Index of Subjects
Abdullah ii
129
,
149 –150
Achenwall, Gottfried
19
activism of courts
228
,
238
Adams, Alexander
29
,
35
Adams, John
9
,
169
Adams, John Quincy
13
African Charter of the Rights of Man and People (1981)
63
Alamán, Lucas
185 –186
Albania, Constitution of
63
Algeria
49
constitution-making process
150
distribution of powers following ‘Arab Spring,’
135 –138 140 –141
external influences on constitutional process
152
unity of power principle
144 –145
Almódovar, Duque of
174 –175
The Anarchical Society (Bull)
9 –10
‘Arab Spring’ effects in Middle East and North African region
concluding remarks
160 –162
distribution of powers
124 –141
Algeria
135 –138
Egypt
131 –135
emergency provisions
138 –141
Jordan
129 –131
Morocco
124 –129
Tunisia
154 –160
reasons for concentrations of powers
142 –154
constitutional tradition
142 –148
constitution-making processes
149 –150 158
external influences
150 –154
‘historical’ executive dominance
147 –148
unity of power principle
144 –147
Tunisian exception
154 –160
Aristotle
42
Armenia
62
Aruba
41
,
55 –56
Assad, Bashar al-
148
Athens
42
Augustine
43n12
Austria
46
Azerbaijan
65
Bahnini, Ahmed
146
balance of power
10
,
28
Baldus de Ubaldis
44
Bancroft, George
biographical notes
14 –15
early education
12
,
12n7
,
13 –14
and Göttingen school
16 –24 36
,
37 –39
and Heeren
20 –22
History of the United States
36 –37 39
Kirkland and
16
reviews of Histories
30 –36
and Round Hill School
24 –25 28 –29 35
,
36
and Saalfeld
18 –20
translating Heeren
25 –30
Barbosa de Melo, António
217
Barquera, Juan Wenceslao
179 –180 185
Barrera y Prieto, Francisco
192
Bartolus de Saxoferrato
43 –44
Basic Law of Hong Kong
Article 158
99 –100 101
,
103
,
104
,
110 –111
Article 159
112
Court of Final Appeals position change solution
106 –118
establishment and observation of
90 –94
Hong Kong courts and
96
,
97
,
100 –101
interpretation by Standing Committee
93n23
,
95 –104
proprio motu interpretation
95 –96 95n33
,
101 –102 102n49
,
104
Standing Committee scope reduction solution
105 –106
Bauer, Bruno
65 –66
Bayonne Statute
176
Beck, Charles
25
,
29
,
38
Benkirane, Abdelilah
125
Blanco White, José
177
Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich
15
,
16
Bode, G.H.
25
,
28 –29
Bognetti, Giovanni
2
Boissy d’Anglas, Count of
169
,
175
Bolívar, Simón
189 –190n102
Bolivia
189 –190n102
Bourbon
47
Bouteflika, Abdelaziz
135
,
150
Brazil
189n102
,
213
British Committee for the Theory of International Politics
10
Bull, Hedley
9 –10 10n3
Bustamante, Anastasio
192
,
193
Butterfield, Herbert
10
Buzan, Barry
11
Cadiz Constitution (1812)
176 –177
Cameroon
65
Cardoso da Costa, José Manuel
217
Cartel de la Toga
227
Central African Republic, Constitution of
64
Cervati, Angelo Antonio
2
Chan, Johannes
109
,
114
Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands (1954)
55 –56 56n94
Chen, Albert
114
,
116 –117 117n110
Chia-Wei Chi case (Taiwan)
262
China, People’s Republic of
See also
Hong Kong autonomy
Article 31 of Constitution
90
,
98
,
116 –117
Article 67 of Constitution
98
,
110
Constitution of
64
,
113 –114
one country, two systems principle
90
,
90n11
Christianity, citizenship and
43
citizenship
choice
37n101
Dutch model
41
,
52 –58
French model
41
,
45 –52
history and evolution of
42 –45
Cogswell, Joseph Green
15
,
16
,
24 –25 36
Colombia
judicial review of constitutional amendments on Judiciary
about
226 –229 243
Constitutional Court and expansions
236 –239
debates on 1910–1977
229 –231
decision of 1978
231 –234
Public Action of Unconstitutionality
230
Supreme Court (1981) on Constitutional Reform of 1979
234 –236
unconstitutionality of Commission of Aforados
241 –242
unconstitutionality of Judiciary Government Council
239 –241
moderation in constitutional texts
189n102
colonialism
decolonization
50 –51
Dutch citizenship and
52 –58
English School and
12
executive dominance and
147
French citizenship and
45 –52 57
of Greece and Rome
34
Commission of Aforados
241 –242
Comoros Islands
64
conservative power
about
165
1836 Constitution of Mexico
184 –194
Considérations sur le Gouvernement Pologne et sur sa réformation projetée (Rousseau)
45n21
Constant, Benjamin
172 –174 177
,
212n36
constitutional complaint, defined
257
Constitutional Court Procedure Act (2019) (Taiwan)
filtering cases of constitutional complaint
270 –271
jurisdiction of the cct
268 –269
objects of constitutional complaint
269 –270
Constitutional Courts and Councils
See also
judicial review of legislation
Algeria
138
,
140
Colombia
236 –239
Egypt
134 –135
in Europe
202 –203
Germany
202
,
203
,
203n5
,
204
,
223
,
245
Hong Kong
106 –118
Jordan
129 –130
Portugal
201 –206 219
,
220 –223
Spain
203
,
203n5
Tunisia
141
,
156
,
159 –160
constitutional preambles
See also
Ukrainian Constitutional preamble
operative significance of
61 –62
overview
61 –65
constitutional tradition, Middle East and North African region
142 –148
Constitution for Curacao and Dependencies (1936)
55
constitution-making processes, Middle East and North African region (mena)
149 –150
constructive interpretation
205n13
Convention of 1794 (France)
47n37
culture, in defining state systems
10
Curaçao
41
,
53 –55 53n75
,
55 –56
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
44 –45 62
,
207
Declaration on the State Sovereignty of Ukraine
72
declarations of independence
62
decolonization
10
,
50 –51
De Lolme, Jean-Louis
167 –168
Democracy in America (de Tocqueville)
191
Des circonstances actuelles qui peuvent terminer la Révolution et des principes qui doivent fonder la république en France (de Staël)
170
despotism
166
de Staël, Mme
170
De systematibus civitatum (Pufendorf)
10
de Tocqueville, Alexis
191
de Visser, Maartje
255n57
diplomacy
10
Director of Immigration v Chong Fung Yuen
109 –110 112
divine right of kings
37n101
Domat, Jean
207n16
Du Contrat Social. Ou principes du droit politique (Rousseau)
45n21
Duerr, Schnutz Rudolf
256n59
Duque, Ivan
226
Dutch East India Company
52 –53
Dutch West India Company
52 –53
Egypt
distribution of powers following ‘Arab Spring,’
131 –135 142
,
157
historical executive dominance
148
Eichorn, Johann Gottfried
15
,
16 –17
Eighty Years’ War
52
Eliot, Samuel Atkins
17
,
22
,
26
Emergency provisions in the Middle East and North Africa
138 –141
England
Almódovar on balance in Constitution
175
Constant on neutral constitutional monarchy
173 –174
De Lolme on moderation of powers in
167 –168
English Bill of Rights
21
Montesquieu on moderation of powers in
166
Sánchez de Tagle on Constitution
187 –188
English School of international relations theory
9 –10 10n3
,
11 –12 31
Ennahdha
157 –158
Ensour, Abdullah
131
Eschassériaux, Joseph
169
ethnography
21 –22
Europe, judicial review in
202
,
203
,
204
,
206 –211
European states-system
10 –11 20
European Union, Ukrainian membership
80 –83
Everett, Edward
13
,
15
,
16 –17 26 –27 37n102
executive dominance, mena
Algeria
135 –138
Egypt
131 –135
emergency provisions
138 –141
history of
147 –148
Jordan
129 –131
Morocco
124 –129
‘The Expansion of the International Society in Heeren’s Account of the European States-System’ (Little)
11
The Fall and Rise of the Islamic State (Feldman)
123
federalism
213
Feldman, Noah
123
,
142
Felton, Cornelius
36
Ferdinand vii
175
,
177
feudalism
43
,
43n13
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb
23
Follen, Charles
29
,
35
,
38
France
Civil Code (1804)
207n16
colonialism and overseas model of citizenship
45 –52 57
Constitution of (1958)
62
Constitution of the iv Republic
62
Council of Elders
169 –170
French Revolution and citizenship
44 –45 47 –48
le deuxième empire colonial
49 –50
moderation in Constitution
166 –170
political divisions
41
senates and protection of constitutional order
170 –172
Freedom House
156
French Guyana
47
Germany
Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (1900)
207n16
,
252
German Basic Law of 1949
64
German legal thought in Taiwan and South Korea
251 –253
Heck’sche Formel
259
Methodenstreit
208
modeled by Taiwan and South Korea
258 –262
Urteilsverfassungsbeschwerde
247
,
260
Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit
202
,
203
,
203n5
,
204
,
223
,
245
,
248
,
258
Westphalian settlement
11
Ghai, Yash
92n20
,
108 –109
Gherardi, Donato
25
Gómez, Laureano
230
Gorbachev, Mikhail
75
Gorla, Gino
2
Göttingen School
and Bancroft
16 –24 36
,
37 –39
economics
12n7
founding
11 –12
influence on U.S. ‘second’ founders
12 –16
monism of
12n8
Göttingische Anzeigen
17
governmental forms in mena region
See
Middle East and North African region (mena)
Grand Justices of the Republic of China (Taiwan)
See
Taiwan, constitutional complaint in
Greece, Ancient
citizenship and polis
42
educational model of
22
,
25
,
27 –28
Greece, Constitution of
62
Grundrißeines Systems des europäischen Völkerrechts (Saalfeld)
18
Guadeloupe
47
,
48
Guerrero, Luis Guillermo
240
Häberle, Peter
1
Haftar, Khalifa
151n70
Haiti
62
Haitian revolution (1791)
47n37
Handbook of Positive International Law (Saalfeld)
18
Handbuch der Geschichte der Staaten der Alterthums (Heeren)
10
,
25
,
27
,
29 –36
Handbuch der Geschichte des europäischen Staatensystems und seiner Colonien (Heeren)
11
,
30 –36
Harrington, James
169
Harvard College
15 –16 22
,
29
,
35 –36 35n95
Hassan ii
125
,
139
,
145
,
146
,
149
Hedge, Levi
24
Heeren, Arnold
Bancroft translates
25 –30
impact of
10
,
11 –12 15
,
16
teaches Bancroft
20 –22
Hegel, G.W.F.
23
Heller, Herman
208
historiography, American
32n86
history, study of
34
History of the States of Antiquity (Heeren, trans. Bancroft)
29 –36
History of the States of Modern Europe (Heeren, trans. Bancroft)
30 –36
History of the United States (Bancroft)
36 –37 39
Hong Kong autonomy
Court of Final Appeals
94
,
101
Court of Final Appeals position change solution
106 –118
internationalized constitutional framework of
89 –94
interpretation of Basic Law by Standing Committee
93n23
,
95 –104
prc Constitution and
113 –114
proprio motu interpretation
95 –96 95n33
,
101 –102 102n49
,
104
Standing Committee scope reduction solution
105 –106
Hsu, Tzong-Li
267
Humboldt, Alexander von
23
Hussein, King
139
,
147
Ideen über Politik, den Verkehr, und den Handel der vornehmsten Völker der alten Welt (Heeren)
26 –27 35
India, amendment to preamble
83 –84
international law
10
Iran
Constitution of
62
,
64 –65 65n25
Iranian Founding Law (1906)
142
,
143
Islam
64 –65
Islamic State (isil)
151n73
Islamic states
See Middle East and North African region (mena) following ‘Arab Spring’; specific states
Italy, Constitution of (1948)
62
Iturbide, Agustín de
164
,
178 –180
Jackson, Charles
35
,
36n97
Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig
25
,
29
Japan
Constitution of
63
and Korea and Taiwan
251 –253
Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong
89 –90 91
,
92
,
93
,
93 –94n27 98 –99
Jordan
constitution-making process
149 –150
distribution of powers following ‘Arab Spring,’
129 –131 139
executive power and emergency states
139
external influences on constitutional process
152
historical executive dominance
147
Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchor
175
judicial review of constitutional amendments on Judiciary in Colombia
about
226 –229 243
Constitutional Court and expansions
236 –239
debates on 1910–1977
229 –231
decision of 1978
231 –234
Public Action of Unconstitutionality
230
Supreme Court (1981) on Constitutional Reform of 1979
234 –236
unconstitutionality of Commission of Aforados
241 –242
unconstitutionality of Judiciary Government Council
239 –241
judicial review of legislation
See also
Constitutional Courts and Councils
in Europe
201
,
206 –211 220n65
genealogy of Portuguese system
211 –219
Portuguese system
201 –206
Portuguese system critique
220 –224
in Spain
203
,
203n5
in United States
209 –210
Judiciary Government Council (Colombia)
239 –241
Juristenrecht
207n16
Keene, Edward
11
,
31
Kelsen, Hans
202
,
208
Kingdom Act on Dutch Citizenship (1985)
56
Kirkland, John Thornton
16
,
17
,
22
,
23
,
24
,
24n52
,
29
,
35n95
Korea, constitutional complaint in
activity and role of
247
Constitutional Review of Judgments Case
264
,
265
,
266
creation of
245 –246
from dictatorship to democracy
253 –255
evolution to enable complaint against judicial decisions
262 –267
future development forecast
273 –274
German legal thought in
251 –253
German model and
258 –262
Hun-Ba
260
Hun-Ma
260
against judgments of ordinary judiciary
248n19
Kuomintang
253
,
254
languages, official state
Algeria
135
Morocco
124
Ukraine
76 –79
Lau Kong Yung
107 –108 110
Laveaux, Etienne
47n39
,
48
Lavrynovych, Oleksandr
72
Legrand, Pierre
1
liberal realism
9 –10
Lieber, Francis
35
,
38
Lim, C.L.
109
,
114
Linares Cantillo, Alejandro
240
litterae humaniores
43
Little, Richard
11
Lolly-Tollendal, Trophimé Gérard de
168
Lopez Michelson, Alfonso
231 –232
Macau
92n21
Maitland, Frederic William
2
Mali
63
,
65
Mansour, Adli
132
Manual of the History of the History of the Political System of Europe and its Colonies (Heeren)
38 –39
Marbury v. Madison
202
,
209 –210
Marshall, John
209 –210
Marsilius of Padua
43
Martens, Charles de
18
Martens, Georg Freidrich von
11
,
18
Martinique
47
McCullough, David
13
Meiji Restoration
251 –252
Menouni, Abdeltif
145 –146
Mexico, constitutional protections and contributions
about
164 –166 194 –195
Benjamin Constant and neutral power of monarch
172 –174
1836 Constitution and conservative power
184 –191
1836 Constitution failure
191 –194
first Constituent Congress
164
,
180 –181
French influence on moderating thought in
166 –170
French influence on senates and protection of constitutional order
170 –172
moderation of monarchy during Iturbide’s empire
178 –180
second Constituent Congress
164
,
180 –184
Spanish influence on moderating senates
174 –178
Supreme Conservative Power (scp)
187 –190
Tamaulipas Constitution
183
Xaliscan Constitution
183
Yucatecan Constitution of 1825
183
Zacatecas Constitution of 1825
183
Michelena, Mariano
184
Middle East and North African region (mena) following ‘Arab Spring’
distribution of powers
124 –141
Algeria
135 –138
Egypt
131 –135
emergency provisions
138 –141
Jordan
129 –131
Morocco
124 –129
Tunisia
154 –160
reasons for concentrations of powers
142 –154
constitutional tradition
142 –148
constitution-making processes
149 –150 158
external influences
150 –154
‘historical’ executive dominance
147 –148
unity of power principle
144 –147
summary remarks
160 –162
Tunisian exception
154 –160
Military Junta (Colombia)
230 –231
moderation
about
165
French influence on moderating thought in Mexico
166 –170
in Mexican 1836 Constitution
187
moderation of monarchy during Iturbide’s empire
178 –180
Mohammed V
145
Mohammed vi
124
,
125
,
128
,
145
,
149
monarchy
in Jordan
129 –131 139
,
149 –150
in Mexico, under Iturbide
178 –180
in Morocco
124 –129 140
,
145 –148
neutral power of
172 –174 212n36
in Portugal
211 –212
monism
12n8
Montealegre Lynett, Eduardo
241
Montesquieu, Jean-Louis Secondat de
166 –167
Morocco
constitution-making process
149
distribution of powers following ‘Arab Spring,’
124 –129 140
external influences on constitutional process
152
historical executive dominance
147 –148
unity of power principle
145 –147
Morsi, Mohamed
132
Motspan, Anatoliy
73
Mounier, Jean-Joseph
168
,
175
Mubarak, Hosni
148
Namibia
65
,
65n30
Napoleon
11
,
20 –21 48n47
,
172
,
175 –176
nationalism
32
,
72
Netherlands
citizenship model
41
colonialism and overseas model of citizenship
52 –58
political divisions
41
,
55 –56
Ng Ka Ling
106
,
115
North African and Middle East region (mena)
See
Middle East and North African region (mena)
Northwest Indian War
13
Norton, Andrews
17
,
18 –19
Nunes de Almeida, Juiz Conselheiro Luís
217
Ottoman Basic Law (1876)
142 –143
overseas citizenship
Dutch model
41
French model
41
,
45 –52
Pagano, Francesco Mario
190n103
Pakistan, Constitution of
65
parliamentary legislation
206 –207
patriotism
32
Penn, William
21
Peru
189n102
Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich
23
Peter iv
211
philology
22
Philosophical and Political History of the Settlements and Trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies (Reynal, trans. Almódovar)
175
Plan of Iguala
178
polis
42
Politica (Aristotle)
42
,
42n8
political representation
citizenship and
44n20
Dutch overseas territories
55 –57
French overseas territories
45 –52 57
Politics of Ancient Greece (Heeren, trans. Bancroft)
33
Poroshenko, Petro
80
Portugal
authoritarian constitution
214 –215
colonialism
46
constitutional monarchy in
211 –212
Constitution of
63 –64
Council of the Revolution
216 –219
critique of judicial review system
220 –224
democratic constitution
215 –220
judicial review in
201 –206
republican constitution
213 –214
Pothier, Robert
207n16
power
See also
separation of powers in mena region following ‘Arab Spring’
conservation of
165
moderation of
165
preambles, constitutional
See
constitutional preambles
;
Ukrainian Constitutional preamble
Principles of Politics Applicable to All Representative Governments (Constant)
173
private law
207n16
progress
34
Progress of Politicks (Ticknor)
19
,
20
Prussia
37n101
Public Action of Unconstitutionality (Colombia)
230
Pufendorf, Samuel von
10
Pütter, Stephan
11
Ramírez, José Fernández
191n105
Ramírez, Pedro
191n105
reciprocity
44
Reflections on the Politics of Ancient Greece (Bancroft)
26
religious establishment
64 –65
Renaissance, citizenship during
43 –44
representation
See
political representation
Réunion
47
Reyes, Rafael
229 –230
Ridola, Paolo
2
Rojas Pinilla, Gustavo
230
Roman Antiquities (Adams)
29
,
35
Round Hill School
24 –25 28 –29 35
,
36
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
45n21
Saalfeld, Friedrich
12
,
18 –20
Sáchica, Luis Carlos
234
Sadat, Anwar
148
Saint Martin
41
,
55 –56
Sánchez, Prisciliano
181 –182 183
Sánchez de Tagle, Francisco Manuel
187 –188 190 –191
Santos, Juan Manuel
239
,
240
Sarraj, Fayez al-
151n70
Savigny, Carl von
23
Schleiermacher, Friedrich
23
Schlözer, August Ludwig von
19
Schmitt, Carl
62
,
208
senates
in 1836 Mexican Constitution
184 –191
French senates and protection of constitutional order
170 –172
moderating senate in Spain
174 –178
moderation of monarchy in Mexican empire
178 –180
separation of powers in mena region following ‘Arab Spring’
distribution of powers
124 –141
Algeria
135 –138
Egypt
131 –135
emergency provisions
138 –141
Jordan
129 –131
Morocco
124 –129
Tunisia
154 –160
reasons for concentrations of powers
142 –154
constitutional tradition
142 –148
constitution-making processes
149 –150 158
external influences
150 –154
‘historical’ executive dominance
147 –148
unity of power principle
144 –147
summary remarks
160 –162
Tunisian exception
154 –160
Seven Years’ War
46
Sieyès, Emmanuel
170
,
171n32
,
189
slavery
47n37
Smend, Rudolf
62
,
208
social welfare programs
58
Solon
42n7
sovereignty
63
Soviet Union, and Ukraine
67
,
74 –75
Spain
Absolutist Restoration
177
amparo
248n19
Beitia Plan
177 –178
Cadiz Constitution (1812)
176 –177
colonialism
46
judicial review in
203
,
203n5
moderating senate in
174 –178
Sparta
42 –43
The Spirit of Laws (Montesquieu)
166 –167
Spirit of the Times (Ticknor)
19
staatensystem
10
,
11
,
21n34
Statisticks (Ticknor)
19
studia humanitatis
43
Supreme Conservative Power (Mexico)
165
Syria
executive power and emergency states
139
external influences on constitutional process
152 –154
historical executive dominance
148
Syrota, Mykhailo
70
,
71 –72 73
Tai, Benny
111n84
Taiwan, constitutional complaint in
activity and role of
247
Constitutional Court Procedure Act
246
,
246n9
,
247
,
262
,
267 –274
Constitutional Interpretation Procedure Act
261 –262
creation of
246
from dictatorship to democracy
253 –255
evolution to enable complaint against judicial decisions
262 –267
German legal thought in
251 –253
German model and
258 –262
importance of individual
256 –258
JY Interpretation No. 86
272 –273
JY Interpretation No. 154
265 –266
JY Interpretation No. 530
273
post-2022 development forecast
267 –274
Supreme Administrative Court
273 –274
xiànfǎ sùyuàn
248n20
Telles, Miguel Galvão
217
Thoma, Richard
208
Ticknor, Anna
26
Ticknor, George
12
,
15
,
16
,
19 –20 22
,
26
,
34 –35 37
Tovt, Mykhailo
73
Treaties of Cordoba
178
Treaty of Paris (1763)
47
Triepel, Heinrich
208
Trojan War
27
Tunisia
1861 Constitution
142
external influences on constitutional process
152
following ‘Arab Spring,’
141
,
154 –160
Turbay Ayala, Julio César
234
,
236
Turkey, Constitution of
65
Ukrainian Constitutional preamble
concept of Ukrainian people
71 –73
concluding remarks
85
Constitution Commission membership
68 –69
drafting debates
71 –74
drafting process of
67 –71
and EU membership
80 –83
evolution of
86 –87
independence of Ukraine
67
overview of
65 –66
overview of constitutional preambles
61 –65
recent developments
79 –85
social regime debate
73 –74
text of
71
use of by Constitutional Court of Ukraine
74 –79
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (ussr), and Ukraine
67
,
74 –75
United States
Constitution adoption and compromise
66n35
Constitution of 1787
182 –183
founders debate and European influence
12 –14
judicial review in
209 –210
‘second’ founders and Göttingen school
12 –16 38 –39
War of 1812
27
War of Independence
27
,
32
unity of power principle
144 –147
Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man (1948)
63
Uribe, Alvaro
227
,
237 –238
Valdés, Antonio José
178 –179 185
Vattel, Emer de
11
Venezuela
189n102
Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit
202
,
203
,
203n5
,
204
,
223
,
245
,
248
,
258
Victoria, Guadalupe
185
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969)
89
Vietnam, Constitution of
62
,
63
,
63n12
Vitrenko, Natalia
72
Vollgraff, Karl Friedrich
19
war
10
War of Austrian Succession
46
Watson, Adam
10
Westphalian settlement
11
Wette, Wilhelm de
29
Whiskey Rebellion
13
Wight, Martin
10
Yuz’kov, Leonid Petrovych
75