Index
Abu Salabikh, god-list from
1n3
active bodies
74–78
ʿAmm
166, 167
Anat
active body of
84–86
enjoyment of violence
42, 60, 87
female warrior
36–38, 42, 57, 85, 86, 86n36
hybrid body of
84–88
internal changes in
87, 88
killing of Mot
28, 63, 64
love for Baal
28, 62, 64
masculine performance of
64, 66, 67
reactive body of
86–88
speech of, and male warrior speech
38
Anat-Bethel
126n10, 195–96, 202–3
Anat-Yaho
126n10, 203
ancestor cult
182, 183
Aphrodites, multiple
127
Apollo, localized and trans-regional forms
132
apposition, and grammar of epithets
98
Arya (Game of Thrones), and Anat
40, 41, 42
Asherah
goddess of spinning and weaving
150
multiplicity in cult
129, 130, 131
ʿAshtar-Kamosh
171
Ashur (god and city)
164, 167, 169
Aštart
association with agriculture and food production
140, 141, 142, 145, 146
biblical portrayal of
139, 153
depersonalizing of, in Deuteronomy
139, 140, 140n4
names in Levantine sources
139
sociologically diverse cult of
142, 151, 151n35, 151n36, 152
Aštart cult
military side of
141, 142, 143, 143n13, 144
social diversity of
142
Athirat
archetypal housewife
60
performance in palace episode
60
Athtar/ʿAthtar
52
and Yahweh
161, 169, 170
as dry-country god
169, 170, 171
competitive male agency of
65
inadequacy of body
35, 62, 65, 73
in southern and northern Arabia
170
Athtart/Aštart/Astarte
association with hunting and securing food
146, 147
at Ugarit
142
military association
144, 145
recent research on
138, 139
Athtart-Šad
agrarian nature at Ugarit
146, 149
association with weaving and textile industry
149, 150, 151
iconography
149, 150
in Ugarit
148, 149
sociologically diverse cult of
152
ʿAyûn Mûsā, and El’s abode
177–80
Ayyamarri (club fashioned by Kothar wa-Hasis)
22, 55, 75, 76
Baal
agency of
56
death of
62
descent into underworld/netherworld
61, 62, 73, 176, 177
dying and rising
62–64, 176
epithets of
47
finisher/annihilator, champion (epithet of Baal)
97
in ancient Near East
1, 2
limited kingship of
5, 6
localized in rituals and treaties
130, 134
mating with a heifer/cow
62, 62n24, 64, 176
meaning of name
47
Mighty
20, 26
position in divine realm
47
relations with other ancient Near Eastern gods
2
restoration to throne
63, 64
Rider on the clouds
3, 47, 54, 92, 94, 130
supra-regional in Baal Cycle
130, 131, 134
violence of, and kingship
43
Baal Cycle
2, 5, 6
and Papyrus Amherst 63
192
and Game of Thrones
40, 41, 44
and proper male kingship
34–36
as oral
17
as religious literature
32
historical setting
42
literary interpretation
17, 18
male and female agents
50–64
of Ugarit, as local manifestation
6
Baal-Hadad
160, 170, 175, 176, 177
Baalism
1
Baal mythology, and Bethel in Papyrus Amherst 63
198–202
Baal of Peor
and El
186
and Yahweh of Israel
185, 186
cultic sexual rites
175, 176, 184
identification of
175–77
Baal of Sapan, and Baal of Ugarit
6
Baal of Ugarit
2, 6, 126, 134, 169
Baal stele
5, 76
Baal the son of Dagan
93
Baal versus Mot
61–64
Baal versus Yamm
50, 198
Bethel
and Baal
195–98, 202–3
and Queen of Heaven
192, 194
and Yaho
203
as storm god
192, 195–98
in ancient Near Eastern and Greek literature
195, 196
kingship of
199
pairing with Anat-Bethel
195, 196
biblical superscriptions, as colophons
107
bodies of the gods
5
and roles in pantheon
73
modeled on human body
5, 72
body movements, of El
81, 82
body parts
of Anat
84, 85
of Baal
74, 75
of El
79
of Kothar
77, 78
of Yamm
82, 83, 84
bōšet names
139
catch line
in 2 Chronicles
102n6
on clay tablets
102, 102n6
Chemosh, and Yahweh
124
colonization, as political rape
43
colophon(s)
absence from Dead Sea Scrolls
101–106, 111, 112
contents of, in Greek and Roman literature
108–9
definition
102
in ancient Israelite literature
107
in ancient Near Eastern texts
101–3
in Ugaritic literature
106–107
complicit masculinity
48, 49
conversation, in the Baal Cycle
26
cosmic unification, and Baal Cycle
18, 24
cuneiform alphabetic script, and Baal Cycle
2
Dead Sea Scrolls, absence of colophons from
109–12
dead, divine status of
181–83
defamiliarization, and the Baal Cycle
23
deified cult objects
202
deities, chthonic
176, 177, 180
Demeter, Greek myth of
28
descendants of ʿAmm
166, 167, 169
descendants of ʾAlmaqah
166, 169
descendants of Kamosh
169
distributed agency, of deities
133
divine authorship, and lack of colophons in Dead Sea Scrolls
111, 112
divine banquet
28, 59, 61, 184, 184n10, 194, 195
in Baal Cycle and in Papyrus Amherst 63
201
divine bodies
as cultural maps
73
circulation of, in Baal Cycle
26, 27
in biblical literature
5
types
73–74
in Ugaritic literature
5
bodies of the gods
divine family, experience of life-cycle events
4
divine homes
5
divine household
4, 34, 35, 43, 72
Divine Lamp. Shapsh
divine translatability, in ancient Near East
6.
gods, translation of, as political move; gods, translation of, in ancient Near East; monotheistic piety, as motivation for translation of gods; Smith, Mark S., on translating gods in ancient Near East and Israelite religion; Yahweh, translation with other gods
divine world, social structure of
4
El
agency in palace episode
61
as presiding over the divine hierarchy
51, 72
association with Balaam and Peor
180
association with sacrificial feasts and ancestors
184, 184n9, 185
dwelling of
178, 179, 180
noncompetitive male agency of
65, 66
reactive body of
78–82, 88
supreme position of
65, 66, 67, 78, 79
ʾĕlōhîm, as deceased spirits/ancestors
181, 182, 184
emotions, of Anat
38
entry rituals, at Ugarit
148, 149
Epic of Gilgamesh, colophon from
103–4
epithets
genealogical, of Baal
93–94
geographical, of Baal
92, 93
heroic
19, 20
of Baal
47, 91–98
of Baal, parallels in Hebrew Bible
92, 93
of nobility
94, 95
tied to sanctuaries
93, 93n5
Esther (LXX), colophon in
101, 108, 109, 112
existential clause, and grammar of epithets
98
family gods
124, 125, 142
family identity, and sacrificial meals
183, 184, 186
feet of El
80, 81
female agency
and Baal’s victory over Yamm
56
in conflict between Baal and Mot
64
female deities/goddesses
and real ancient women
36, 37
enjoyment of violence
37
role in palace episode
60
as symbols for male elites
36, 37
fertility, and Baal
2, 47, 64, 176, 197
Game of Thrones, violence of warrior leaders
39
gender
and interpretation of events
24
and violence, in Game of Thrones
39, 40, 41
as key to Baal Cycle
48
female agency; female deities/goddesses; male agency; complicit masculinity; hegemonic masculinity; marginal masculinity; masculinity; masculinity studies; multiple masculinities theory; subordinate masculinity; violence, and social construction of gender
gift exchange
in Baal Cycle
27, 28, 29
in primitive societies
26, 27
God (Hebrew Bible), body types
5, 72n2
god lists
1n3
in treaties
122, 124, 125
polyglot, and equivalence of deities
122, 123
god of Abraham, and god of Nahor
124, 125
god of a polity
124
gods
associated with particular locales
6
bodies of
5
competition among
65
cross-cultural recognition of
122
dying and rising
63, 64, 65, 176
equivalence of functions and identity
121
identification with a people
164–68
localized
6, 126–29, 175, 176
localized, as focalizations of single deity
127, 128
localized, as independent divine agents
127, 128
of foreign peoples, in the Bible
123, 124
one and many in ancient conceptions of
133–34
translation of, and politics
6, 122
translation of, in ancient Near East
6, 120–26
gray beard, as symbolic of El’s wisdom
80
grief, and reconciliation in Baal Cycle
25, 26
Hadd/Haddu/Hadad
91, 91n2, 160, 161, 184, 198
hand (yd) of El
58, 79, 80
head, symbolic of vulnerability
80, 83
heads lowered to knees, symbolism of
54, 82
Hebat, and Arinna
121, 122
hegemonic masculinity
48, 49, 51, 65, 66, 67
of Anat
60
of Baal and Mot
64
of El, Yamm, and Baal
56
hegemony, pursuit of, in Baal Cycle
67
hierarchy, among the gods
4, 51, 66, 67, 72, 182, 203
Homer, and oral-formulaic tradition
17, 19–23
hospitality, in the Baal Cycle
27, 28
human/child sacrifice
175, 180
Ilimalku
33, 41
colophon of
101, 106, 107
traditional storytelling of
18–23
Ishtar, multiple
127
Judge/Ruler (epithet of Baal)
95, 97
King (epithet of Baal)
95, 97
kingship
as male prerogative
44
of Baal
5, 6, 34–36, 43
Kirta Epic, agency of Asherah
129, 130
Kothar wa-Hasis (craftsman god)
4, 29, 51
active body of
73, 77, 78, 88
agency of, in Baal’s victory over Yamm
56
and palace of Baal
59, 60, 200, 201
crafter of gifts
27, 29, 58, 61
exorcist
64
hands of
77, 78
magician
29, 63
maker of weapons for Baal
22, 27, 29, 55, 74, 75, 76
noncompetitive male agency of
66
performance in palace of Baal episode
61
role in Baal Cycle and in Papyrus Amherst 63
200, 201
Lady, as title for Anat
202
literary genre, and localized/nonlocalized gods
129–32
literary production, information gleaned from colophons
104
location, and identity of gods
126–29
Lord, as title for Bethel
202
love of family, demonstrated through violence
41
male agencies, and masculinities
65–68
male agency
49, 50
competitive and noncompetitive
65, 66, 67
interplay with female agency
66
male and female agency, in palace episode
60, 61
marginal masculinity
49
marzēaḥ feast
184, 185
masculine, and male
49
masculinity
and goddess Anat
48
ideal
49
in ancient Near Eastern studies
48
masculinity studies
48
Mauss, Marcel, on gift exchange in primitive societies
26, 27, 29
men, quest for kingship through military acumen
35, 36, 44
Mightiest, Baal, the
95, 97
Mightiest of the warriors
96
Moab, and descendants of Kamosh
168, 169
Molech
175, 177
monarchy, and kin-based social structures
43
monotheistic piety, as motivation for translation of gods
125, 126
Most High (epithet of Baal)
96
Mot
and inhospitality
27, 28
as god of death
61
as god of the Netherworld
56, 64, 77
competitive male agency of
65
dying and rising
63, 64
multiple masculinities theory
48, 49, 50
Mušaqqar ridge, and El’s abode
178–80
myth, Baal Cycle as
18, 19
mythical ancestor, god as
167, 168
narrative texts, and agency of nonlocalized god
129
Netherworld
61, 62, 176, 177
New Year’s festival liturgy, and Papyrus Amherst 63
194, 195, 201, 202
nominal annexation, and grammar of epithets
98
nonnarrative texts, and agency of localized gods
129
offspring of Dagan (epithet of Baal)
94
oral-traditional works, characteristics
19–23
palace of Baal
56–61, 130, 200
palace of Bethel
200
palace of Yamm
51, 52
pantheon, four-tiered ranking system
4, 72.
hierarchy, among the gods
Papyrus Amherst 63
192
discovery, decipherment, and contents
192–94
papyrus, colophons surviving on
105, 106
Parry-Lord hypothesis, and Baal Cycle
17
people of Chemosh/Kamosh
169, 171
people of Yahweh
164, 165, 171
pĕʿôr
177, 178
Peor, and the underworld/Netherworld
176, 177
performance
and agency
49, 50
of oral-traditional competence
21
physical forms, of the gods
72, 73.
bodies of the gods; divine body
Plato, on human ignorance of the gods
119
polytheisms, ancient
121
power struggles, among the gods
6, 51
Prince Baal
54, 94, 130
Prince, Lord of Earth
62, 92, 94
“Program of the Pageant of the Statue of the God Anu at Uruk,” colophon from
103
Psalm 20, and Papyrus Amherst 63
193, 193n3
Psalm 72:20, as type of colophon
107n14
Queen of Heaven
142, 194
as Aštart/Ishtar
141, 141n8
as title of Anat-Bethel
196
rage
associated with female gender
44
gendered, in ancient world
41, 44
rape
and social status
41
in modern and ancient media
41
Ras Shamra. Ugarit
reactive bodies
78–84
realism and nominalism, and localized/nonlocalized gods
133, 134
repeated typical actions and motifs
20, 21
Rephaim
29, 63, 64, 176, 184, 185
revenge, of Anat
42, 43
ritual mourning
25, 62, 82, 87n41
royal patriarchal household, and tiered ranking system
4, 72
sacred marriage
194, 195
sacrifices, to dead ancestors
181, 182, 183, 184
sacrificial meals, and communal identity
183, 184, 186
šadu, designation of cultivated lands and steppe lands
147–148
scenes and dialogue, in biblical narrative
26
scribal names, on colophons
103–7, 107n13, 108, 112
scribal traditions, and lack of colophons
112
Second Maccabees, note by epitomizer
101n3
Shapsh
29, 52
burial of Baal
38, 62
daily circuit through the cosmos
30
ruler of the Rephaim
29, 63, 64, 66
warning to Athtar
52–53
watchful eye of
18
Shasu
162, 162n3, 163, 169, 171
shrine/temple of Baal of Peor
177, 178
simultaneous events, in Baal Cycle
21, 22, 23
Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), statement by composer
102n3
Smith, Mark S.
on Athtar
161
on Athtart
139
on Baal and the gods
3–7
on hierarchy of pantheon
72
on localized gods in ancient Near East and Israelite religion
126
on translating gods in ancient Near East and Israelite religion
120, 121
source statements, in colophons
104, 105
South Arabian religion
165, 166, 167, 168
speech, of Anat
38
speech, in biblical and Ugaritic literature
26
Star Wars, violence of Anakin Skywalker
39
storyteller, and Baal Cycle
18, 19
subordinate masculinity
49
of Athtar
65
temperaments, of the gods
72
temple of Baal, at Ugarit
5, 5n16
Theogony (Hesiod), and gift exchange
29
“there is none above Him” (epithet of Baal)
96, 97
titles, indications of, in Dead Sea scrolls
110, 111
title tags (syllaboi)
in Greek and Roman literature
108–9
on Dead Sea Scrolls Genesis manuscript
111
transcendent anthropomorphism, of ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean gods
133
translation of gods. gods, translation of
Ugarit
1
god lists from
123
Ugaritic pantheon, as royal multifamily household
4, 72
unification in Baal Cycle, transformation from strife
24–26
valiant one (epithet of Baal)
97
verbatim repetition, in the Baal Cycle
19
victory feast, after Baal’s defeat of Yamm
56, 57.
divine banquet
vigilante justice
in kin-based society
42, 43
of Anat
42, 43
violence
and male rule
32
and social construction of gender
33
enjoyment of, by female warriors
37, 42, 60
in the Baal Cycle and in the Bible
32
of Anat
37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 60, 85, 86
vengeful, as character flaw
39
warrior goddess motif, cross-cultural sharing
37
weapons of Baal
75, 76, 77.
Yagarrish; Ayyamarri
wisdom, of El
79, 80
women
acquisition of social status
34, 35
and cult of Aštart
142
female agency; female deities/goddesses
Yagarrish (club fashioned by Kothar wa-Hasis)
22, 55, 75, 76
Yahweh
agency of supra-regional form
131, 134
and ʿAthtar
161, 169, 170
and Baal
1, 2, 7, 160
and El
7, 126, 186
and Hadd/Hadad/Haddu
160
and Yhwȝ of Shasu-land
162–64, 168, 171
as storm god
160, 161, 164, 169
localized forms of
131, 134
origins
160, 161, 162
translation with other gods
126n10
Yahwism, in Israel and Judah
6, 7
Yamm
competitive male agency of
65
defeat by Baal
55
defeat by Bethel
199
in Baal Cycle
50–56, 198, 199
reactive body of
82–84, 88
Baal versus Yamm
Yhwh, identified by social/political body
164, 171.
Yahweh
Yhwȝ
162, 162n2, 162, 169, 171
and the land of the Shasu
162–64, 171
Zeus, with many epithets
127
zibḥê mētîm
175, 176, 180, 181
Zielinski’s law
21, 22