see alsoAntonius, patriarch of Grado
;
Basil of Caesarea
;
Claudius of Turin
;
Clement of Alexandria
;
Constantine of Cyprus
;
Constantine of Nakoleia
;
Emilian of Cyzicus
;
emperors: and the Church
;
Epiphanius of Salamis
;
Euthymios of Sardis
;
Gregory of Neokaisareia
;
Gregory of Nyssa
;
iconoclasts: in episcopacy
;
John of Synada
;
Leontios of Neapolis
;
Michael of Synada
;
orthodoxy
;
patriarch of Alexandria
;
patriarch of Antioch
;
patriarch of Constantinople
;
patriarch of Jerusalem
;
popes and the papacy
;
Theophylact of Nicomedia
;
Thomas of Klaudiopolis
see alsoCharlemagne
;
Claudius of Turin
;
Council of Frankfurt (794)
;
Council of Gentilly (767)
;
Council of Paris (825)
;
Dungal of Pavia
;
iconoclasm in the West
;
Jonas of Orleans
;
Louis the Pious
;
Pippin
;
Theodulf of Orleans
see alsoConstantine v: the Peuseis
;
Council of Hiereia
;
heresy
;
iconoclasm, causes of
;
John of Damascus
;
Monophysites and Monophysitism
;
Monotheletes and Monotheletism
;
Nestorians and Nestorianism
;
Nikephoros, patriarch
;
orthodoxy
;
Theodore the Studite
chronicles
60–61, 145, 184, 192–208, 510–513
see alsoAgapios
;
Chronicle of Zuqnīn
;
Chronicle of 811
;
Genesios, Joseph
;
George Synkellos
;
George the Monk
;
Maronite Chronicle
;
Michael the Syrian
;
Scriptor Incertus
;
Symeon Logothetes
;
Pseudo-Symeon Magistros
;
Theophanes the Confessor
;
Theophanes Continuatus
;
Theophilus of Edessa
and the iconoclasts
232, 241, 343, 365, 464–483, 491–493
“ethical theory” of iconoclasts
67, 88, 92–93, 365, 471, 492–493
see alsoCult of Relics
;
icons: of saints
;
icon veneration
;
Sleep of the Soul
;
Theodore of Sykeon
Cult of the Virgin Mary
8, 17, 24, 90–93, 178, 258, 326, 328, 343, 359, 361–362, 404, 466–472, 477, 481, 548
see alsoConstantinople: Blachernai church, church of Virgin of the Chalkoprateia, and church of Virgin of the Pharos
;
icons: of the Virgin
;
Nicaea: Koimesis Church
Cyclades
203, 342
Cyprian of Carthage
116, 119n40
Cyprus
234, 337, 411–412, 487, 555
see alsoConstantine of Cyprus
;
George of Cyprus
;
Leontios of Neapolis
model of Constantine i16, 18–19, 28, 31–32, 35, 78, 105, 329
model of Justinian i6n8, 16, 22, 28–29, 35, 105
see alsoAnastasius i
;
Anastasius ii
;
Basil i
;
coins
;
Constans ii
;
Constantine i
;
Constantine ii
;
Constantine iv
;
Constantine v
;
Constantine vi
;
Heraclius
;
Irene
;
Justin ii
;
Justinian i
;
Justinian ii
;
Leo iii
;
Leo iv
;
Leo v
;
Maurice
;
Michael i
;
Michael ii
;
Michael iii
;
Nikephoros i
;
Philippicus Bardanes
;
seals
;
Theodora
;
Theophilos
;
Tiberius ii
;
Tiberius iii
Ephesus
18, 160, 301, 311–315
Epiphanius of Salamis
51, 137–138, 141n81, 234, 239n36, 410
See also Life of Athanasia of Aegina
;
Life of Eudocimus the Righteous
;
Life of Euthymius of Sardes
;
Life of George of Amastris
;
Life of Ioannikios
;
Life of the neo-martyr Romanus
;
Life of Nicetas of Medikion
;
Life of Niketas the Patrician
;
Life of Patriarch Nikephoros
;
Life of Patriarch Tarasios
;
Life of Peter of Atroa
;
Life of Philaretos
;
Life of Philotheus of Opsikion
;
Life of Stephen the Younger
;
Life of Theophanes the Confessor
;
Pratum Spirituale
see alsoChristology
;
Monophysites and Monophysitism
;
Monotheletes and Monotheletism
;
Nestorians and Nestorianism
;
orthodoxy
Hisham
32–33, 329, 513, 519
histories
60–61, 192–193, 208–218
chronicles; iconophiles: as creators/rewriters of sources; History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria; Łewond; Liber Pontificalis; Patriarch Nikephoros: Short History
significance of
4–7, 9, 12–15, 75–77, 103–106, 366–367, 369, 395–397
whitewashing
69, 264–267, 334, 355
see alsoChalke icon
;
Christology
;
the Cross
;
Cult of Relics
;
Cult of Saints
;
Cult of the Virgin Mary
;
emperors
;
the Eucharist
;
heresy
;
iconoclasts
;
iconomachy
;
iconophiles
;
icon veneration
;
idols and idolatry
;
Orthodox Church
;
orthodoxy
;
orthopraxy
;
Triumph of Orthodoxy
iconoclasm in Armenia
94
iconoclasm in China
94, 490–491
iconoclasm in the Caliphate
14, 83–84, 94, 96–97, 204, 211, 337, 453, 497–537
see alsoMuslims and Islam
;
Qur’an
;
Yazid ii
iconoclasm in the West
94–95, 98–99, 137–138, 143, 538–543
see alsoCarolingians
;
Claudius of Turin
;
popes and the papacy
;
Serenus of Marseilles
that novel, non-traditional and against Church Fathers
81, 349, 350, 353, 420–421, 437, 456
that Christian worship should be spiritual not material
12, 81–82, 239, 432
that encouraged erroneous/superstitious practices
79, 251, 391, 426
that heretical as against Orthodox Christology
34–35, 64, 74, 85, 230–231, 352–354, 360, 365, 418–419, 442, 566
that icons dangerous as unblessed and outside Church control
7–8, 10, 59, 86, 91, 231, 346, 420–421
that idols and idolatry condemned in Old Testament
1, 8, 12, 34, 71–74, 80–83, 83, 89, 91, 231, 248, 330–331, 334–335, 362, 373, 384, 388, 344–353, 403, 410, 418, 438, 440, 561, 566
that superfluous and useless
79, 82, 87, 231, 251, 420
that true icon of Christ the Eucharist
8, 86, 89, 91, 231–232, 352, 362, 365, 418–421, 441–442, 566
in army
5, 7, 38, 75–78, 203, 342–343, 360, 364, 378–379, 387
in the episcopacy and clergy
4, 14, 65, 71, 73, 77–79, 233, 235–236, 247–248, 255, 330–334, 345–346, 352–355, 364, 373, 378–379, 382–383, 389–390, 396
monks
79, 253–254, 364, 383, 465
number of
76–77, 330–332, 364, 382, 394
purged from Church post 843
103
see alsobishops
;
Christology
;
Constantine v
;
Constantine of Nakoleia
;
the Cross
;
Cult of relics
;
Cult of Saints
;
Cult of the Virgin Mary
;
emperors
;
hagiography: “iconoclast”
;
heresy
;
iconoclasm
;
iconophiles
;
idols and idolatry
;
John the Grammarian
;
Leo iii
;
Leo iv
;
Leo v
;
Michael ii
;
Theophilos
iconomachy
7n14, 8–9, 106, 401, 486
iconophiles
2
arguments for icons and icon veneration:
an ancient tradition supported by Church Fathers
64, 77, 81, 84, 86, 88, 234, 243, 246–249, 334, 372, 379–380, 421, 437–438, 456–457, 566–567
supported by Scripture
81, 83, 344, 410, 413, 566
that Christ had defeated idolatry and an insult to deny it
1, 234, 246, 403
that Christians only venerate not worship icons
82–83, 88, 244–245, 334, 404, 406–407, 409–410, 416–417, 437–439, 451–452, 458
that honour paid to image passes to archetype
85–86, 381–382, 405, 415–417, 422–423
that icons represent hypostasis of Christ
89, 244, 429–430, 432–434
that icons one of many types of images ordained by God
84–85, 409, 413–415
that icons represent real holy persons
88, 248, 406, 421, 446
that icons useful for teaching and moving emotions
88, 405, 567
that images united by shared likeness
88, 244–245, 430–432, 442–446
that images united by shared name
88, 234, 246, 255, 429–431, 444–446, 460
that Incarnation made images of Christ possible/necessary
82, 84, 88–89, 402, 405, 408–410, 412, 417–418, 443–444
that Jews/Muslims/pagans the real idolators and one should not support their criticisms
84, 331–334, 349, 384, 412
see alsoGermanos: letters
;
Gregory i
;
Gregory ii: letters
;
Leo iii: letter exchange with Umar ii
;
Letter of the Three Patriarchs
;
Theodore the Studite: letters
see alsoiconoclasts: monks
;
John of Damascus
;
Kassia, abbess
;
Macarius, abbot of Pelekete
;
Methodios, patriarch
;
Nicetas, abbot of Medikion
;
Nicholas Studites
;
Nicholas the hermit
;
Nikephoros, patriarch
;
Peter, abbot of St Sabas
;
Plato of Sakkoudion
;
Sabas, abbot of Stoudios
;
Stephen the Younger
;
Theodore the Stoudite
;
Theodore Graptos
;
Theophanes Graptos
;
Theophanes the Confessor
;
Thomas, abbot
see alsoChristology
;
Councils
;
the Cross
;
Cult of Relics
;
Cult of Saints
;
Cult of the Virgin Mary
;
Feast Orthodoxy
;
heresy
;
Orthodox Church
;
Synodikon of Orthodoxy
;
Triumph of Orthodoxy
see alsoCouncil of Nicaea, Second (787)
;
Council of Rome (731)
;
Council of Rome (769)
;
Felix iv
;
Gregory i
;
Gregory ii
;
Gregory iii
;
Hadrian i
;
Honorius i
;
Italy
;
Leo iii, pope
;
Leo iv, pope
;
Martin i
;
Nicholas i
;
Paschal i
;
Paul i
;
Pelagius ii
;
Rome
;
Sergius i
;
Stephen ii
;
Zacharias