251
Wittekind, Susanne
319
Witulski, Thomas
185
Wolfson, Elliot R.
85
Wong, Daniel K.K.
203, 208
Wood, Jeryldene M.
325
Worm, Andrea
198, 322
Wyatt, Nicholas
24
Yarden, Leon
290
York, H.
6
Young, Edward J.
370–371
Young, Frances M.
219, 235, 286
Zevit, Ziony
81, 83, 89, 118, 367
Zimmerman, Ruben
205
Ziolkowski, Jan M.
297
Place Index
Alexandria
218, 219, 273
Antioch
218, 219, 228
Arboç (Tarragona)
305n63
Assisi
Sacro Convento
327
Assur
12
Assyria
5, 53–54, 57–58, 117, 174
Barcelona
Church of the Poor Clares
302n61
Bern
Abegg-Stiftung
286–287
French Church (former Dominican Church)
329
Bethlehem
306n68
Bet-Shean
61
Bewcastle
291
Bologna
Church of San Francesco
327n130
Borgund
348, 351, 352, 354
British Isles
291, 298, 319
Byzantium
297, 298, 301, 306
Cairo
The Coptic Museum
285
Calvary
221, 224, 281, 345
Cambridge
Trinity College
313–314
Carcassonne
Basilica of Saint-Nazaire
302, 329
Catalogna
302
Central Italy
302, 306
Chartres
Cathedral of Notre-Dame
302–303
Christendom, see also Christian world
281, 297, 299, 306, 310, 315, 322, 330
Constantinople
300, 306n68, 315n92, 322n117
Darmstadt
Hessische Landes- und Hochschulbibliothek
319
Dura Europos
Durham
319
Eden
vii–ix, 1, 117, 171, 178, 179, 217, 218, 220, 227, 228, 281, 287–288, 295–296, 305, 313
Egypt
5, 8, 9, 15, 17, 18, 18n47, 23, 26, 27, 46–50, 63–68, 106, 113, 116, 218, 267, 286, 291
Elysian Fields
229
England
291, 313
Ephesus
190, 191n41
Eridu
8, 8n19, 9, 9n20
Ethiopia
129n11, 295
Europe
295
Florence
Convent of Santa Maria Novella
321, 330
Convent of the Poor Clares at Monticelli
325
Convent of Santa Croce
329
Galleria dell’Accademia
325–326
Forlí
Church of San Francesco
327n130
Gaul
313
Gehinnom
179
Gerasa
Chapel of Elias, Maria, and Soreg
305n67
Germany
289n23, 373–374
Ghana
382
Ghent
Centrale Bibliotheek van de Rijksuniversiteit
290n25
Golgotha
281, 283, 315
Great Ryburgh
344
Hades
224, 225
Hannover
Museum August Kestner
319n110
Hazor
61
Heddal
357n29
Hegge
355
Hermopolis
21
Holy Land
283, 305–306, 322n117
Holy of Holies
222
Israel
60–63, 288n20, 290
Italy
313, 322
Jericho
ix
Jerusalem
62, 129n11, 140, 140n12, 142–143, 154, 157, 160n48, 171, 217, 218, 221, 269n62, 269n70, 281, 315
Basilica of Constantine
283
New
217
Jordan
305, 315
Judah
60–64
Kellia
284–285
Khirbet el-Mukhayyat
Church of the Holy Martyrs Lot and Procopius
305n67
Khirbet el-Qom
25
Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon
291
Kremsmünster (Upper Austria)
Kremsmünster Abbey Library
319n110
Kuntillet ʿAjrud
25
Lagrasse
305n63
Lebanon
117, 118
León
Museo de San Isidoro Real Colegiata
295–296
Levant
5, 9, 23, 26, 27, 41–46, 59–63, 305
Lichfield
Lichfield Cathedral Library
298–299
Lisbon
Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal
291n30, 292
London
British Library
291n30, 319–320
British Museum
298
Luxor
16
Madaba
Archaeological Museum
315
Madrid
Biblioteca Nacional
322
Marah
124–125, 225
Mesopotamia
5, 9, 15, 23, 25, 26, 37–41, 52–59, 106, 116
Mexico
330
Monza
Museo e Tesoro del Duomo
283–284
Mount Nebo
Church of the Deacon Thomas
305, 308
Munich
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek
282
Nag Hammadi
256
Nazareth
294
New Jerusalem
287, 312–314
New York
Metropolitan Museum
304
Nimrud
52–59
North Africa
305
Orvieto
Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta
305–310, 311–312, 322, 329
Church of San Giovenale
302n61, 322–324, 327
Oslo
350n16, 357
Otranto
Cathedral of Santa Maria Annunziata
306, 308–309
Oxford
Bodleian Library
294
Padua
Convent of Sant’Antonio
328–329
Palestine
287
Papal State
322
Paris
Musée du Louvre
300
University of Paris
317
Persia
15, 27
Philistine Coast
61
Phoenicia
61, 64
Pisa
Franciscan Convent
327n130
Poitiers
Monastery of the Holy Cross
280
Prague
Alteneuschul
289–290
Convent of Saint Agnes
290
National Library of the Czech Republic
302n60
Puigcerdà (Cerdagne)
305n63
Rabastens
305n63
Ravenna
Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
288, 315
Museo Arcivescovile
315
Roglösa
361
Rome
260, 287, 291, 301, 305, 310
Basilica of San Clemente
311–312
Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano
310, 322
Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore
310, 322
Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana
319
Convent of Santa Maria in Aracoeli
327
Ruthwell
291, 293–294
Salerno
Museo Diocesano
313–314
Sicily, Kingdom of
310, 315–316
Sinai
Saint Catherine’s Monastery
194
Skog
348
South Arabia
25
Spain
289n23, 313
Sumer
10
Sutton Hoo
298
Swabia
304
Syria
218, 295
Taanach
52n55
Taranto
Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta (now dedicated to San Cataldo)
306
Tarshish
225
Temple
222, 225
Thebes
18n49
Trani
Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta
306
Tuscania
Church of San Silvestro
302n61, 324n123
Tyre
174
Ugarit
23, 25
Um er-Rasas
Church of Saint Stephen
306n67
Urnes
348, 349, 357–359, 361
Uruk
11, 13n29, 14, 15, 26
Uvdal
348
Vienna
Hofburg Palace, Schatzkammer
316
Vikøyri
363
Vyšší Brod
289
Wadi ʿAfrit
Upper Chapel of the Priest John
305n67
Zinacantepec (Toluca, Mexico)
330
Zlatá Koruna
289
Subject Index
Abel
255, 270
acacia
63
Nile
15
acanthus
305n63, 311–312, 315
Adad-nirari
12, 26
Adam
vii–viii, 122, 124, 129, 166, 221–225, 227, 231, 232, 238–239, 245, 294–295, 313, 321
and Christ
231, 233
and Eve
151, 153, 153n37, 203
as guard of the tree of life
146–147, 158
as God’s creation
146–147, 151–152, 159
creation of
220, 222
expulsion of
217, 218, 230
sin/disobedience of
137, 146–147, 151–153, 158–159
true
259, 259n37, 269
Adapa
7
adverbial infinitive
94
afterlife
16, 19, 20, 22, 27
Agnes of Prague
290, 317
agriculture
37–38, 45, 47, 51, 63–64, 68
alabaster
172
Alexander IV, pope
317
allegory
218, 220, 225, 228, 237, 240, 251n10, 252, 273–274
figurative
190, 191, 198, 199, 202–208, 209
allusion
60, 130n14, 184, 206, 223, 225, 233, 351, 358
almond
201, 290
alter Christus
328
Alulim
7
Amaušumgalanna
11
Amenet/Ammut
19
Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten)
68
ampulla
283–284, 332
Amun-Re
17, 18, 18n49, 64
An
11
Anastasius, cardinal
311
androgyny
255n19, 269, 269n59
angels
219, 225
as guardians
146–147, 155
as speaking
147
as leading
148
as sent by God
155
angle
3, 183, 193–208, 209, 313
animal
257, 261–262, 266, 289, 301, 315
animal imagery
107, 109
animalism
261, 263, 263n46, 264, 266
Annunciation
346
anointing
258n33, 264, 268
anthropomorphism
35–41, 44–45, 47, 54–55, 57, 59
Antichrist
154–156, 158–159
Anti-Semitism
373
Anu
7
apocalypse
183–210, 258n34, 259
illustrated
313–314
apologetic
267, 274n70
apostles
301, 305, 325, 329
Christianity of the
191, 264, 266
see also disciples
apotropaism
283
apparition
189
apple
313
Aquinas, Thomas
325
Araššiḫu
23
arbores consanguinitatis
321–322
Armenian
223, 224
aroma
179
aromatic
176
arrogance
256, 275
Artemidorus
189–194, 199, 200, 202, 204, 210
ascent
253, 258, 267, 268, 270
asceticism
246, 249, 256, 264, 266
antinomian
276
encratic
273
ash, evergreen
344, 346n7, 347, 351, 353, 362
Asherah/asherah
20, 24–25, 24n70, 26, 45–46, 61, 62n95, 63, 381
Ashurnasirpal II
53–54
Assur
41n24, 57
Assurbanipal
117n49
Assyrian cylinder seal
315n
Assyrian sacred tree
see tree, sacred
astral motifs
39, 57
constellations
39
eight-pointed star
39, 55, 58
moon
39
solar disc
39, 56–57
stars
39
sun
39, 67n106, 68
astrology
190n33
Aten
18, 19
Athirat(u)
see Asherah
axis mundi
168, 281–282, 301–302, 327, 330
Baʾal
61
baobab
201
baptism
218, 231, 232, 265, 266, 273n66, 275n70, 356
basilica
302, 310, 311, 345, 347
Basilideans
251n7, 273
bear
357
beast
vii, 179, 180, 269, 271, 308
the Beast
183, 185n8, 192
beauty
168, 175
Behemoth
179
Benjamin, Walter
193n47
Bewcastle Cross
291
birth
153, 157, 159, 161, 145, 148–149, 151–153, 161
and judgment
149, 153, 160
and purification
152n36
as God creating
138, 157, 159–161
as imagery
145, 149–150
metaphor/metaphorical network
134, 144, 147, 149, 156–157, 159–160, 160n48, 161–162
see also mother
bishop’s staff
298–299. See also scepter, royal
Blake, William
196n61
blessing
100, 104, 106, 109, 110, 111, 114, 118, 172, 258, 272
blindness
254, 256, 258, 274, 275
blood
224–225, 246, 300n56, 325, 356, 357
body
222–224, 229
of Adam
220, 221
of Christ
221, 227, 232, 281
bôm an berege
345–346. See also cross
Bonaventure, saint
312, 317–320, 322–328, 331–332
Boniface, saint
350
book
192
of life
192, 297
bowl
183, 185n8, 192, 298, 388
branch
388
bread
218, 221, 225, 231, 261, 262
of life
207
breath
264, 269
bridal chamber
258n33, 263, 263n46, 264, 265, 266, 276
Byzantines
224, 232, 355n23
Cain
255
and Abel
89
canonical
365–366, 371–372, 374–377, 379, 383
caprid
35, 38, 41, 44–46, 52, 55, 61, 63
catacombs
287
Catechism of the Catholic Church
365
Cavallini, Pietro
327
cedar
5, 114, 115, 117, 201
center
195, 210, 281–283, 286–287, 295–298, 299–300, 306, 310, 312, 313, 315–316, 322, 330–331, 371, 373–374, 376, 382, 388
Cervera Bible
291–292
chaos
256, 258, 268, 273
cherub
viii, 51, 52n55, 55, 59–61, 114, 125–127, 166, 174, 178, 180, 242, 243, 259, 260
cheroubin
259, 272, 273
chief archon
254, 275
chrism
249, 258n33, 262, 262n45, 264, 266
Christ
155–156, 158, 345, 346, 348, 355n23, 356, 358, 364, 365, 371, 373–374, 377, 381, 382
acts of
225–230
as second Adam
231, 233
as tree of life
230–232, 297, 318
as wisdom
221, 222, 227, 228
as Word
223
Christology
373, 375, 377
coming of as true man
258, 261, 272
dual nature
281, 296, 302
Emmanuel
324
see also Jesus, Messiah
Christianity
217, 218, 220, 229, 233
true
264
Christmas tree
352
Christ Pantocrator
194
Christ’s thorn
15
church
345–364, 388
as mother
143n16, 159–160, 160n48
Egyptian
284–286, 331
Ethiopian
295, 331
Syrian
295
Cistercians
289
Clare of Assisi
317, 332
cognitive metaphor theory
101, 103, 105
column
291, 296–297
commandment
366, 372, 374, 378
community
319, 330, 374, 383. See also connectedness, interdependence
conceptual metaphor theory
134, 135–136, 135–136, 138n11, 144n19, 156, 159n47, 162
connectedness
379, 380. See also interdependence, community
consummation
272, 273, 276
contradictions
77, 86
Corpus Christi, feast of
325
cosmic tree
see tree, world
cosmology
179, 192, 381
covenant, between God and Israel
141, 146, 148
creation
100, 129, 153, 246, 252, 262, 264, 269, 269n61, 272, 276, 367, 368, 370, 372–380, 383, 387
by lower gods
251, 253, 267, 268
flawed
261, 266, 269
mistake
261n43, 263
of humanity
252, 253, 265, 266, 267, 269
creationism
370–372
creator
246, 252, 254, 260, 263, 274, 275
crimson
176
cross
ix, 130, 204, 207–208, 218, 220, 221, 223–225, 227–233, 249, 262, 264, 345, 346, 348, 355, 365, 375, 381–382, 388
as ankh
286
as tree of life
204, 207, 208, 218, 281–286, 291, 294–295, 331
blossoming
294, 297–300, 312
budding
286, 295, 305, 312
legend of the True Cross
294
crucifixion
see cross
curse
252, 255, 258, 260, 272, 274
cypress
300–301
Darius I
117n49
date palm
5, 16, 24, 40–41, 45, 53n60, 54, 115–117. See also doum palm, palm
day of the Lord
154
death
144, 155, 183, 218, 222–226, 233, 240, 254, 256, 257, 257n27, 258, 262, 262n44, 263, 265, 271, 274n66, 345, 355, 356, 366–367, 370–371, 373–374, 376–378, 381, 383
and paradise
137, 139, 141, 143, 153
and judgment
157–158
and tree of life
151, 159
deer
315, 344, 353, 358–362
deficiency
253, 255
defilement
255, 257, 257n30, 263, 270, 275
demiurge
257, 264, 265
demons
258, 259, 268, 272
descent
253, 254, 257
description
see ekphrasis
Devil
as deceiver
151
as son of lawlessness
155
see also Satan
diachronic study
75, 80
diagram
321–322
Di Bonaguida, Pacino
325–326
diet, in the garden of Eden
81, 84, 85
Dilmun
8
discern
367, 370, 376, 384
divination
191
divine council
87–88
divine feminine/mother-goddess
36–50, 54, 56, 60–61, 63
divine freedom
90
divine names
see Elohim, Yahweh
divine warrior
130
Djed column/pillar
20–21, 24
Documentary Hypothesis
75n2, 78, 79, 89
Dominicans
321, 324, 325, 329–330, 332
Donatists
231
door
see entrance
doublets
76, 80n24, 86, 95
doum palm
16. See also date palm, palm
dove
287n14
dragon
see serpent, Nidhogg
dream
189–191, 199, 200, 202, 210, 381, 387. See also oracle, vision
stressful
189
drunkenness
254, 263, 266
Ea
7
eagle
255, 255n20, 260
Earth
141, 148, 155, 240
and heaven
142–143, 155
as created by God
151
as mother
136, 136n7, 138n11, 142n15, 144n19, 159n47
as soil
148
as witness
142–143
new
1, 184, 187, 196n61, 208, 210, 313
east
169
Easter
281, 327
eating
vii, 7, 15n40, 203, 209–210, 218, 366, 368, 372–374, 376, 378, 382
books
192
from the tree of knowledge
76, 370, 380
from the tree of life
1, 89, 91–95, 129, 200, 201, 209–210, 373
prohibition against
79, 81, 83, 84, 252, 256, 257, 265, 274
echo
55, 85, 89, 202, 205, 210n118, 346, 355n23
Eden, garden of
1, 74, 87, 94, 122–123, 129, 131, 132, 140n12, 146, 152–153, 152n36, 166, 184, 200, 209–210, 238, 361, 362, 387–388
as happiness and virtue
238n11, 244
expulsion from
252, 258, 259, 265, 267, 272, 274
rivers of
282, 287, 310
see also garden, paradise
eisegesis
122
ekphrasis
187–189, 191, 193n46, 195, 197
El
61
elect
167
Elias of Cortona
328
Elisha
224
ellipsis
see split coordination
Elohim
78, 90
Eloim
255
Elysian Fields
229. See also Field of Rushes, heaven, paradise
embroidery
315–316
Enki
9n20, 10
Enkidu
13, 13n30, 14
enlightenment
254–255, 255n20, 260, 266, 270n64, 274, 275
Enoch
131
Enosh
179
entrance
56, 58, 59, 114, 289–290, 297, 302, 348, 356, 357n29, 358, 360–364
Epinoia
253, 254, 255, 255n20, 256, 259n37, 260, 275, 276
Erec-ki-gala
11
Eriugena, John Scotus
210n120
eschatology
122, 128, 129, 132, 186, 188, 189, 190n33, 194, 195, 197, 202, 217, 255, 258, 259n37, 262n45, 263, 266, 276, 344, 361, 363, 368, 372, 380, 383, 387. See also paradise, New Jerusalem
eternal life
36, 47–50, 53, 69, 131, 169, 192, 201, 203, 249, 252, 265, 267–268, 276, 367, 369, 371, 374, 376, 387. See also immortality
ethics
261
Ethiopic
170, 221
Etzei Chaim
ix
eucharist
221, 223, 232, 301, 305, 324–325, 355n23, 356
Eve
vii–viii, 122, 126–127, 217, 218, 222, 295, 313, 315
and Adam
146, 151, 153n37, 203
as mother
146, 148, 159
beauty of
153, 161
creation of
151–153, 157
sin/disobedience of
146–148, 153, 160
true
259, 259n37, 270
evil
127, 131, 143, 167, 369, 374, 376, 379
and good
250, 263, 264, 266
and mourning
148–149
and paradise/new kingdom
137, 141–143
of Israel
141
see also tree of knowledge of good and evil
evolution
380
exodus
124–125, 356
Fall, the
203, 242, 366–367, 369–370, 372–375, 377–378, 381
father
142
as Abraham
146
as Ezra
141–142
as God
142, 151, 153
as Israel
142
feminine
379–381
feminist interpretation
365, 369–370, 379–380
fertility
36, 38, 57, 378, 380, 381, 384
fertilization
56
Field of Rushes
19. See also Elysian Fields, heaven, paradise
fig
315
figurative language
101, 102
fire
175
fish
35, 41
fleur-de-lis
358, 359
floodwaters
67
focus, point of
183, 193, 195, 197, 204, 208, 319
folklore
78
foreknowledge
274
Forest of Cedar
13
forgetfulness
255
forward gapping
see split coordination
fountain of life
108, 112, 247, 315
fragrance
166, 175, 176, 180
frame
305–306, 310–311, 318, 322, 324, 329
Franciscans
289, 313, 317, 319, 322, 325–332
Spirituals
328–329
Francis of Assisi
328–329, 331–332
freedom
369, 373–374, 378
Freya
362
fruit
vii–viii, 1, 103, 104, 108, 111–115, 118, 126–128, 167, 183, 200, 201, 202, 207, 209–210, 241, 249, 250, 254, 256, 258, 261, 262, 265, 266, 268, 271, 273, 274, 276, 280–281, 288n20, 290n25, 295, 312–313, 318, 324, 328, 371–372, 376, 378–380, 382, 387
Gabriel
145, 155, 346
Gaddi, Taddeo
329
gallows
346n6–7, 351
gaokerena plant
12
gap-filling
76
garden
104, 107, 112–114, 117, 118, 287–288, 295–296, 300, 305, 308, 310–311, 331, 344, 369–371, 376–378, 382, 388
and temple
157
as city
140, 157
as ekphrasis
187
as Jerusalem
140n12, 157
as paradise
136, 153, 157
in Jubilees
152n36
see also Eden
Garden of Irnini
13n13
Geb
64
gender
84–85
genii
51, 54–56, 58, 60
genre
22, 189, 190, 194, 239
Gilgamesh
viii, 13, 13n29, 14, 14n38, 15n40
Giotto
327
glory, divine
124
gnōsis
249, 255, 269, 271, 272, 276
Gnosticism
and hermeneutics
250–252
catechesis
256, 261, 261n42
definition of
250–251
myth
253
schools of thought
250–251, 251n7, 252–260, 263, 273
God
219, 220, 222, 223, 227, 241, 246
humanity’s connection to
203
people dwelling with
193, 388
Goddess of the West
21n64
good
367, 369, 374, 376, 378
and evil
250, 263, 264, 266
goodness
245, 247
and Paradise
137, 140–143
of birth
153
of creation
151, 153
of God
148, 153, 161
see also tree of knowledge of good and evil
gospel
217, 230, 346
Gospel of Nicodemus
294
grace
90, 174, 346, 374, 377–378, 383–384
grapevine
290n25, 301, 305, 312
grave
287–288, 295, 297–298, 311, 344–345. See also tomb, sarcophagus
Great Honker
21
Greek
185n8, 190, 191, 218, 219, 225, 229
Gregory the Great, pope
349–350
griffin
52n55, 316n92, 357
growth
240
Gudea of Lagash
117n49
guilt
366
Gunnar
346, 357
Gylfaginning
347
gymnasium
204n97
Hades
158, 224, 225, 254. See also hell, Tartarus
Hall of Truth
19
Haman
225
Hammurabi
23, 26
happiness
238. See also joy
Harbaville Triptych
300
Hardrada, Harald
349
hart
see deer
Hathor
16, 19, 21n64, 22, 23n68, 47
healing
122, 124, 125, 131
heaven
1
and earth
142–143, 155
and vision/revelation
145, 147, 149n28
and reward
145, 155
as God’s abode
155
as witness
142–143
eighth
268, 273
new
1, 183, 184, 187, 196n61, 208, 210, 313
war in
183, 192
see also Elysian Fields, Field of Rushes, paradise
Hebrew
191, 218, 264, 266, 269. See also Israel, Israelites, Jews
Hebrews, book of
258n34
Heimdall
361
hell
in the age to come
137, 141
as furnace
138
see also Hades, Tartarus
herb
129
of life
10, 11, 12, 26
Hercules
viii
Hermetic literature
251
Hezekiah, king of Judah
63
historical-critical interpretation
365–367, 369–370, 372, 379, 382–384
history
373–375, 377
holiness
130
Holy Spirit
232, 255n19, 258, 261, 264, 265
Homer
229, 251
Ḥôrānu
23
Horus
18n51, 19, 63–64
house of the Lord
113–115, 117, 166. See also temple
Hugh of Saint Victor
296–297
Humbaba
13, 13n31, 14
Ibi
20
iconography
34–36, 345
idolatry
175, 179, 350
ignorance
253, 255, 256, 257, 263, 265, 269, 271, 272, 274, 275
image
32, 33, 34, 37, 44, 45, 59–61, 102, 105–110, 114, 118–119, 149–150, 183–189, 191–195, 197–200, 202–209, 254, 255, 268, 269, 269n59, 270, 271. See also multistability, multivalency, polyvalency, visual texture
image of God
vii
imagination
2, 36, 45, 68, 69, 74, 129, 183, 207, 210, 222, 318
immanence
see presence, divine
immortality
viii, 123, 127–128, 219, 221, 222, 240, 242, 262, 264, 271, 272, 273, 276, 287, 366–369, 372, 382–383
as Edenic humans’ default state
89
as effect of the tree of life
89
see also eternal life, mortality
impurity
and creation
158
and sin/disobedience
152, 158
as human propensity
158
metaphor/metaphorical network
134, 156, 162
of Adam
152
see also sin
inaccessibility
169, 175
Inanna
see Ishtar
incense
129
indwelling
257n31, 260
infinitive absolute
see adverbial infinitive
inhabited (rinceau) scrolls
305
inscription
283, 294, 306, 310–311, 324n
instructor
257, 269, 270, 271, 272, 274
interdependence
379, 380. See also community, connectedness
intertextuality
119, 188, 380
išd
16
Ishtar (Inanna)
10, 10n24, 11, 13, 26, 37–41, 54–55, 58
Isidore of Seville
296, 321. See also Reliquary of Saint Isidore
Isis
16, 18n51, 21n64, 47, 63–64, 67
Israel
as mother
141–142, 143n16, 159–160
as the seed of Jacob
138, 161
mothers of
143
people of/God’s people
137–138, 142–143, 162n52
twelve tribes
290
see also Hebrew, Israelites, Jews
Israelites
221. See also Hebrew, Israel, Jews
ivory panels
300, 313, 315
ivy
301, 305, 312
Jacobus de Voragine
294
Jacopone da Todi
328, 331
Jacopo Torriti
310, 311n
jealousy
253, 257, 271, 272, 274, 275
Jesus
ix, 125, 130, 131, 193–194, 207, 228, 253–254, 255, 256, 260, 262, 263, 264, 266, 275, 276, 388. See also Christ, Lamb of God
Jewish exegesis
365, 367n4, 368, 381
Jews
226, 241. See also Hebrew, Israel, Israelites
tradition of
287–291, 294–295
Joachim of Fiore
318
John, evangelist
232, 290n29, 313, 324
John XXII, pope
329
Joseph
262, 266
Joshua
225, 291
Josiah, king of Judah
63
journey
168, 177
joy
244. See also happiness
Judaism
264, 266, 269n60, 269n62, 274n70
Judas
346
judgment
123, 129, 130n14, 138–139, 143, 145–149, 153–158, 161, 167, 168, 241, 287, 316, 321, 329, 348, 356, 357, 361
and Adam
146–147, 158
and birth
149, 160
and death
157
and disobedience/sin/impurity
158
day
166
God as judge
146–147, 153, 158, 162, 241
Justin the Gnostic
219
Kabbalah
287
Khoiak festival
20–21
khoikos
265, 269
kikayon
see qiqayon
kingdom
and eternal life
158
Messianic
138
of heaven
264
of Jerusalem
142–143
kingship
50–68, 104, 111, 114, 116, 117, 316
kiškānû (kiskanu)
8, 8n19, 9
knowledge
366–367, 369, 373–374, 376, 378, 379–380, 383
of good and evil
84
ladder, heavenly
281, 288, 310n71
Lambert of Saint-Omer
290n25
Lamb of God
125, 195, 199, 200, 203, 207n111, 208, 221, 356, 365. See also Jesus
lampstand
193, 199, 206, 207n111
Latin
218, 220, 225, 226, 229
laude
317, 327–328, 331
laugh
257, 268, 269, 270. See also happiness
law
263, 263n47, 264, 266, 269, 273, 273n68, 275, 276
leaves
167
Leviathan
179
Libanius
187
Lichfield Gospels
298–299
life
viii, 130, 166, 168, 246–247, 388
long
169
true
246
life-giving fragrance
123–125, 128, 131. See also scent, smell
light
287, 290
lignum vitae
297n49, 302n61, 305n63, 312, 317–328, 330n143, 331–332
Lignum vitae Christi
328
Lignum vitae Sancti Francisci
329
Lilith
160, 257n30
liminality
297
limit
367, 373–374, 378, 383
lineage
302, 319, 321, 329–331
lion
316, 358, 362
of Judah
358
literal reading
13n34, 107, 114, 190, 191, 192, 198, 199–202, 204, 209, 210, 217, 218, 220, 222, 228, 233, 240, 242, 247, 365, 367n4, 370–372, 379, 383, 384
literary artistry
77, 185–188. See also narrative
liturgy
346n8, 381–382
Lorenzo Maitani
306
lotus flower
36, 48
Louis de Valladolid
330
Lugalbanda
13n29
Luke, evangelist
298–299
lumber
207
Manasseh, king of Judah
63
Mandaeans
251n7
Manichaeans
251n7, 267
manuscripts
281, 291n30, 294, 298, 302, 318n102, 319, 321–322, 324, 328
Marsh of Reeds
21
Marsh of Rest
21
Martha
228
Martini, Simone
327
martyrdom
274n70
Mary, mother of Jesus
264, 346
Mary of Bethany
228
Masoretic Text
75n
mass
325, 327, 346
maturity
370
Maẓẓevoth
ix
memory
183, 188, 283, 311, 318
menorah
201n84, 206–207, 208, 290–292
Merenre I
21
Merkabah
180
Messiah
207n11, 287, 288n20, 301. See also Christ
mesu/mes-
11, 26, 63n98
metaphor
7, 37, 69, 100, 101–105, 109, 134, 136, 139, 143, 144, 147, 150, 156–162, 192, 199, 202–204, 210, 227, 233, 249, 281, 317, 319, 368, 381, 387–388
blending or conceptual framework
101, 113
dead metaphor
107
non-
184, 186
source and target domain
103
and worldview
102, 103, 119
Metatron
166, 179, 180
Michael
167, 361
middle
207n111, 238, 266
midrash
287
mirror
55, 290n25, 317, 329
mis pî ritual
10n23
mixed formation
264, 268, 270, 276
modelled form
267, 269, 271
Mona Lisa
193
monastery
280, 284, 286, 289, 306, 319, 331
moon
153
mortality
as Edenic humans’ default state
88–89, 93, 94
as effect of the tree of knowledge
89–90
see also immortality
mosaic
305–306, 308–311, 331
pavement
305–306, 308–309, 315, 322, 331
Moses
179, 227, 254, 254n18, 273n68, 290, 295
mother
143–144, 147, 149, 151–153, 156, 159n48, 160–161, 253, 255, 255n19, 257, 260, 269, 270, 271
as church
143n16, 160, 160n48
as earth
136, 136n7, 138n11, 142n15, 144n19, 159n47
as Eve
146, 148, 159
as God
142, 157
as Israel
141–142, 143n16, 160
as Jerusalem
160n48
metaphor/metaphorical network
134, 136, 143–144, 150, 152–153, 156, 159–162
see also birth
mountain
168, 171, 175
mountains of fire
167
multistability
183–210
multivalency
32, 33, 54, 59
mysticism
220, 228
mythology
366, 368–370, 378
Nabonidus
117n49
nakedness
254, 255, 258, 271, 274
Naphtali
225
Naram-Sin
117n49
narrative
183, 185–188, 189, 191, 192, 193, 366–372, 374–375, 378–379, 382–383
narratology
75
Nebuchadnezzar II
117n49
Necker cube
193, 198n70
Nemtiemzaf Merenre
see Merenre I
Nepri
18
Ner Tamid
206
netherworld
39n17
new Jerusalem
194, 195n55, 217, 287, 312, 313, 371, 380–382. See also eschatology, Elysian Fields, Field of Rushes, heaven, paradise
New Testament
217, 230
Nicholas IV, pope
311, 322, 327
Nidhogg
344, 353, 355, 357, 361. See also serpent
Nile
64, 67
Nincubura
10
Ninsun
13n29
Ninurta
57n77
Nitocris
20
Noah
225
Norns
344, 355, 357n27, 364n35
Nut (deity)
16, 20, 21, 21n64, 22, 46–50, 62n93, 64–65, 67–68
oak
46n34
Odin
346, 351, 355, 356, 362
oil
124, 131, 283, 291, 294
of anointing
258n33, 262, 266, 268
olive
114
Old Testament
217, 218, 227, 230, 232
olive
113, 114, 167, 201, 249, 258n33, 262, 262n45, 264, 266, 268, 290–291, 315
Ophites
251n7
oracle
118n51, 154, 189. See also dream, vision
orb
282
ordensstammbäume
319, 321, 329
order
374, 377–378, 382–383
Osiris
16, 18n51, 19, 20, 21, 22, 49–50, 63–68
Ovid
204n96
paganism
345, 346n8, 349, 350
painting
panel
325
wall
284–285, 287, 305n63, 322, 323–324, 327, 330, 332
palm
16, 114–117, 201, 229, 315–316, 328. See also date palm, doum palm
papacy
306, 310–311, 317, 322, 328, 332
paradise
viii, 105, 122, 123n1, 128, 141, 143, 147, 149–151, 149n29, 153, 156n45, 157–158, 168, 169, 175, 176, 237, 240, 242, 281, 294–297, 300, 305, 310, 312, 317, 330, 379, 381
and Adam
146, 151–152
and eschatology
137, 140–141
and motherhood
153, 161
and reward
136, 145, 157–158, 161
as Eden
219–224, 229, 230, 232
as destination of saints
218, 220, 224, 227, 228, 231, 232, 233
as God’s dwelling place
153, 161
in Genesis
136, 158
metaphor/metaphorical network
134, 156–158, 162
vision of
141, 157
see also eschatology, new Jerusalem, Elysian Fields, Field of Rushes, heaven
parallelism
113, 140, 346
paten
286–287. See also Phela Treasure
Paul, apostle
221
pearl
172
pelican
324
Pepi I
21
Pepi Neferkare
21
perisa
15
Persia tree
15–16
personification
282, 324, 388
perspective
see angle
Phela Treasure
286. See also paten
Philip
262, 263
Philo
196n57, 197n67, 198n73, 201n88, 205, 236–247
philology
75
philosophy
237, 246
Hellenistic
251
Platonic
238
phoenix
229
piety
see virtue
pilgrim
283, 332
pillar figurines
61–62
pine
5, 352–353, 354
black
8
Scots
351
pinecone
353
and bucket
53, 55–56
plant of life
6, 9, 21, 22
pleasure
242, 267, 267n56
Pliny the Elder
301
Plutarch
20
pneumatikos
265, 269
poem
280–281, 283, 294, 301, 324, 331–332
polemic
259, 263, 269n60, 273, 273n66, 274n70, 275
politics
188
polyvalency
183–210
pomegranate
201
Pontius Pilate
221, 224
portal
see entrance
poverty
267, 268, 269
Přemysl Otakar II
290
presence, divine
125, 132, 375, 376–377, 380–384
pride
172, 366–367
progymnasmata
187n14, 189
prohibit
373–374, 376, 378
prophecy
189, 191
prophylactic
283
protection
32, 36, 38, 40, 49–50, 52, 55, 58, 64–65, 68–69
proto-orthodox
266, 273
proverbial
377, 382
providence
255, 256, 256n22, 257, 260, 265, 266, 267, 269, 270, 273, 275
Pseudo-Chrysostom
281n3
Pseudo-Cyprian
281
psykhikos
257, 265, 269, 271
Ptah
16, 17
punishment
140, 145, 147, 148–150, 149n28, 151, 153, 158–159
and curse
136
and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil
152
eternal
148–149, 153, 158
of God
151
purification
55–56
purity
152n36, 156, 158
and birth
152n36
metaphor/metaphorical network
134, 156–157, 162
of God
147, 151–152, 157–158
of the garden of Eden
157
qiqayon
viii
Radegunda, saint, queen
280
Raedwald of East Anglia
298
Ragnarok
344, 356, 362, 363
rape
255, 255n21, 256, 257, 257n30, 270, 270n64, 273, 275
Ratatosk
344
rebirth
36, 39–40, 48–49, 55, 64–65, 67, 67n106
reflection
254, 255, 257, 260
regeneration
see rebirth
Reichenau Gospel Book
281–282
relic of the Holy Cross
280, 283
religion
367, 369, 371, 373–374, 381
Reliquary of Saint Isidore
295–296. See also Isidore of Seville
rest
160
and paradise
137, 140–141, 145
resurrection
67, 127, 195, 203, 205, 261, 262, 264, 269n70, 388, 367
retribution
108
revelation
372–373, 377
rhetography
188, 190
rhetoric
183, 189, 190, 193n46, 267, 273
rib
252, 254, 270, 270n63
righteous man
218, 226–228
righteousness
137, 139–140, 146, 148–149, 155–156, 158–159
and reward for
136, 139–140, 145, 155, 158, 161
river
10, 111, 148, 179, 180, 217, 224, 227, 230, 231, 282, 310, 378
of life
186, 195–197, 202, 203, 208, 230, 312, 313, 371
Roger II of Sicily
315–316
Romanticism
205
Rood, legend of the Holy
294
rose/rosette
13, 114, 173, 298, 300n56
Ruthwell Cross
291, 293–294
sacrament
200, 207, 223, 231, 249, 261, 262, 264, 265, 266, 276, 346, 371
Saena tree
see tree, world
saga
372, 375–377
saints
205–206, 223, 227, 231, 232, 301, 330
Salerno Ivories
313, 315
salvation
221, 225, 230, 264, 275, 281, 286–287, 294–295, 297, 302, 310, 318, 322, 329, 331, 332, 345–348, 363
history of
302, 367, 372, 375, 379, 383
Samaritan Pentateuch
75n
sapphire
172
sarcophagus of Honorius
288
Sargon of Akkad
117n49
Sargon II
117n49
Satan
92, 224, 225, 346, 361. See also Devil
scent
168. See also smell
scepter, royal
299. See also bishop’s staff
sculpture
289–291, 302, 305–308, 312, 322
seasons
240
secret
167, 179
seed
103, 104
Sennacherib
57n80, 117n49
Septuagint
75n
seraphim
221, 259, 260
serpent
vii–viii, 15n40, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 90, 126–127, 222, 229, 243, 254, 255n20, 256, 257, 257n31, 258, 260, 265, 274, 275, 295, 311, 353, 357, 358, 359, 360n30, 361, 362, 365, 371, 374. See also Nidhogg
Set
64
Seth
viii, 124, 255, 275, 294–295
Sethian Gnosticism
252–260, 253n14, 258n34, 260, 267
Sethians
251n7
setting, scene
188, 191, 193, 200, 203, 205
sexuality
242, 254, 255, 256, 257, 271, 273, 275, 276, 370, 374
immoral
175
shadow effect
197, 200, 352n19
Shalmaneser III
117n49
shalom
140
Shekinah
166, 179
ship-building
225, 350
Siegfried
346, 357
sign
204–207, 208, 210, 371, 376–377
Sigurdsson, Harald
349n14
simile
12, 101n5, 111, 113, 149, 184, 195, 217, 228
Simonians
273
sin
139, 145–149, 155, 158, 222, 223, 229, 232, 376, 378, 380
and Eve
148, 153
of Adam
137, 158
of Israel
141
original sin
366, 369–370, 373
see also impurity, unrighteousness
Sisera
225
sleep
254, 255, 257, 270
smell
168, 175, 180, 351. See also scent
snake
see Nidhogg, serpent
sober
254, 271
solar disc
39, 56, 57
Solomon
117n49, 218, 220, 225, 226, 233
soma
9
Son of Man
180
Sophia
253, 254, 255, 255n19, 256, 269, 270, 272, 275
soul
219–222, 224, 227, 240, 243, 367
source criticism
75, 77, 80, 86, 87, 89–90, 95–96. See also Documentary Hypothesis
space
196, 197, 200, 203, 209
sacred
297
spear
91, 346n8, 351, 355, 356, 361
sphinx
52n55
split coordination
81–82
spruce, Norway
351, 353, 354
stained glass
302–304, 305n63, 319n110, 329
stand
257, 269, 270
stave
348. See also church
stupor
272
Sturluson, Snorri
346–347
stylized tree
6
suffering
265, 270
sun
153, 253, 345
sunfolk
18, 18n47
Surt
361
Sutton Hoo Byzantine bowls
298
sword, flaming
223
sycamore
5, 15, 16, 21–22, 46–48, 50, 64–65, 67–68, 201
symbol
viii, 105n17, 126, 131, 183, 185n8, 187, 188, 192, 199, 200, 202, 204–208, 210, 316n93, 365, 367, 370–372, 375, 378–383, 387–388
synagogue
ix, 287, 289–290, 305, 324, 388
synchronic study
75, 79, 80
Syriac
218, 222
tabernacle
114, 206, 376–377. See also temple
Tabitha
156
Takelot I
16
tamarisk
5, 15, 24, 49, 63–64, 201
Tartarus
147, 149–150, 157, 158. See also Hades, hell
tcheret (tamarisk, willow)
49, 63–64, 66–67
technology
373
temple
129, 132, 135n3, 157, 269n62, 274n70, 380
and purity
157
scroll
140n12
Second
135n3, 140, 140n12, 143n17, 152n36, 157, 159n48
Solomon’s temple
59–60
see also tabernacle
terebinth
5, 46, 173, 225
terracotta lamps
287
test
367n4, 372, 378
thaumaturgy
283, 294
theodicy
115, 116
theological exegesis
365–366, 372, 377, 379, 383
theophany
122, 125–126, 131–132
third heaven
176
Thor
357, 361
Thoth
16, 64
throne
54, 58, 123, 125–128, 132, 166, 167, 180, 186, 195, 197, 200–203, 205, 207n111, 208, 209, 210, 221, 241, 311, 327, 349n14, 356, 380
Tiglath-pileser I
117n49
time
94, 186, 226
tomb
287–288, 295, 311. See also grave, sarcophagus
tongue
108
Torah/torah
ix, 62, 106, 110, 111, 113, 118, 172, 179, 180, 184n6, 206, 247, 287, 290, 356, 368. See also law
Totality
265
trampling
258, 259, 259n37–38, 260, 275, 276
transcendence
276
trance
254
trapped
275
Treasure House
23
tree
felling
104
goddesses of the
106
in the literal sense
199–202, 209–210
in the metaphoric sense
202–204, 209–210
in the symbolic sense
204–208, 209–210
of all remedies
12
of death
24, 26, 239
of Jesse
297, 298n51, 301–305, 307, 319, 321, 322n116, 329–330
of knowledge of good and evil
vii, 76, 131, 146, 152, 217–219, 222–224, 229, 239, 245, 295, 310, 313, 331, 366–370, 373–374, 376–378, 380, 383
effect of eating
93
location of
77, 81–83, 85
prohibition of
79, 81, 84, 85
prohibition of as test
84n37
of wisdom
168
sacred
5, 6, 8, 8n19, 24, 25, 26, 53–59, 201n83, 367n4, 381, 383
world
8, 8n19, 12, 27, 104, 105, 118, 130, 287
see also acacia, almond, ash, baobab, cedar, cross, cypress, date palm, fig, išd, kiškānû, oak, olive, palm, perisa, pine, pomegranate, spruce, sycamore, tamarisk, tcheret, terebinth, white hom, willow, Yggdrasil
Trinitarian
371
Trinity College Apocalypse
313–314
Tutankhamen
68
typology
218, 222, 224, 226, 287n14, 297n49
Ubertino da Casale
328
union
254, 265
unrighteousness
and God’s people
139
of Assyria
142
and impurity
158
and disobedience
156
see also impurity, sin
uproot
103, 104, 113, 114
Uriel
155
Ur-šanabi/Ur-shanabi
13, 14n35
Ūta-napišti/Utnapishtim
13, 13n31
Valentinian Gnosticism
260–266, 267, 273n66
Valentinians
251n7, 273
Valentinus
260–261
Valhalla
345
Vasari, Giorgio
327
Venantius Fortunatus
280, 283, 324–325, 331
Vercelli Book
294
vice
238, 239
Viking
349n14, 350, 351, 355n23, 358, 361
vine
288n20, 289–291, 301, 305–308, 310–311, 315, 330
virtue
205n101, 237, 238, 242, 244, 318, 324, 388
vision
1, 54, 88, 137, 138, 141, 142, 145, 147–150, 157, 172, 177, 183, 186, 187, 189–195, 199, 200, 202, 204, 205, 206, 208–210, 223, 230, 245, 290–291, 380–381, 387. See also dream, oracle
visual texture
186–189, 191–195, 197, 199, 210
voice
270, 270n64, 275
Voluspa
347, 363
Vourukasha Sea
12
Vulgate
145, 186, 196
Vyšehrad Codex
302
war in heaven
183, 192
watchers
177
water
103, 110, 111, 112, 116, 117, 125, 217, 225–231
of life
207
well of fate
344, 347, 364n35
well of life
355, 357n27
Weltenbaum
see tree, world
Wepwawet
63
west
167
white hom
12, 27
wholeness (prosperity)
107, 108, 109, 115, 117
wilderness
125
will
256, 256n26, 257, 265, 267
William I of Sicily
308
willow
49, 64, 66
Egyptian
15
wine
167
winged disc
8, 23
wisdom
100, 123, 126, 172, 174, 202, 206, 218, 220, 222, 225, 228, 232, 239, 242, 246, 258, 263, 264, 274, 367–370, 372, 377–380, 382–384, 387–388
and paradise
137, 140–141
as Christ
220, 221, 227
Lady Wisdom
105–108
the righteous and the wicked
107, 108, 110–113, 115, 116, 119
wisdom Psalms
100, 109, 119
wise living
109, 111, 113, 117
Woden
see Odin
Woden’s Ride
see Yggdrasil
woman
204n97, 252, 254, 257, 258, 260, 270, 272
wood
280n1, 281, 283, 294
word
263, 264
worship
104n15, 106, 110, 112, 113, 114, 262, 272
worshipper
104
Yahweh/Yhwh
25, 25n78, 26, 45, 60, 62–63, 78, 90, 291
Yahweh God
19, 22
Yaldabaoth/Yaltabaoth
253, 255, 255n21, 267, 268, 268n58, 269, 270
Yave
255
Yggdrasil
344–348, 351, 353, 355–358, 360–364. See also world tree
Zerubbabel
291
Zosimos
viii