Figures
2.1 Coin of Constantius with Fel Temp Reparatio legend and emperor on galley reverse (RIC 8.Thessalonica.170). Private collection. Photo by author 18
7.1 Poem 1. Infrared image: Jean-Luc Fournet; image processing: Fabrice Bessière, Collège de France 106
7.2 Poem 2. Infrared image: Jean-Luc Fournet; image processing: Fabrice Bessière, Collège de France 110
7.3 Poem 3. Infrared image: Jean-Luc Fournet; image processing: Fabrice Bessière, Collège de France 115
8.1 Bianchini 2:xxiii. C 4237. 18 F. Widener Library Special Collections, Harvard University 140
8.2 Bianchini 2:lvii. C 4237. 18 F. Widener Library Special Collections, Harvard University 141
8.3 Bianchini 2:lviii. C 4237. 18 F. Widener Library Special Collections, Harvard University 142
8.4 Bianchini 2:lix. C 4237. 18 F. Widener Library Special Collections, Harvard University 143
8.5 Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vaticanus latinus 3836 (Agimundus Homiliary, vol. 2), f. 64r 158
8.6 Rome, Biblioteca Vallicelliana, B.25 II (Codex Juvenianus), f. 51r. Photo by Siria Sarmiento 159
8.7 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS 10318 (Codex Salmasianus), 262 (view 272) 160
8.8 Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vaticanus latinus 3836 (Agimundus Homiliary, vol. 2), f. 67v 161
8.9 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS 10318 (Codex Salmasianus), 229 (view 239) 162
8.10 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS 10318 (Codex Salmasianus), 156 (view 166) 163
8.11 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS 10318 (Codex Salmasianus), 134 (view 144) 164
9.1 Galerius and Narseh engaged in equestrian combat. Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki (B.II.20). Photo by author 174
9.2 Sardonyx cameo featuring the Sasanian King of Kings capturing Emperor Valerian. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Cabinet des médailles, inv. Babelon 360. Photo courtesy of Marie-Lan Nguyen, via Wikimedia Commons 174
9.3 Rock relief of Narseh with his queen (right) and a royal child (below). Naqsh-e Rustam III. Image courtesy of Livius.org 176
9.4 Investiture relief of Ardašīr I. Naqsh-e Rajab III. Image courtesy of Livius.org 178
9.5 Rock relief of Šābuhr I. Naqsh-e Rajab I. Image courtesy of Livius.org 179
9.6 Coin of Warahrān II with his queen and heir. Photo courtesy of The British Museum; Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) license 180
9.7 Medallion obverse featuring jugate busts of Philip I and his wife Otacilla, facing Philip II. Image after Gnecchi 1912, v. 2 pl. 108 181
9.8 Warahrān II flanked by family and nobles. Naqsh-e Rustam II. Image courtesy of Livius.org 182
9.9 Relief dating to the reign of Warahrān II. King receiving a flower from female figure (queen?). Tang-e Qandil. Image courtesy of Livius.org 183
9.10 Relief dating to the reign of Warahrān II. Male figure (king?) presenting a flower to a female figure (queen?). Barm-e Delak I. Image courtesy of Livius.org 183
9.11 Warahrān II defends his queen from a lion. Sar Mashhad. Ernst Herzfeld Papers, FSA A.6, Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives. Gift of Ernst Herzfeld, 1946, Ernst Herzfeld, FSA A.6 04.GN.2780 184
9.12 Silver bowl from the reign of Narseh. Metropolitan Museum accession no. 1970.5. Photo in the public domain; CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) 186
9.13 Capture of the Persian Harem (A.I.2). Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki. Photo by author 188
9.14 Transport of Persian prisoners (A.II.6). Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki. Photo by author 188
9.15 Mirrored scenes (top two panels; A.III.9–10) of Tetrarchs receiving a male Persian suppliant, while the captured Sasanian imperial family looks on. Personifications of Persian cities (third panel from top; A.III.11). Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki. Photo by author 189
9.16 Pompa Triumphalis with figures of Persian women and children aboard a cart (B.III.25). Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki. Photo by author 190
9.17 Figure of Sasanian queen among a throng of gift-bearing Persians (B.I.18). Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki. Photo by author 191
9.18 Medallion minted in 298 at Siscia in honor of Galerius, from the Münzkabinett of the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin Collection (reg. no. 18200727). Image © 2004–2020 Lech Stępniewski,
9.19 Reverse of a Bronze sestersius from Rome issued by Lucius Verus, with a seated Parthian woman with Phrygian cap and coiffed hair tucked under the cap. ANS 1965.47.2. Image in the public domain:
9.20 Eastern captives from a column base on the Arch of Constantine’s eastern face. Rome. Image courtesy of the Media Center for Art History, Department of Art History & Archaeology, © The Trustees of Columbia University 196
9.21 Coin of Parthian king Phraataces and queen Musa. Image courtesy of Classical Numismatic Group, Inc.
Table
13.1 Eastern Empire: Inscriptions mentioning the factions (as at winter 2019) 255