Figures

1.1 Govert Camphuysen. Stockholm Castle from south-west. 1661, oil on canvas, 440 × 880 cm. Stockholm, City Museum, SSM11700. The Queens apartment is in the right part of the building, with an easy access to the gardens below. On the outside of the wall there is the den for the lion that had come from Prague in 1649 together with the rest of the war booty. Image Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slottet_Tre_Kronor_1661.jpg 34

1.2 Detail from the plan of the Stockholm Castle by Jean de la Vallée, 1654. Detail that shows the Queen’s apartment on the top floor of the Stockholm Castle after the extensions in 1640 and the fire of 1648. The rooms 29–33 did not exist in Marie Eleonor’s time. Image Source: Stockholms slotts historia, ed. Martin Olsson, Vol 1 (Stockholm: Norstedt & Söner, 1940–1941) 35

1.3 Jakob Heinrich Elbfas. Queen Christina. ca. 1635, oil on canvas, 164 × 110 cm. Stockholm, Nationalmuseum, NMGrh 504. Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kristina,_1626-1689,_drottning_av_Sverige_(Jacob_Heinrich_Elbfas)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15174.tif 42

1.4 Map of Stockholm. 1625. Stockholm, City Archive, HK00103. In the center is the City Islet. The blue arrow is pointing from the City Islet to Blasius’ Islet, showing the angle from which the painting in fig. 3 was painted. Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stockholmskarta_1500-1600-talet.jpg 43

1.5 Hieronymus Scholeus. Stockholm. ca. 1580, hand colored print, in: Georg Braun and Franz Hogenberg, Civitates Orbis Terrarum, Liber 4, first published in 1588. Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stockholm-1570_Braun-Hogenberg_Civitates-orbis-terrarum.jpg 44

1.6 View of Blasieholmen, Engraving by Johannes van den Aveelen from 1698 after a drawing by Willem Swidde from before 1692. In: Erik Dahlbergh, Suecia antiqua et hodierna (Stockholm: 1717). Image source: Stockholm, Kungliga biblioteket. Sign. KoB Dahlb. I:34 Ex. I 48

1.7 Queen Christina’s triumphal arch. Engraving by Jean Marot after a drawing by Erik Dahlbergh, made at the time of Christina’s visit to Stockholm 1660. The print is dedicated to the Queen. In: Erik Dahlbergh, Suecia antiqua et hodierna (Stockholm: 1717). Image source: Stockholm, Kungliga biblioteket, Sign. KoB Dahlb. I:29 Ex. I. 51

1.8 Jakob Heinrich Elbfas. Queen Christina. 1641, oil on canvas, 162 × 93 cm. Stockholm, City Hall. Image source: Bilder av Kristina. Drottning av Sverige – drottning i Rom, Livrustkammaren, Stockholm 2013 53

1.9 Jeremias Falck. Queen Christina (after a painting by David Beck). 1649, engraving, 31.6 × 22.1 cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, RP-P-OB-50.567. Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portret_van_Christina_I_van_Zweden,_RP-P-OB-50.567.jpg 55

1.10 David Beck. Queen Christina. 1650, oil on canvas, 110 × 92 cm. Stockholm, Nationalmuseum, NM 308. Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Christina_of_Sweden_(1626,_1689)_(David_Beck)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_17258.tif 57

1.11 David Beck. Queen Christina. 1650, oil on copper, 23 × 17.3 cm. Stockholm, The Royal Armoury, Stockholm, LRK 24726. Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Porträtt_av_Drottning_Kristina,_målat_av_hovmålare_David_Beck_(ca_1650)_-_Livrustkammaren_-_91525.tif 59

1.12 Sébastien Bourdon. Queen Christina. 1653, oil on canvas, 72 × 58 cm. Stockholm, Nationalmuseum, NM 1072. Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Swedish_queen_Drottning_Kristina_portrait_by_Sébastien_Bourdon_stor.jpg 63

1.13 Sébastien Bourdon. Queen Christina. 1654, oil on canvas, 340 × 303 cm. Madrid, Prado Museum, P001503. Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cristina_de_Suecia_a_caballo_(Bourdon).jpg 64

1.14 Copy after Abraham Wuchters. Queen Christina. 1661, oil on canvas, 694 × 1000 cm. Skokloster Castle, SKO 615. Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Porträtt._Drottning_Kristina._Wuchters_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_47811.tif 69

2.1 Anonym. Column donated by Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg on the way to the pilgrimage church in Mariabrunn (Austria), 1685. Vienna. © Marion Romberg 72

2.2a Bartholomäus Kilian after Johann Ulrich Mayr. Half-length portrait of Eleonor Magdalene. 1676, signed and dated, engraving, 27.9 × 18.5 cm (plate), 29.2 × 20.2 cm (sheet). Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Bildarchiv, PORT_00051712_01 80

2.2b Austrian (attr.). Three-quarter length portrait of Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg. ca. 1676, oil on canvas, 108 × 83.5 cm. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, GG 5617. © KHM-Museumsverband 80

2.3a Johann Martin Lerch. Three-quarter-length portrait of Eleonor Magdalene in front of a window. ca. 1676, signed, engraving, 17.3 × 11.8 cm (sheet). Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Bildarchiv, PORT_00051717_01 83

2.3b Johann Martin Lerch. Three-quarter-length portrait of Eleonor Magdalene holding a portrait medallion of Leopold I in her right hand. ca. 1676, signed, engraving, 24.4 × 16.4 cm (sheet). Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Bildarchiv, PORT_00051706_01 86

2.4 Johann Permann. Obverse: Portrait of Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, reverse: Emblem. ca. 1676, signed, bronze-gilt, 37.18 g, 55 mm. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, MK 11814/1914B. © KHM-Museumsverband 89

2.5a Anonym. Obverse: Portrait of Eleonor Magdalene, reverse: Portrait of Leopold I. ca. 1676, silver, 3.01 g, 17.2 mm. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, MK 11523/1914B. © KHM-Museumsverband 91

2.5b Anonym. Obverse: Double Portrait of Leopold I and Eleonor Magdalene, reverse: Inscription. ca. 1676, silver, 2.51 g, 17.3 mm. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, MK 134063. © KHM-Museumsverband 91

2.5c Anonym. Obverse: Portrait of Eleonor Magdalene, reverse: Leopold I. ca. 1676, silver, 0.9 g, 11.4 mm. Nuremberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Münzkabinett, Med15763 92

2.6 Anonym. Broadsheet on the wedding of 1676 and marriage pact between Spain and Austria in 1676. Engraving, 40.6 × 29.8 cm (sheet). Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, F000.156-B 93

2.7 Matthäus Küsel. Allegorical sheet on the birth of Joseph. 1678, signed and dated, engraving, 46.5 × 31.6 cm (sheet). Coburg, Kunstsammlungen der Veste Coburg, II,373,123 99

2.8a Anonym. Obverse: Portrait of Leopold I, reverse: Portrait of Eleonor Magdalene. ca. 1678, gold, 43.1 g, 41 mm. Heidelberg, Kurpfälzisches Museum der Stadt Heidelberg / Foto Renate J.Deckers-Matzko, M3744 102

2.8b Anonym. Obverse: Portrait of Eleonor Magdalene, reverse: Allegory. ca. 1678, bronze, 50 mm. Vienna, Wien Museum, 237688 102

2.9a Anonym. Obverse: Portrait of Eleonor Magdalene, reverse: Allegory. ca. 1690, silver, 44.6 g, 48 mm. Heidelberg, Kurpfälzisches Museum der Stadt Heidelberg / Foto Knut Gattner, M3762 103

2.9b Anonym. Allegorical sheet on the birth of Leopold Joseph. 1682, dated, etching, 65.4 × 40.5 cm (sheet). Coburg, Kunstsammlungen der Veste Coburg, XIII, 106,215 104

2.10 Anonym. Broadsheet on the Hungarian coronation of Joseph in 1687. engraving, 42 × 50.2 cm. Vienna, Albertina, DG 2018/150 112

2.11 Anonym. Broadsheet on the victory over the Ottoman Empire in 1683. engraving, 28 × 31.7 cm (sheet). Vienna, Wien Museum, 163.635 116

3.1 Matthaeus Donner. Gnadenmedaille of Maria Theresa. S.d. (1745–1765), gold, 103.42 g, 68 × 60 mm. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, MK 1853bβ. © KHM-Museumsverband 149

3.2 Matthaeus Donner. Commemorative medal on the Hungarian coronation of Maria Theresa in 1741. Gold, 69.75 g, 44.2 mm. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, MK 1885bβ. © KHM-Museumsverband 150

3.3 Anton Wideman. Medal of the foundation stone of the new built barracks in Vienna in 1751. Gold, 69.66 g, 48.8 mm. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, MK 1715bβ. © KHM-Museumsverband 150

3.4 Adam Rudolf Werner. Medal on the care about military in 1743. Tin, 37.79 g, 43.5 mm. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, MK 6207/1914B. © KHM-Museumsverband 151

3.5 Johann Leonhard Oexlein. Commemorative medal on the birth of Archduke Leopold (II) in 1747. Silver, 21.8 g, 40.7 mm. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, MK 1711bβ. © KHM-Museumsverband 151

3.6 Anonym. Maria Theresa, thaler. 1757, silver, 28.06 g, 41.8 mm. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, MK 137268. © KHM-Museumsverband 152

3.7 Matthaeus Donner. Medal on the visit of Emperor Franz I Stephan in the Hungarian mines in 1751. Gold, 10.42 g, 29.2 mm. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, MK 1678bβ. © KHM-Museumsverband 152

3.8 Jean Dassier. Medal on the sovereignty of Maria Theresa. 1743, gold, 123.79 g, 54.6 mm. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, MK 1855bβ. © KHM-Museumsverband 153

3.9 Anton Wideman. Medal on the wedding of Archduchess Maria Karolina with Ferdinand IV, King of Naples and Sicily. 1768, gold, 34–47 g, 42.4 mm. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, MK 6553bβ. © KHM-Museumsverband 153

3.10 Martin Krafft. Commemorative medal on the recovery of Maria Theresa from the pillbox in 1767. Gold, 104.35 g, 57.8 mm. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, MK 1688bβ. © KHM-Museumsverband 154

3.11 Johann Nepomuk Würth. Medal on the peace agreement of Teschen (Cieszyn) in 1779. Gold, 52.27 g, 45.9 mm. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, MK 1828bβ. © KHM-Museumsverband 154

4.1 Joseph Nicolaus Lang. Archduke Ferdinand and Princess Maria Anna of Savoy-Sardinia, Commemorative Medal on their Marriage. 1831. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, MK 2302bβ. © KHM-Museumsverband 161

4.2 Giuseppe Ferraris. Archduke Ferdinand and Princess Maria Anna of Savoy-Sardinia, Commemorative Medal on their Marriage. 1831. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, MK 6472bβ. © KHM-Museumsverband 161

4.3 K. Stadler. Crown Prince Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Maria Anna of Savoy-Sardinia. Ca. 1630s, signed, oil on wood, 17.5 × 22.5 cm. Private collection. Image source: Wikimedia Public Domain 164

4.4 Austrian Almanac “Austria” or Oesterreichischer Universal-Kalender for the common year 1846, with a lithographed board “Medals and Coins of his Majesty Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria”, Vienna 1846. Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Bildarchiv Austria, 266236-C.7.1846 176

4.5 Joseph Daniel Boehm. Empress Maria Anna, Medals of the Bohemian Coronation in Prague. 1836. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, MK 2353bβ. © KHM-Museumsverband 177

4.6 Peter Fendi. Sketch for the Portrait of Empress Maria Anna. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, MK MO 449. © KHM-Museumsverband 178

4.7 Joseph Daniel Boehm. Emperor Ferdinand I, Empress Maria Anna, Medals of the Bohemian Coronation in Prague. 1836. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, MK left to right 2347bβ, 2348bβ; 2353bβ, 2354bβ; 627aβ, 628aβ; 629aβ; 630aβ. © KHM-Museumsverband 180

4.8 Johann Michael Scharff. Empress Maria Anna, Medals for the Protectorate of the St. Anna Children’s Hospital. 1847. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, MK 2347bβ. © KHM-Museumsverband 183

4.9 August Ludwig Held after a draft of Gottfried Bernhard Loos. Emperor Ferdinand I, Empress Maria Anna, Commemorative Medal on the Coronation in Prague. 1836. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, MK 2352bβ. © KHM-Museumsverband 185

4.10 August Ludwig Held after a draft of Gottfried Bernhard Loos. Emperor Ferdinand I, Empress Maria Anna, Commemorative Medal on the Coronation in Milan. 1838. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, MK 2368bβ. © KHM-Museumsverband 186

4.11 Joseph Lerch of Lerchenau. Emperor Ferdinand I, Empress Maria Anna, Commemorative medal on the Arrival of the Imperial Couple in Bohemia. 1835. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, MK 673/1914B. © KHM-Museumsverband 186

5.1 Front page of Illustrirtes Wiener Extrablatt, 4 April 1875. Vienna, ANNO/Österreichische Nationalbibliothek 190

5.2 Franz Xaver Winterhalter. Queen Victoria. 1843, oil on canvas, 64.8 × 53.3 cm. London, Royal Collection, RCIN 406010. Royal Collection Trust / © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2019 197

5.3 John Wesley Livingston (attr.). The Prince Consort’s Writing Room – looking west. 1867–80, albumen print, 22.2 × 28.2 cm. London, Royal Collection, RCIN 2402853. Royal Collection Trust / © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2019 200

5.4 William Essex. Queen Victoria. 1843, enamel on gold, 9 × 7.8 cm. London, Royal Collection, RCIN 422065. Royal Collection Trust / © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2019 201

5.5 Franz Xaver Winterhalter. The Royal Family in 1846. 1846, oil on canvas, 250.5 × 317.3 cm. London, Royal Collection, RCIN 405413. Royal Collection Trust / © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2019 203

5.6 Anonym. Photography of a glass plate showing Franz Xaver Winterhalter: Empress Elisabeth of Austria with knotted hair, 1864, oil on canvas, 122 × 100 cm. 1 January 1864, photography. Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Bildarchiv, 00454494 207

5.7 Franz Xaver Winterhalter. Empress Elisabeth of Austria with loose hair. 1864, oil on canvas, 158 × 117 cm. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, GG 9142. © KHM-Museumsverband 207

5.8 Theodor Zasch. Kaiser Franz Joseph I. in his study. 1897, autotypie, in: Max Herzig, ed., Viribus unitis – Das Buch vom Kaiser (Budapest, Wien, Leipzig: Verlag von Max Herzig, 1898), 28, Vienna, ANNO/Österreichische Nationalbibliothek 209

5.9 Front page of Das Interessante Blatt, 29 September 1898. Vienna, ANNO/Österreichische Nationalbibliothek 211

6.1 Achille Sirouy after Edouard Vienot. Empress Eugénie as the Leader of France’s Charitable Institutions. Ca. 1866–1867, lithograph, 77.3 × 53.6 cm. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, cabinet des estampes et de la photographie 217

6.2 Comte Alfred-Emilien de Nieuwerkerke. Empress Eugénie. 1853, plaster, height 61 cm. Versailles, châteaux de Versailles et de Trianon 222

6.3 Edouard-Louis Dubufe. Empress Eugénie. 1853, oil on canvas, 148 × 112 cm. Compiègne, château de Compiègne 224

6.4 Pierre Désiré Guillemet after Franz Xaver Winterhalter. Empress Eugénie. 1856, oil on canvas, 242 × 158 cm. Paris, musée d’Orsay 228

6.5 André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri (attr.). Grand Salon Carré (France), from photo album Exposition Universelle des Beaux-Arts 1855, Avenue Montaigne. 1855, photograph on albumen paper, 28 × 60 cm. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, cabinet des estampes et de la photographie 231

6.6 Franz Xaver Winterhalter. The Empress Eugénie surrounded by her Ladies-in-waiting. 1855, oil on canvas, 300 × 420 cm. Musée national du château de Compiègne 231

6.7 Franz Xaver Winterhalter. Empress Eugénie. 1854, oil on canvas, 130.8 × 96.5 cm. Houston, Museum of Fine Arts; museum purchase with funds provided by the Agnes Cullen Arnold Endowment Fund 232

6.8 Pierre-Ambroise Richebourg. Salon of 1857, view of a room. photograph on albumen paper, 22.2 × 32.5 cm. Paris, musée d’Orsay. © RMN-Grand Palais/Hervé Lewandowski 239

6.9 Franz Xaver Winterhalter. Empress Eugénie in profile. 1861, oil on canvas, 56.5 × 46 cm. Thurgau, Schloss Arenenberg 242

6.10 Franz Xaver Winterhalter. Empress Eugénie seated in an ornate chair. 1862, oil on canvas, 229 × 146 cm. Madrid, Palacio di Liria 245

7.1 Postcard commemorating Emperor Nicholas II’s state visit to France in 1896, erroneously including portrait of his mother rather than Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. Manufactured by Seughol & Magdelin, Paris, n.d. Author’s collection 259

7.2 Sergei Levitsky. Empress of Russia Alexandra Feodorovna. Manufactured by Neurdein Frères, postally used in 1903. Author’s collection 260

7.3 Postcard commemorating 1901 state visit, showing portraits of Nicholas II, Alexandra Feodorovna and French President Loubet. Manufactured by K. Le Deley, Paris, n.d. Author’s collection 262

7.4 Postcard commemorating military review in Bétheny, part of the 1901 state visit, with portraits of Nicholas II, Alexandra Feodorovna and Loubet. No manufacturer listed. Mailed from France to Germany, 25 September 1901. Author’s collection 262

7.5 Postcard commemorating 1901 state visit, showing portraits of Nicholas II, Alexandra Feodorovna, Alexander III, Loubet, Félix Faure and Sadie Carnot. Manufactured by “Le Cartophile,” Paris, n.d. Author’s collection 263

7.6 Postcard commemorating 1909 visit by Russian monarchs to Cherbourg. Manufactured by Cliché Branger, n.d. Author’s collection 266

7.7 Sergei Levitsky. The Russian Imperial Family. Manufactured by Neurdein Frères, postally used 19 September 1901. Author’s collection 267

7.8 Mille. Marriage of Money. No manufacturer or date listed. Author’s collection 273

7.9 Orens. Caricature mocking Nicholas II’s lack of male heir. No manufacturer listed. Dated given in design is March 1903. Author’s collection 275

7.10 G. Bigoty. A good gardiner – Specialist in Duchess pears. No manufacturer or date listed. Author’s collection 275

8.1 Alexander Bassano. Queen Victoria. 1887, gelatin silver print, 19.1 × 12.6 cm (image). Royal Collection, RCIN 2507461. Royal Collection Trust © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2019 295

8.2 Peter Grugeon, Queen Elizabeth II. 1975, bromide print, 25.3 × 24.4 cm. London, National Portrait Gallery, Photographs Collection, NPG x134731. © photograph by Peter Grugeon, Camera Press London 295

8.3 Andy Warhol. Queen Elizabeth II. 1985, silkscreen print, 100 × 80 cm. London, National Portrait Gallery, NPG 5882(2). © The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. / Bildrecht, Wien 2020 299

Graphs

1 The origin of 212 different types of medals struck for Maria Theresa by percentage 126

2 Topics and origins of Maria Theresa’s medals in numbers of different medal types (total: 212) 128