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Index

agents see representatives
arbitral tribunals
duties of 230 , 265
jurisdiction see jurisdiction of arbitral tribunals
mandate of 3 , 192 , 194 , 230 , 320 , 335
powers of 90 , 101 , 194 , 228 , 264–266
annexation 10 , 319
Crimea and Russia 1 , 196 , 199 , 217–218 , 294 , 308 , 319–320 , 327 , 330–332 , , 339–343 , 346–353 , 402
effective control and 185 , 196–198 , 200319–320 , 341 , 345
investor-state dispute settlement and 210 , 227 , 326 , , 351–353
jurisdiction of arbitral tribunals and 11 , 192–200 , 224 , 448
jurisdiction of states and 285
non-recognition of see non-recognition
prohibition of the use of force and 223 , 338 , 344
sovereign rights and , 183–186 , 198 , 201
sovereignty and 209 , 224–225235 , 338 , 344 , 433
treaties and see treaties, moving-treaty frontiers rule ; treaties, extraterritorial application
armed conflict
effects on treaties see treaties, continuity during armed conflict
international 56 , 67 , 344 , 387
non-international 19–21 , 26–27 , 32–33 , 38–39 , 41–42 , , 44–45 , 49 , 67–68 , 97–98 , 387
border conflicts see territorial disputes
China 150–155 , 191 , 232–233 , 235–236 , 387 , 416
compensation
in case of force majeure 127–133
under ‘extended’ war clauses 38–40 , 73–76 , 116–118
under ‘simple’ war clauses 115–116
under ‘strict’ war clauses 118
under the 2018 Priednestrovian investment law 414–415 , 420–421
under Ukrainian domestic law 439–440
see also European Convention on Human Rights, compensation for violation
counsel see representation
Court of Justice of the European Union 282 , 283
Front Polisario 170 , , 329–330 , 359–360, 369–375
customary international law 4 , 56 , 188 , 280 , 403 , 414–415
see also war clauses, customary international law and
Crimea see annexation, Crimea and Russia
de facto regime x , 10 , 12 , 197–198 , 387–426
Abkhazia 161 , 164 , 191 , 387
Donetsk People’s Republic 387 , 434–436 , 453
frozen conflict and 10 , 353 , 387–391 , 407–408, 423–425
investment protection and 332 , 387–426
Luhansk People’s Republic 434–436 , 453
‘legislation’ of 403–409 , 441–442
Nagorno-Karabakh 387
Northern Cyprus 160 , 296–297 , 344 , 387
Somaliland 387
South Ossetia 161 , 164 , 191 , 387
Transnistria / Priednistrovie 344 , 387–426 moving treaty-frontiers
see also effective control, non-state actors by
diplomatic protection 40–41 , 280 , 353
disputed maritime zones 179–182
implicated investment disputes 188–192 , 194–200
investment treaties and 190–192
limits on jurisdiction of arbitral tribunals and 188–194 , 337 , 374–375
overlapping entitlements in case of 180–182 , 374–375
domestic investment laws / statutes 403–426 , 439–442
Donbas 431–455
Russian influence 432–433
see also effective control, non-state actors by
effective control
governments by 252–253 see also recognition of governments
jurisdiction and 196–198 , 341 , 345 , 443 , 461–463
non-state actors by 434 , 462–463
sovereignty and 196–198319 , 461–463
see also annexation, effective control and
enforcement
arbitral awards 260 , 352
judgments see European Court of Human Rights, enforcement of judgments
epistemic communities xv , 7
European Convention on Human Rights 280–310 , 450–453
compensation for violation 288 , 302 , 309 , 452
investment law compared to 289 , 336–337 , 344 , 452
jurisdiction 10 , 285 , 292–294 , 343 , 402 , 451–452
possession , 289–290
property, right to 280 , 287–292 , 402 , 452
remedies 281–282 , 301–302 , 452
see also European Court of Human Rights
European Court of Human Rights 280–310 , 336–337 , 402 , 452–453
cost of litigation , 301–302
domestic remedies, exhaustion of 295–297
enforcement of judgments 280 , , 301–303305 452–453
forum shopping 298
investor-state dispute settlement compared 44–45 , 291 , 336–337
European Union 12 , 141 , 268 , 283 , 359 , 384
expropriation 75–76, 291–292, 379 414–415 , 421 452–455
failed state see state fragility
failing state see state fragility
fair and equitable treatment 72n90 , 90–91 , 291 , 349 , 466–467
legitimate expectations , 468–475
relevance of circumstances 468–475
state fragility and 468–475
force majeure 112–133
consequences 129–133
duty to compensate and see compensation, in situations of force majeure
full protection and security and 114 , 125–127 , 479n100 , 483
invocation 127–129 , 352
state fragility and 479n100 , 483
war clauses and 125 , 352
fragmentation of international law , x–xi , 2, 20 35, 84 214, 226 see also normative conflict
frozen conflict see de facto regime
full protection and security 28–29 , 33 , 35 , 84–107 , 114291 , 324 467–468
content 88–98 , 467–468
due diligence 92–96 , 324 , 467 , 475–482
environmental impact and 88 , 94–95 , 101–106
force majeure and see force majeure, full protection and security and
investor contribution / complicity and 98–101
relevance of circumstances 89 , 114–115 , 475–480
state fragility and 475 , –482
general principles
effectiveness 340
estoppel 119, 343 , 401
force majeure 119
good faith 128–129, 349
Georgia 161–165 , 191 , , 285–286
hostilities see armed conflict
human rights law see European Convention on Human Rights
international humanitarian law ix , xiv , 26–28 , 61 , 68 , 70–71 , 225 , 284
customary rules 31 , 58–60
international investment law and xiv , 7 , 20–2128 , 31– , 35 , , , 40–45 , 48–49 73–79, 95 , 322–325
military necessity 19 , , 28–31 , 60–61 , 77–78 , 323–324
appropriation and destruction of property ix , 61–65
investment
under the 2018 Priednestrovian investment law 405–406
see also jurisdiction of arbitral tribunals, definition of investment and investor
investor
under the 2018 Priednestrovian investment law 405–406
see also jurisdiction of arbitral tribunals, definition of investment and investor
investor-state dispute settlement
annexation and see annexation, investor-state dispute settlement and
competing governments and 246–278
parallel proceedings and see parallel proceedings
proceedings before the European Court of Human Rights compared see European Court of Human Rights, investor-state dispute settlement compared
Iraq 330
Israel 68 , 165–167 , 190
jurisdiction of states
non-territorial zones 374–375
jurisdiction of arbitral tribunals
definition of investment and investor 332 , 347–349
domestic law and 348–349
forum prorogatum 334–335
incidental 334 , 342
indispensable parties / Monetary Gold doctrine 192–194 , 228 , 238 , 350
investment dispute 188
material (ratione materiae) 188–192 , 194–195 , 332–337
personal (ratione personae) 192–194 , 349–351
spatial (ratione loci) 179n16, 182–187, 189 , 337–346
temporal (ratione temporis) 346–349
jus ad bellum ix, xi–xii, 70
jus cogens 324 , 339 , 344–345 , 351–353 , 361– , 363
jus in bello see international humanitarian law
Korea
North Korea 156158
South Korea 156–159
Kosovo 168–169
lex specialis see normative conflict
Libya 1 , 22 , 246 , 254 , 261 , 275 , 460–461 , 473
maritime zones see disputed maritime zones
Moldova , 390–403
national investment laws see domestic investment laws / statutes
non-recognition, duty of
content 224 , 360–363 , 397
Front Polisario and , 329–330 , 339 , 376
investor-state arbitral tribunals and 320 , 378–383
law of the European Union and 363–365, 376–378
‘Namibia exception’ 257329–330 , 343–346 , 376–378
status 323 , 338 , 344 , 352
Western Sahara and 190 , 196 , 331 , 339 , 376–377
normative conflict
international investment law and international humanitarian law between see international humanitarian law , international investment law and
lex specialis xii , 24 , , 31 , –35 , 323–324 , 327 , 344 , 416n96 , 421
treaty interpretation and xiii , 39 , 44 , 49 , 69–71 , 334
occupation 58–59 , 67–68 , 72 , 160, 165, 176, 225 , 319 , 322–331434–437
conclusion of treaties and 328–329
see also annexation
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe 391 , 394 , 433
Palestine 165–167 , 190 , 331
parallel proceedings 209–239 , 297–298
abuse of process 229–230 , 238
legal dispute 230–238
lis pendens 228–229
res judicata 228–229 , 238
Priednestrovie see de facto regime, Transnistria / Priednestrovie
property
appropriation and destruction of 58–79 , 116–117
investment and 28 , 39 , 44 , 48–49 , 65–79 , 320 , 324 , 351
protection under human rights law see European Convention on Human Rights, right to property
recognition of governments 250–263
de facto governments 253
de facto regimes 387
de jure governments 253
effectiveness of government 252 , 262 , 263, 273–274
effects of 250 , 261–263
in private international law 263
modes of 254–255
recognition of states distinguished 251
Tinoco arbitration 255–257
representatives
agent 248–249
counsel 249
parties in international arbitration of 247–249
state in legal proceedings of 248–249 , 261–262
Russia
Crimea and see annexation, Crimea and Russia
Donbas region and 432–433
European Court of Human Rights and 306–309
Transnistria and 391–396402407 , 425
sovereignty see annexation, sovereignty and
Soviet Union 161, 221, 346 , 392 , , 397–399
state fragility
failed state 464–465
failing state 465
investment protection and 458–483
political risk and 463
state responsibility and 467
see also fair and equitable treatment, state fragility and ; full protection and security, state fragility and
state practice
moving treaty-frontiers rule and 339
recognition of governments and 250–255
state responsibility and 346
treatment of foreign property and 61–62 , 67
state responsibility 43, 61–62 , 64 , 67 , 74 , 77 , 85, 112–113, 226, 346 , 451–452, 463
attribution 443–447
circumstances precluding wrongfulness 321 see also force majeure
insurgencies and 4 , 400
state fragility and 467
state-state dispute settlement 212 , 227 , 285 , 350–351
state succession 140, 218, 327338 , 343 , 346 , 397–399
systemic integration see fragmentation of international law ; normative conflict
Taiwan 150–151155–156 , 387 , 396 , 426
territorial disputes 1, 280 , 285–286 , 337
territory
European Court of Justice 371–373
notion in international law 141–142 , 182–183 , 337–341 , 343–344 , 371 , 399
notion in investment treaties 139–171, 182 , 187 , 337–346 , 351 , 402–403
Transnistria/Priednestrovie see de facto regime, Transnistria/Priednestrovie
treaties
continuity during armed conflict 226 , 325–326
customary international law and 69
extraterritorial application 198 , , , 238, 328–331 , 336 , 341–349 , 351 , 402–403
interpretation 55 , 57 , 325
moving treaty-frontiers rule 221 , 238, 338–339 , 448 see also state practice, moving treaty-frontiers rule and
spatial scope see see territory
supervening impossibility to perform 112–113, 333
Ukraine 200, 217–218, 81 , 305–306 , 321, 335, 337 , 339 , 348–351 , 391 , 394396 , 431 , 433, 437–441, 451; see also annexation, Crimea and Russia
Venezuela 260–261 , 264266269 , , 273–277
war clauses 54–79 , 115–118
burden of proof , 46–4776118
compensation under see compensation
customary international law and 40 , 58–79
destruction of investments 54–79 , 117
extended war clauses 33 , 38 , 54–79 , 116–118 , 352
force majeure and see force majeure , war clauses and
interpretation 35 , 45 , 49 , 54–79
‘necessity of the situation’ 38 , 41–45, 57, 65–79 , 117–118
requisitioning of investments 54–79 , 117–118
World Trade Organization 212–213, 389 , 397
Yemen 9, 246, 264, , 271–272
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Investments in Conflict Zones

The Role of International Investment Law in Armed Conflicts, Disputed Territories, and ‘Frozen’ Conflicts

Series:  Nijhoff International Investment Law Series, Volume: 15
Cover Investments in Conflict Zones
E-Book ISBN:
9789004442832
Publisher:
Brill | Nijhoff
Print Publication Date:
08 Dec 2020
Front Matter
Introduction: Investments in Conflict Zones
Part 1 Investment Law and Armed Conflicts
Part 2 Investment Law and Disputed Territories
Part 3 Investment Law and Its Application to Annexed Territories and in ‘Frozen’ Conflicts
Back Matter

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