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Index

Abkhazia 34, 165167, 166167n13, 168169, 172173n39, 173n45, 173174n47, 174, 174n53, 176178, 177178n64
Actorness 291, 293294, 298, 300, 309
Annexation (see also Crimea) 6, 7, 12, 1718, 46, 4748, 4950n19, 54, 58, 8687, 9697, 164165, 171n35, 175, 180, 185186, 186n24, 190, 193, 196, 202, 233, 235, 251, 253, 306307, 313, 340341, 380, 381
Illegal annexation 70, 7374, 211, 278
Approximation 4, 145, 146, 153154, 155, 161162, 163164n2, 173, 315, 320
Arctic (see also Northern Dimension) 11, 278, 290294, 297, 298299, 300, 301, 306, 308n72, 309, 309n73, 342344, 374
Arctic Council 292298
Arctic Five 291, 292, 294295
Barents Euro-Arctic Cooperation (beac) 292, 293294, 299, 300301, 308309
Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (afsj) 259
Armenia 5, 910, 11, 143, 145, 148152, 153161, 166, 167n17, 168169, 168169n23, 170171n29, 170171n32, 171nn3335, 172173, 180n4, 182, 192193, 194
Azerbaijan 158, 163164n3, 166, 168169, 168169n3, 169170nn28, 170171n32, 171n33, 172173, 177178, 180n4, 189, 194, 364, 371372
Belarus 5, 59, 101, 114115, 180n4, 183, 185, 186, 187, 189, 192n51, 192193, 194, 195n68, 222, 230, 233n43, 343, 364365
Belgium 8384
Bologna Process 352354, 356357, 358361, 362, 364, 367368
brics 100101, 283284, 361, 368369
Capacity-building 247, 360, 365366, 367
Caucasus
North Caucasus 166167, 268
South Caucasus 173174, 180, 196, 364365, 372
Central Asia 89, 180n4, 183184, 183184n15, 205, 208, 268, 273, 364365
China 61, 100101, 102103, 222223, 226, 259, 273274, 291, 294295, 296, 297, 301303, 304, 305309, 361, 363364, 368369, 374, 379
Civil society 11, 12, 4446, 5354, 105n8, 115, 149150n45, 151, 186, 189, 192, 254, 313329, 332, 336, 340, 348, 349351, 374375
Civil Society Organisation (cso) 151, 288, 288n52, 314, 315, 316, 320322, 323325, 327328, 329, 331, 334, 342344, 348, 349350
Civil society support 313314, 315316, 317, 320, 321, 329331
EU-Russia Civil Society Forum (csf) 328, 346
Climate change 7, 277, 278279, 280, 285, 288289, 326
Collaboration 248, 290291, 309, 341, 355356, 365, 368, 374375
Common Foreign and Security Policy (cfsp) 12, 56, 8, 40, 106, 108, 109110, 114, 124, 126, 128129, 136137, 138140, 151152, 164, 170, 297298, 371372
Common neighbourhood 180n4, 181182, 183, 192193
Common Spaces 24, 44, 261, 293, 335336, 358, 359360, 375376, 381
Common Strategy on Russia (csr) 13, 44, 314
Commonwealth of Independent States (cis) 195, 353354, 355, 356357, 359, 362, 363364
Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement (cepa) 910, 143145, 148155, 157, 159, 160162, 371372
Connectivity 249250, 259, 305306
Counter-terrorism 11, 257, 258, 259, 265, 269270, 275, 278, 373374
Court of Justice of the European Union (cjeu) 105107, 109, 111, 112, 120, 121124, 125126, 129, 134135, 136138, 140, 371
European Court of Justice (ecj) 110111, 116117, 120121, 167168n18, 175176, 298, 299
General Court (gc) 105, 106, 110112, 113115, 118119, 120122, 137, 138139
Crimea 5, 6, 7, 12, 1718, 4041, 46, 4748, 48n16, 54, 58, 6869, 70, 7374, 80, 8485, 8687, 9091, 9697, 99100, 104105, 116, 118, 119, 164165, 164165n5, 164165n7, 169170n27, 171n35, 175, 180, 185186, 190, 193, 211, 233, 235, 251, 253, 258, 271, 278, 285286, 289, 301, 306307, 313, 319320, 322323, 325, 333334, 336, 337, 340341, 348, 349350, 380, 381
Critical Discourse Analysis (cda) 6364, 203
Cross-Border Cooperation (cbc) 11, 12, 3536, 244n28, 278, 290, 313, 315316, 317318, 319320, 324, 325, 329330, 336, 338, 339, 342, 346347, 349, 374375
Culture 23, 332337, 340341, 342346, 348, 349350
Cultural diplomacy 333, 337338, 349350, 374375
Cultural exchanges 314, 347
Cultural relations 12, 332334, 335, 337338, 339340, 339n27, 342, 349351
Cyber security 207, 208, 235, 239245, 244n28, 246, 248, 250, 251254, 273274, 373, 381
Cyber operations 234, 235236, 239243
Cyber resilience 239, 247, 248, 251
Cyprus 6061, 81, 8384, 167168n18, 177178
Decision-making 4041, 5758, 59, 60, 61, 65, 96, 213, 317318, 328, 361, 379
De facto states 10, 163164, 167, 169170, 173174, 176177, 178179, 372
Democracy promotion 313, 314, 318, 319320, 324325, 330
Discourse 12, 1920, 72, 8384, 85, 120121, 167n17, 168169, 203, 205, 206, 207208, 214, 306, 314, 322, 327, 330331, 361, 375376
Donbas(s) 56, 12, 1718, 1921, 23, 24, 2829, 3236, 3739, 42, 48, 49, 5051, 54, 65, 66, 6869, 7576, 7778, 119120, 169170n27, 180, 181n8, 190191, 193, 194, 196, 380, 381
Donetsk/ Donetsk People’s Republic (dpr) 5, 10, 2021, 22, 23, 24, 2627, 29, 3132, 33, 3536, 7778, 164165, 169170n27
Eastern Europe 53, 171, 180, 196, 223, 372
Eastern European (member) states 4243, 52, 59, 218, 223224, 299, 315, 378379
Eastern Partnership (EaP) 4, 4n7, 5, 910, 143144, 145146, 148, 163165, 169170, 173, 180, 181182, 187, 190, 195, 196, 254, 300, 328, 362363, 364365, 372
Eastern neighbourhood 168, 187188, 288
Enemy image 72, 8485
Energy
Energy dependence 10, 52, 372373
Energy relations(hip) 10, 4041, 4243, 44, 49, 5354, 5758, 216, 217, 218219, 220, 221222, 223, 225226, 227228, 232233
Energy resilience 220, 372373
Energy security 10, 147148, 210211, 216, 218219, 220, 222223, 224, 225226, 230, 231232, 233, 277, 278280, 285, 289, 370
enisa 242243, 246, 252, 253254
Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (epca) 143144, 149150, 149150n39, 151
Enlargement 202, 260, 288, 315
2004 enlargement 183, 187
dg Near 288
Eastward/Eastern enlargement 12, 12, 163164, 378
Erasmus\+ 326327, 360, 365, 366
Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) 362363
Eurasian Economic Union (eaeu) 4, 4n17, 5, 810, 143145, 143144n4, 148149, 151155, 156157, 159, 160162, 180, 195, 362364, 371372, 374
Euromaidan see Maidan
European Commission 34, 4243, 48, 4950, 57, 72, 191192, 218221, 222, 223224, 228229, 232233, 242243, 244, 247, 248249, 278, 288, 292, 299, 332, 343, 352353
European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (echr) 114115, 126127, 129130, 165166n7
European Council 12, 34, 8, 48, 5051, 55, 6364, 87, 107, 298299, 336
European Court of Justice, see Court of Justice of the EU
European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) 111, 114115, 129, 165166n7
European External Action Service (eeas) 6364, 76, 242243, 288, 298, 300, 320, 332, 335
European Higher Education Area (ehea) 12, 352354, 358, 359360, 368
Europeanisation 52, 163164, 163164n2, 175, 178
European Neighbourhood Policy (enp) 4, 12, 143144, 146, 171172, 173, 201202, 208, 260, 317318
European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (enpi) 317318, 326327
European Neighbourhood Instrument (eni) 337338
European Parliament 72, 186, 277278, 295, 296297, 298299, 300, 316, 335, 336
European Union National Institutes for Culture (eunic) 339, 344
EU-Russia summit 24, 75, 260, 265267, 270, 326327, 335336
France 22, 2627, 3738, 4243, 4849, 64, 8184, 226, 227229, 232233, 295, 374, 378379
Frozen conflicts 10, 168, 168n20, 170174, 175, 177178, 237, 288, 372, 380
Fundamental rights 112, 113, 115116, 123, 127128, 134135, 139140
Gas 10, 4243, 49, 52, 57, 59, 160, 210211, 217, 218221, 223, 226228, 230, 232, 233, 245, 278, 281, 378379
Liquified natural gas (lng) 218, 220223, 225, 232233, 302303, 306308
Gazprom 53, 98, 130131, 147148, 219221, 222224, 225227, 228, 229231, 232233, 282283
Geneva statement 18, 24, 3738
Georgia 24, 143144, 148150, 158, 159, 163164n3, 165167, 168169, 170171n32, 171, 171n33, 172174, 175179, 186187, 188189, 190191, 191n42, 192193, 192193n53, 194, 254
Germany 2021, 22, 2627, 28, 3738, 4047, 5355, 57, 58, 59, 64, 8184, 194, 227229, 232233, 246, 252, 295, 374, 378379
Global Strategy 78, 11, 1213, 72, 201204, 205, 207210, 211, 213, 257258, 259, 290, 322323, 367, 370, 373374, 377, 380
Higher education 178179, 352, 353, 355356, 357, 358, 359361, 362363, 364, 365, 367368
Hollande 22, 4951, 271
Hungary 6061, 8184, 9293, 220, 378
Hybrid operations 235236, 237
Identity 71, 74, 8485, 8990, 101102, 148, 206, 214, 377
Information operations 235236, 237
Institutions 4243, 109110, 205206, 237239, 246, 249, 252253, 254, 287, 300, 318, 322, 323, 326327, 328, 329, 348, 356357, 365
EU institutions 40, 4243, 59, 61, 68n18, 106, 228, 229, 239, 277278, 322, 335, 341342, 379
Jean Monnet
activities 365366
Centres of Excellence 365366
Kaliningrad 2, 184, 341
Kazakhstan 5, 910, 100101, 143144, 149151, 362, 363, 371372
Kyrgyzstan 910, 100101, 371372
Lavrov 1819, 2426, 77, 160161, 257258, 267268, 294295, 380n27
Luhansk/ Luhansk People’s Republic (lpr) 5, 2021, 23, 24, 26, 29, 3132, 33, 3536, 7778

Macron 29, 4243, 60, 238239
Maidan 5, 5n20, 12, 41, 47, 190191, 347
Merkel 22, 29, 3839, 4142, 4852, 59
MH17 (Malaysian airlines flight) 56, 22, 4041, 42, 49, 50, 5456, 58, 5960, 8788, 104105, 130, 180, 185186
minorities 12, 193n60, 194
Minsk agreements 8, 1719, 22, 2628, 3032, 3335, 3637, 41, 51, 55, 58, 61, 62, 64, 6566, 67, 6870, 73, 74, 7576, 7778, 8184, 8788, 99100, 106107, 126, 258, 277, 285, 370371, 376377, 379380
Minsk process 29
Minsk protocol 20, 22, 23, 2427, 2830, 3334, 5051, 60
mirror narratives 64, 7172, 76
Mogherini 6, 51, 58, 72, 210211, 216, 220, 257258, 269270
Nagorno-Karabakh 152, 165166, 168169, 169170n28, 172173, 180
Navalny 59, 266267, 378379
Netherlands 4043, 45, 5358, 5960, 8384, 222, 227228, 252, 295
Network and Information Security Directive 242243, 244245, 246247, 249250, 251252, 253254
Newly Independent States 4344, 315
Nord Stream 4243, 52, 57, 5960, 219, 220221, 222, 224225, 226228, 229230, 231232, 233, 378379
Normandy format 20, 22, 2627, 29, 3739, 41, 4849, 5052, 58, 60, 65, 378379
Normative power Europe 203, 205206, 207208, 209210
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (nato) 11, 36, 5455, 9697, 147, 234, 242243, 246, 247248, 252, 253, 254, 259, 268
Northern Dimension (nd) 25n27, 293294, 300301, 304305, 374, 380381
Northern Sea Route 291, 300301, 304305, 306, 307309
Obama 1819, 4950, 58, 306307
Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (odihr) 3132
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (oecd) 203204, 281282
Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (osce) 1819, 2021, 2223, 2428, 29, 3132, 34, 36, 3738, 41, 43, 4748, 5152, 5455, 65, 8687n3, 169170, 172173
Minsk group 152, 172173n42
Special Monitoring Mission 22, 30, 36
Trilateral Contact Group 2022, 23
Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (pca) 1, 24, 56, 89, 12, 44, 9899n 73, 105106, 120121, 122123, 126127, 149150, 156, 163164n2, 171172, 173, 202, 314, 335357, 371372, 381
Partnership for Modernisation 3–4, 44–45, 202, 281, 328
people-to-people contacts 12, 8788, 106107, 118119, 181, 188, 189, 313, 314, 317318, 321, 323, 325, 327, 329331, 332, 335336, 341342, 352, 355356, 358, 367, 368, 374375, 380
Permanent Structured Cooperation (pesco) 252, 254
Polar Silk Road 305306, 309n73
Poroshenko 2022, 2426, 3738, 4950, 190
post-Soviet space 910, 160, 168n20, 171, 180n4, 183, 187, 190, 192193, 195, 196197, 208, 214215, 358, 363, 368369, 371372
pragmatism 203, 210
principled pragmatism 7, 11, 1213, 8687, 8990, 101103, 178179, 202203, 208210, 214, 313, 374, 380
principles
five guiding principles 78, 1213, 1718, 106107, 126, 163164, 201202, 210211, 290, 313, 336, 370375, 378, 380, 381
public diplomacy 12, 314, 325, 326327, 330331, 333, 337338, 364, 365366, 367, 368, 374375
Putin 89, 2022, 29, 38, 4446, 48, 4950, 5354, 60, 77, 81, 9697, 99100, 102103, 117, 158, 160, 202, 226, 302303, 317318, 357, 363364

region-building 180, 182, 187188, 190, 195, 196197, 352353, 354, 363, 364, 368
renewable energy 277280, 281282, 283, 284289
reunification
German reunification 4344
De facto states 178179
resilience
the concept of resilience 7, 10, 5657, 201202, 203206, 207209, 210211, 212215, 216, 372
cyber resilience 235, 239, 247, 248, 249250, 251, 253, 254, 373, 381
energy resilience 217218, 222223, 224, 225226, 231232, 233, 372373
environmental resilience 342344
restrictive measures (see also: sanctions) 56, 8, 11, 12, 1718, 8687, 8891, 9596, 99100, 101102, 104107, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114116, 117118, 119124, 126, 127129, 130132, 134138, 149150, 273274, 277, 283, 285, 289, 322323, 364, 370371
Rosneft 99100n73, 105106, 108, 109112, 114, 119123, 126127, 137139, 282283
Russia
Duma 4546, 263
Federal Migration Service of Russia 193
Foreign Ministry 1920, 266267
Military intelligence unit (gru) 20
Russian-speaking minorities 12, 194
sanctions ( see also restrictive measures )
EU sanctions 6, 78, 11, 1213, 1718, 20, 3839, 41, 4752, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 6061, 62, 6668, 6970, 7374, 7576, 7880, 81, 8384, 8690, 91, 9293, 9496, 98102, 104105, 106107, 110111, 180, 185186, 202203, 218, 221222, 258, 259, 261262, 263, 264, 265, 266267, 275276, 296297, 306308, 309, 322323, 340341, 348, 370371, 374, 376377, 378380
Counter-sanctions 9798
Judicial review 108, 112115, 116117, 118119, 120121, 124129, 130140
US sanctions 226, 229230, 271, 306308
Sberbank 113, 119120, 131132
selective engagement 10, 11, 5152, 61, 207, 216, 217218, 220, 255, 259, 275276, 277, 278279, 280281, 283284, 290, 291, 309, 349350, 367, 372374, 380
shared neighbourhood 4, 141, 203, 363364, 371372, 375376
South Ossetia 34, 165167, 173n45, 174, 176177, 180, 190191, 202
Steinmeier formula 2830, 3233, 36, 3739, 4445, 5152n26
strategic narrative 6265, 66, 67, 6869, 70, 71, 73, 74, 7580, 8184
Strategic Partnership
EU-Russia 12, 4, 12, 107, 364365, 375376
EU-China 305, 306308
Technical Assistance for Newly Independent States (tacis) 315, 316, 318
Trans-European Mobility Programme for University Studies (tempus) 352, 354356, 357, 359360, 362, 365, 367368
Transnistria 165167, 176177, 180
TurkStream 222, 225, 226, 231
Ukraine
Constitution 118
constitutional reform 2021, 24, 3536, 3839, 66
eastern Ukraine 6, 7, 8, 10, 1721, 2426, 30, 34, 3738, 41, 46, 54, 58, 70, 7879, 8688, 104105, 118, 130, 175, 211, 257258, 380
Ukrainian crisis 5, 6, 78, 1011, 12, 4042, 43, 4546, 47, 5052, 53, 5758, 59, 60, 67, 68, 71, 74, 216217, 218, 340, 341, 348, 373, 374, 375377, 378379, 380
United Nations (UN) 74, 169170, 172173, 203204, 210, 273274, 275
Charter 8687, 8889, 9798, 100101, 121
Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos) 228, 291, 301302
General Assembly 1718, 8687n3, 267268, 271
High Commissioner for Refugees (unhcr) 272
Peacekeeping 38
Security Council 2728, 5556, 112, 120121, 268, 269
United States (US) 1820, 24, 34, 4546, 47, 4950, 52, 57, 61, 6465, 66, 69, 71, 73, 8183, 8687, 8991, 9495, 9698, 102103, 180, 202, 220221, 222223, 229, 237238, 259, 263264, 266267, 268, 271, 275, 291, 304, 305307, 308309, 315316, 324325, 346, 365, 373374, 379
Velvet Revolution 143144, 159, 161162
visa
bans 180, 182183, 185187
dialogue 56, 91, 104105, 107
diplomacy 10, 181182, 183, 187188, 189, 190192, 194, 195, 196197, 372
facilitation 182184, 272, 372
liberalisation 159, 181188, 189, 194, 372
visa-free regime 182, 184185, 188191, 193, 196, 202, 260262, 264, 274275
World Trade Organisation (wto) 89, 9899, 100101, 105106, 120123, 153155, 202, 220221, 223, 224225, 295
Yanukovych 5, 4748, 6465, 132134
Zelenskiy 2830, 3233, 3638, 60
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Principled Pragmatism in Practice

The EU’s Policy towards Russia after Crimea

Series:  Studies in EU External Relations, Volume: 19

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