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Index

Abd al-Malik 2830, 503507, 513, 519, 523, 531532, 534
Abbasids 33, 35, 37, 4042, 78, 97, 455, 457, 528529
see also Al-Mahdi ; Al-Ma’mun ; Al-Mu’tasim ; Al-Mutawakkil ; Harun al-Rashid
acheiropoieta see icons: acheiropoieta
Acts of John 115, 136
Adoptionism 555, 559
Adversus Constantinum Caballinum (Against Constantine the Horseshit/Horseman) 240242, 244n55, 249n74, 383384, 467470, 477
Africa, North 21, 27, 29, 33, 40, 541, 563
Agapios 202205, 223, 340
Agathias 154, 158159, 168169
Akroinon, battle of 33, 350
Alcuin 552553
Alexandria 165
see also Egypt ; patriarch of Alexandria
Al-Mahdi 528
Al-Ma’mun 41
Al-Mu’tasim 41
Al-Mutawakkil 532
altars 12, 44, 53, 92, 104, 115, 118119, 173, 223, 354, 362, 387, 478, 500, 568569
see also churches ; Cult of Relics ; the Eucharist
Al-Walid i 505, 507
Al-Walid ii 529, 531
Amorion 41, 80, 369, 392
Anastasios, patriarch 334, 339, 341, 345, 356
Anastasius i 337, 345n89
Anastasius ii 30
Anastasius Bibliothecarius 206, 209, 212, 376377
Anastasius of Sinai 273, 459, 474475, 479, 529
Anatolia 5, 27, 35, 40, 148, 166, 185, 187, 351, 368, 373
Andrew Kalybites 357, 359, 485
Angilbert 552, 554, 560
Anna, daughter of Leo iii 31
Antioch 139, 157
see also patriarch of Antioch ; Syria
Antonius, patriarch of Grado 99, 544, 546547
Anthony of Sylaion 379n52, 386
Arabs and the Conquests 810, 14, 2633, 7275, 149, 156, 206, 235, 326, 329, 338, 340344, 347350, 412, 472, 537
warfare with Byzantium post 740 3538, 4042, 75, 78, 80, 351, 363, 368369, 392
see also Muslims and Islam
Aristotle 48, 104, 122, 435
use by iconophiles 11, 14, 8889, 425, 431, 433, 444447
Armenia 8, 28, 94, 211
Army 21, 2324, 27, 2933, 35, 39, 490
Anatolikon 31, 33, 41, 369, 385386
Armeniakon 31, 368
Opsikion 30, 35, 7778, 343, 351, 368
Tagmata 35, 38, 7778, 351, 364, 378
Thrakesian 362, 487
See also iconoclasts: in army ; kastra and fortifications
Arnobius 122, 138
Arsaber 198
Artabasdos 31, 33, 342343, 351, 356
asceticism see monks and monasticism
Asia Minor see Anatolia
Augustine of Hippo 140141, 541, 570
Avars 2324, 145
Balkans 23, 28, 36, 3841, 76, 370
see also Avars ; Bulgars ; Greece ; Slavs ; Thessalonica
Basil i 237, 372, 562, 564
Basil of Caesarea 52, 81, 85, 139140, 405, 410, 415417, 420, 422423, 479, 541, 565
Bede 99, 335, 538, 545, 565566
Berbers 33
bishops 4, 14, 1719, 2122, 52, 56, 59, 65, 73, 7779, 86, 130, 138139, 143, 149151, 154, 163170, 185187, 230, 233, 235237, 243, 246248, 255, 257, 333, 338, 345346, 352354, 357, 364, 373, 378379, 386391, 394, 396, 411, 418, 422, 426, 472473, 476, 482, 518, 520, 528
see also Antonius, patriarch of Grado ; Basil of Caesarea ; Claudius of Turin ; Clement of Alexandria ; Constantine of Cyprus ; Constantine of Nakoleia ; Emilian of Cyzicus ; emperors: and the Church ; Epiphanius of Salamis ; Euthymios of Sardis ; Gregory of Neokaisareia ; Gregory of Nyssa ; iconoclasts: in episcopacy ; John of Synada ; Leontios of Neapolis ; Michael of Synada ; orthodoxy ; patriarch of Alexandria ; patriarch of Antioch ; patriarch of Constantinople ; patriarch of Jerusalem ; popes and the papacy ; Theophylact of Nicomedia ; Thomas of Klaudiopolis
Bithynia 186, 195, 253, 357, 378, 391, 427, 543, 545
Boris-Michael i, king of Bulgaria 378
Buddhists and Buddhism 94, 490491
Bulgars 28, 3031, 36, 3840, 76, 78, 351, 363, 368, 371, 383, 385
see also Krum
Calabria 36, 376
Callixtus, pope 124
Carolingians 36, 3839, 78, 206207, 370, 396
and Byzantine iconoclasm 98102, 250252, 367, 384, 538, 548555, 557561, 567570
see also Charlemagne ; Claudius of Turin ; Council of Frankfurt (794) ; Council of Gentilly (767) ; Council of Paris (825) ; Dungal of Pavia ; iconoclasm in the West ; Jonas of Orleans ; Louis the Pious ; Pippin ; Theodulf of Orleans
Cassiodorus 212
Celsus 51, 118, 121
Chalke icon 56, 11, 62, 68, 72, 7879, 197, 203204, 275277, 340343, 385, 387388, 543
see also iconoclasm, Byzantine ; icons ; Leo iii ; Trier ivory
Charlemagne 3839, 78, 250, 368369, 381, 551554, 557, 560, 568
churches 17, 51, 53, 5759, 6970, 79, 84, 97104, 130, 135143, 148, 158, 165183, 205, 216, 223, 262, 283321, 334340, 353355, 366, 381, 451, 453, 455457, 468, 470, 479483, 507, 511, 515523, 526527, 535, 538539, 542, 545, 547549, 558, 564, 566
see also Constantinople ; Nicaea ; iconoclasm in the Caliphate ; icons ; Rome ; Thessalonica
Christology 5, 79, 14, 1718, 2122, 26, 3435, 52, 59, 64, 74, 82, 85, 88, 136, 151, 154, 166, 180183, 187, 230232, 251, 352, 380, 411412, 417419, 423424, 429435, 441444, 452453, 456
see also Constantine v: the Peuseis ; Council of Hiereia ; heresy ; iconoclasm, causes of ; John of Damascus ; Monophysites and Monophysitism ; Monotheletes and Monotheletism ; Nestorians and Nestorianism ; Nikephoros, patriarch ; orthodoxy ; Theodore the Studite
chronicles 6061, 145, 184, 192208, 510513
see also Agapios ; Chronicle of Zuqnīn ; Chronicle of 811 ; Genesios, Joseph ; George Synkellos ; George the Monk ; Maronite Chronicle ; Michael the Syrian ; Scriptor Incertus ; Symeon Logothetes ; Pseudo-Symeon Magistros ; Theophanes the Confessor ; Theophanes Continuatus ; Theophilus of Edessa
Chronicle of Zuqnīn 202, 509510, 513
Chronicle of 811 371
Chronicle of 1234 202203
Chrysopolis 368, 387
cities 17, 2425, 145, 163, 241, 332, 368, 481, 516
see also Alexandria ; Amorion ; Antioch ; Chrysopolis ; Constantinople ; Edessa ; Ephesus ; Jerusalem ; Rome ; Thessalonica
Claudius of Turin 98, 101, 540543, 560, 564, 569
Clement of Alexandria 50, 110, 116123
climate change 2324
coinage 2934, 39, 41, 49, 6869, 89, 9597, 261, 277282, 320, 366, 374375, 500506, 514, 531533
Christ on 2930, 56, 104, 246n66, 278, 347348, 374, 503
miliaresion 31, 39, 278279, 281, 328
communion see the Eucharist
Constans ii 2628, 337
Typos, the 2728
Constantine i 3, 16, 1819, 28, 3132, 35, 105, 130, 133, 136, 243, 300, 329, 421, 551, 557
Constantine iv 28, 281
Constantine v
and iconoclasm 56, 89, 14, 64, 66, 7475, 85, 87, 89, 105, 179, 195, 210, 236, 238, 247248, 253, 326, 333, 350366, 374, 383, 390, 401, 408, 421, 440, 465, 483, 485, 546547, 551, 566
Peuseis, the 64, 231232, 242243, 248249, 352, 402403, 418420, 434, 441442, 447, 449450, 466467
and law 35, 346, 489
and martial victory 365
wars with Arabs 3536, 75, 351, 363
wars with Bulgars 36, 7576, 351, 363
and monks 9, 66, 75, 9293, 253, 243, 248, 256257, 357363, 465, 483490
and Old Testament kingship 35, 346, 348, 365
and papacy 100, 550551
and relics 9293, 360, 465, 477483
and saints 9293, 241, 360, 365, 465477
and the Cross 34, 69, 211, 283287, 294, 360362, 365366
and the Franks 100, 549
and the Virgin 9293, 241, 360, 466473
as organizer of Leo iv’s marriage to Irene 78
as patron and builder 34, 68, 263264, 303, 351, 361363
baptism and crowning 31, 198, 241, 278, 328, 384
civil war 33, 74, 351, 356
coinage and seals of 33, 278281
in non-iconophile sources 62, 202, 211
marriage to Khazar princess 33
memory/reputation/smearing of 36, 40, 42, 62, 66, 7677, 8788, 103, 195, 199, 217218, 241243, 254, 332333, 350351, 373n19, 383386, 465, 469, 485486
Constantine vi 6, 37, 257n108, 292293, 313, 370, 372, 551, 567
betrothal to daughter of Charlemagne 38, 78
coinage of 3334, 281282
factional fighting with Irene and blinding by 38, 255, 368, 382
marriage and Moechian Controversy 38, 255, 427, 555
Constantine vii 372
Constantine of Cyprus 250, 555
Constantine of Nakoleia 65, 71, 204, 235236, 330331, 333, 339, 345, 403, 543
Constantine of Tios 480482
Constantine, patriarch 358
Constantinople 1516, 26, 2833, 154, 161, 212218, 263264
and iconoclasm 5, 3435, 77, 84, 207, 233, 239, 253254, 335, 341, 352, 360362, 378379, 393, 425, 440, 455456, 462463, 510
and relics 20, 2425, 32, 34, 178, 276, 329, 480
and the Virgin 24, 34, 178179, 361362, 394, 548
aqueduct of Valens 34
churches of 5859, 148, 165166, 178182, 185186, 295
Blachernai 178179, 362, 394
Virgin of the Chalkoprateia 179182, 361362
Virgin of the Pharos 34, 297n87
Hagia Eirene 34, 68, 294298, 300305, 311313, 321, 361
Hagia Sophia 16, 57, 59, 104, 178, 277, 300, 301, 303, 320, 386388, 394, 420, 422
Sekreton of 69, 283285, 320, 360361
Hagios Polyeuktos 165
Holy Apostles 378, 383, 385
environs attacked by Krum in 813 40, 368, 371, 383, 385
Hippodrome 217, 253, 358, 484, 487489
Kynegion 217
Magnaura 375376
Mese 277, 359
Milion 362
monasteries and monks 38, 200, 357358, 376, 391, 427, 464465, 475, 485488, 492
imperial palace 20, 25, 29, 3132, 3435, 80, 149, 329, 332, 338, 386, 388394, 480, 557
Chalke gate 5, 72, 203, 275277, 341, 385, 392, 543
plague of 746–47 23, 36, 356357
siege of 626 24, 55, 145, 163
siege of 717–18 3032, 74, 198, 211, 326328, 349, 514
Council of Chalcedon (451), the 4th Ecumenical 18, 2122, 234, 247, 412, 452453, 456, 462, 482
Council of Constantinople, Second (553), the 5th Ecumenical 22, 149, 249
Council of Constantinople, Third (680–81), the 6th Ecumenical 28, 149, 233n14
Council of Constantinople, Fourth (869–70), the 8th Ecumenical 233n14, 236237
Council of Elvira (305) 134136
Council of Ephesus (431), the 3rd Ecumenical 1718, 431
Council of Frankfurt (794) 101, 250, 381, 554555
Council of Gentilly (767) 100, 548550, 558
Council of Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (815) 87, 232233, 243, 371, 392, 426, 441, 558
Council of Hiereia (754) 56, 14, 6364, 66, 7475, 79, 8587, 99100, 179, 203, 230232, 240243, 248250, 253, 256, 352357, 362, 365366, 369, 372, 376, 378, 385, 390, 392, 396, 401403, 407, 418422, 425, 427, 434, 441, 460, 465467, 472473, 476478, 484, 490, 547, 550552, 555, 566
Council, Lateran (649) 2728, 411
Council of Nicaea, First, the 1st Ecumenical (325) 18, 234, 247, 379
Council of Nicaea, Second (787), the 7th Ecumenical 6, 13, 38, 6364, 71, 7779, 8588, 92, 96, 100101, 157, 195, 204, 210, 212, 222, 230237, 240244, 247, 249254, 259, 285, 292, 330, 332333, 339, 345, 352, 354355, 366, 369, 371386, 390, 394396, 401403, 420, 422425, 427, 440, 454, 462, 468469, 471, 473, 476, 488, 510, 529, 544, 551555, 558559, 561, 569
Council of Paris (825) 101, 540542, 552553
Council, Quinisext or in Trullo 29, 5657, 59, 73, 82, 147156, 163164, 168, 182, 185, 249, 271, 278, 347348, 401402, 405, 445n115
Council of Rome (731) 99, 335, 541, 546547, 551
Council of Rome (769) 100, 375, 546, 550551, 554, 566
Crete 40
Cross, the 1920, 25, 5355, 57, 65, 89, 104, 120, 130, 138, 142, 149, 151153, 163, 165, 267, 273275, 277289, 293298, 304, 381, 420, 422, 445, 448450, 457, 461, 500, 541542, 561, 566, 569570
and the iconoclasts 8, 3134, 6869, 71, 75, 86, 180, 279281, 283287, 294, 320, 326333, 346347, 350, 358, 360362, 365366, 421, 426, 448, 558
attacked by Jews and Muslims 55, 65, 8182, 9697, 331, 349350, 411, 455, 503, 507509, 511, 524, 534535
relic of the True Cross 1920, 24, 32, 34, 81, 211, 329
Cult of Relics 1921, 2426, 3435, 5358, 65, 82, 98, 104, 140, 166, 178, 347, 361, 440, 458, 461
and the iconoclasts 89, 12, 14, 9093, 327329, 343, 365, 464465, 467468, 477483
See also The Cross: relic of the True Cross ; icons: acheiropoieta
Cult of Saints 68, 12, 14, 2021, 2426, 51, 5358, 65, 9093, 98, 155, 347, 404, 411, 431, 439, 461
and the iconoclasts 232, 241, 343, 365, 464483, 491493
“ethical theory” of iconoclasts 67, 88, 9293, 365, 471, 492493
see also Cult of Relics ; icons: of saints ; icon veneration ; Sleep of the Soul ; Theodore of Sykeon
Cult of the Virgin Mary 8, 17, 24, 9093, 178, 258, 326, 328, 343, 359, 361362, 404, 466472, 477, 481, 548
see also Constantinople: Blachernai church, church of Virgin of the Chalkoprateia, and church of Virgin of the Pharos ; icons: of the Virgin ; Nicaea: Koimesis Church
Cyclades 203, 342
Cyprian of Carthage 116, 119n40
Cyprus 234, 337, 411412, 487, 555
see also Constantine of Cyprus ; George of Cyprus ; Leontios of Neapolis
damnatio memoriae 49
Damascus 96, 514, 519, 529
Great Mosque 457, 505, 507
De Cerimoniis 376, 392
demons 114, 116, 350, 363, 446
Dionysios the Areopagite 249, 414415
Dionysius of Telmahre 202
Dungal of Pavia 540542, 560, 569
Dura-Europos 4950, 128, 452
Ecloga, the 32, 35, 346, 348, 383n70, 489490
economy, Byzantine 21, 2324, 27, 30, 36, 4042, 68, 351
Edessa 55, 145146, 163, 380, 454, 461
see also icons: the Mandylion
Egypt 18, 24, 26, 45, 67, 178, 273, 508, 511512
Einhard 251, 561
Eisagoge, the 397
elites in Byzantium 5, 17, 21, 49, 59, 77, 79, 183, 186187, 215216, 236, 255, 281, 374375, 389, 391, 484, 486
Emilian of Cyzicus 388
emperors
and the Church 1822, 2528, 84, 105, 237240, 243, 245, 248, 332, 336337, 352353, 356357, 385, 390, 395397, 411413, 421, 473
and cult of saints and relics before iconoclasm 2526, 82, 474
and martial victory 1920, 3132, 279, 326329, 350351, 365, 392
and Old Testament kingship 24, 35, 7374, 105, 346, 348 350, 365
as moral reformers 20, 25, 29, 32, 35, 57, 59, 73, 348, 477
images of 25, 2931, 3334, 4849, 52, 68, 81, 89, 144, 328, 415416, 500, 507
model of Constantine i 16, 1819, 28, 3132, 35, 78, 105, 329
model of Justinian i 6n8, 16, 22, 2829, 35, 105
see also Anastasius i ; Anastasius ii ; Basil i ; coins ; Constans ii ; Constantine i ; Constantine ii ; Constantine iv ; Constantine v ; Constantine vi ; Heraclius ; Irene ; Justin ii ; Justinian i ; Justinian ii ; Leo iii ; Leo iv ; Leo v ; Maurice ; Michael i ; Michael ii ; Michael iii ; Nikephoros i ; Philippicus Bardanes ; seals ; Theodora ; Theophilos ; Tiberius ii ; Tiberius iii
Ephesus 18, 160, 301, 311315
Epiphanius of Salamis 51, 137138, 141n81, 234, 239n36, 410
Eucharist, the 1, 37, 38, 53, 79, 223, 256257, 390, 391, 426, 456, 461, 465, 486, 559, 569
and relics removed from altars 12, 92, 478
as the true icon of Christ 8, 86, 89, 91, 231232, 352, 362, 365, 418421, 448450, 566
see also altars ; iconoclasts
eulogiae 5758
eunuchs 37, 39, 363364, 368, 561
Euphemia, saint 92, 277, 480482
Eusebius of Caesarea 19, 133, 136138, 234
Eustratius 474, 476
Euthymios of Sardis 80, 388, 390, 393
Eutychius, exarch 547548
Eutychius, patriarch 474
fasting 20, 27, 563
Feast of Orthodoxy 12, 103104, 395
Felix iv, pope 166169
filioque 549, 558560, 563
Franks see Carolingians
George of Cyprus 247n71, 353, 403
George of Pisidia 158
George Synkellos 62, 195199, 203, 208, 212
George the Monk 199201, 371, 466, 470471, 474
Genesios, Joseph 200, 371372
Germanos, patriarch 87, 89, 103, 105, 299, 326, 349, 353, 374n23, 384385, 410, 415, 418
deposition of 5, 72, 99, 238, 251252, 333334, 336, 338339, 343345, 365, 408, 412, 546547
letters 13, 65, 7172, 83, 222, 235236, 330334, 402407, 545
see also Constantine of Nakoleia ; Council of Nicaea, Second ; Gregory ii, pope: letter to Germanos ; Leo iii ; John of Synada ; Thomas of Klaudiopolis
Greece 5, 338, 370
see also Cyclades ; Hellas
Gregory i, pope 98, 143, 250, 538542, 565567
Gregory ii, pope 99, 205, 231, 238, 334335, 340, 345, 543546, 566, 570
letter to Germanos 13, 403, 544
letters to Leo iii 13, 205, 222, 239240, 339340, 383, 396, 544545
Gregory iii, pope 99, 205, 334335, 544, 546548, 550, 566567, 570
Gregory Asbestas of Syracuse 561
Gregory of Neokaisareia 422
Gregory of Nyssa 51, 139, 416, 539, 565566
Gregory of Tours 539540
Hadrian i, pope 100101, 250, 345, 376, 550556, 560, 562, 566567, 569570
Hadrian ii, pope 564
hagiography 10, 2021, 6567, 76, 79, 145, 156, 182, 245, 250, 252260, 355, 371372, 379, 384, 388392, 411, 431, 436, 466, 471, 476477, 482485, 491493
“iconoclast” 10, 67, 211, 256257, 492493
See also Life of Athanasia of Aegina ; Life of Eudocimus the Righteous ; Life of Euthymius of Sardes ; Life of George of Amastris ; Life of Ioannikios ; Life of the neo-martyr Romanus ; Life of Nicetas of Medikion ; Life of Niketas the Patrician ; Life of Patriarch Nikephoros ; Life of Patriarch Tarasios ; Life of Peter of Atroa ; Life of Philaretos ; Life of Philotheus of Opsikion ; Life of Stephen the Younger ; Life of Theophanes the Confessor ; Pratum Spirituale
Harun al-Rashid 368
Helena, mother of Constantine i 19, 78, 329
Hellas 203, 342
see also Greece
Heraclius 24, 26, 28, 32, 329, 337, 420
Ekthesis, the 2627
heresy 3435, 100, 114, 183, 230, 239240, 249, 357, 395, 397, 474
iconoclasm as 2, 8, 72, 77, 102, 233, 237, 240, 242243, 253, 255, 259260, 325, 333335, 340, 363364, 370, 375, 395
“accusers of Christians” 378, 384
icon veneration as 3435, 64, 74, 85, 230232, 251, 352354, 360, 365, 419
see also Christology ; Monophysites and Monophysitism ; Monotheletes and Monotheletism ; Nestorians and Nestorianism ; orthodoxy
Hisham 3233, 329, 513, 519
histories 6061, 192193, 208218
chronicles; iconophiles: as creators/rewriters of sources; History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria; Łewond; Liber Pontificalis; Patriarch Nikephoros: Short History
History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria 507508
Honorius i, pope 548
Hyakinthos, abbot 161n67, 180181, 186187, 285
iconoclasm, Byzantine
and monks 59, 12, 14, 61, 66, 75, 79, 9093, 104, 205, 233, 246, 253255, 258, 344, 353, 369, 379, 383, 385, 388, 392393, 396
and rebellions 5, 203, 338, 342
causes of First 415, 43, 55, 5859, 7173, 82, 94, 183187, 203208, 346350, 509510, 537
causes of Second 76, 78, 87, 383, 385390
earlier Christian examples of 51, 94, 98, 137138, 143, 438440
end of First 7678, 364, 369, 372382
end of Second 76, 80, 90, 369, 372, 394395
extent of destruction 2, 56, 9, 1115, 60, 6869, 7179, 87, 105106, 205, 223, 236, 261, 267, 275, 282285, 320, 325, 331, 333339, 344346, 354356, 360363, 365366, 391393, 401, 412, 426
memory of 2, 11, 36, 66, 77, 8788, 103, 369370, 383386
significance of 47, 9, 1215, 7577, 103106, 366367, 369, 395397
whitewashing 69, 264267, 334, 355
see also Chalke icon ; Christology ; the Cross ; Cult of Relics ; Cult of Saints ; Cult of the Virgin Mary ; emperors ; the Eucharist ; heresy ; iconoclasts ; iconomachy ; iconophiles ; icon veneration ; idols and idolatry ; Orthodox Church ; orthodoxy ; orthopraxy ; Triumph of Orthodoxy
iconoclasm in Armenia 94
iconoclasm in China 94, 490491
iconoclasm in the Caliphate 14, 8384, 94, 9697, 204, 211, 337, 453, 497537
see also Muslims and Islam ; Qur’an ; Yazid ii
iconoclasm in the West 9495, 9899, 137138, 143, 538543
see also Carolingians ; Claudius of Turin ; popes and the papacy ; Serenus of Marseilles
iconoclasts 2
and the church building 86, 354, 421
and the Cross 8, 3134, 6869, 71, 75, 86, 180, 279281, 283287, 294, 320, 326333, 346347, 350, 358, 360362, 365366, 421, 426, 448, 558
and the Eucharist 8, 12, 53, 86, 89, 91, 231232, 256257, 346, 352, 354, 362, 390, 418421, 448450, 465, 478, 486, 566
arguments against icons and icon veneration:
that novel, non-traditional and against Church Fathers 81, 349, 350, 353, 420421, 437, 456
that Christian worship should be spiritual not material 12, 8182, 239, 432
that encouraged erroneous/superstitious practices 79, 251, 391, 426
that heretical as against Orthodox Christology 3435, 64, 74, 85, 230231, 352354, 360, 365, 418419, 442, 566
that icons dangerous as unblessed and outside Church control 78, 10, 59, 86, 91, 231, 346, 420421
that idols and idolatry condemned in Old Testament 1, 8, 12, 34, 7174, 8083, 83, 89, 91, 231, 248, 330331, 334335, 362, 373, 384, 388, 344353, 403, 410, 418, 438, 440, 561, 566
that superfluous and useless 79, 82, 87, 231, 251, 420
that true icon of Christ the Eucharist 8, 86, 89, 91, 231232, 352, 362, 365, 418421, 441442, 566
in army 5, 7, 38, 7578, 203, 342343, 360, 364, 378379, 387
in the episcopacy and clergy 4, 14, 65, 71, 73, 7779, 233, 235236, 247248, 255, 330334, 345346, 352355, 364, 373, 378379, 382383, 389390, 396
monks 79, 253254, 364, 383, 465
number of 7677, 330332, 364, 382, 394
purged from Church post 843 103
see also bishops ; Christology ; Constantine v ; Constantine of Nakoleia ; the Cross ; Cult of relics ; Cult of Saints ; Cult of the Virgin Mary ; emperors ; hagiography: “iconoclast” ; heresy ; iconoclasm ; iconophiles ; idols and idolatry ; John the Grammarian ; Leo iii ; Leo iv ; Leo v ; Michael ii ; Theophilos
iconomachy 7n14, 89, 106, 401, 486
iconophiles 2
arguments for icons and icon veneration:
an ancient tradition supported by Church Fathers 64, 77, 81, 84, 86, 88, 234, 243, 246249, 334, 372, 379380, 421, 437438, 456457, 566567
supported by Scripture 81, 83, 344, 410, 413, 566
that Christ had defeated idolatry and an insult to deny it 1, 234, 246, 403
that Christians only venerate not worship icons 8283, 88, 244245, 334, 404, 406407, 409410, 416417, 437439, 451452, 458
that honour paid to image passes to archetype 8586, 381382, 405, 415417, 422423
that icons represent hypostasis of Christ 89, 244, 429430, 432434
that icons one of many types of images ordained by God 8485, 409, 413415
that icons represent real holy persons 88, 248, 406, 421, 446
that icons useful for teaching and moving emotions 88, 405, 567
that images united by shared likeness 88, 244245, 430432, 442446
that images united by shared name 88, 234, 246, 255, 429431, 444446, 460
that Incarnation made images of Christ possible/necessary 82, 84, 8889, 402, 405, 408410, 412, 417418, 443444
that Jews/Muslims/pagans the real idolators and one should not support their criticisms 84, 331334, 349, 384, 412
that material things worthy 8182, 84, 410
as creators/rewriters of sources 3, 4, 1114, 36, 54, 60, 6367, 7172, 76, 103, 146, 157, 191192, 323, 341, 350351, 367, 369, 383386, 401403, 510
number of 7779, 351, 364, 390391, 394, 465
persecution of 56, 9, 12, 14, 75, 77, 7980, 325, 334, 338339, 341, 344, 354355, 357360, 363365, 386387, 390, 392394, 425427, 441, 483484
see also icons ; Irene ; John of Damascus ; Nikephoros, patriarch ; Tarasios ; Theodora ; Theodore Abū Qurrah ; Theodore the Studite ; Theophanes the Confessor
iconostasis 104
icons (Christian figural images)
acheiropoieta 11, 14, 2425, 5456, 88, 145146, 380, 419420, 570
the Mandylion 25, 55, 145146, 243, 248, 260n119, 380, 420, 430, 461
after iconoclasm 67, 104106, 395396
in Christian art before ca.500 4954, 65, 123143
in Christian art ca.500–700 5459, 64, 73, 144187, 347348
in the West 98102, 547548, 564, 568
of angels 130, 144145, 159162, 164165, 170, 175, 178179, 184, 231, 238, 434435, 447448, 451
of Christ 1, 5, 11, 2930, 46, 5157, 59, 64, 66, 7375, 82, 85, 88, 104, 111, 113114, 128145, 149154, 157, 161163, 165187, 230232, 234, 238, 243246, 248, 257258, 260, 330, 334336, 347348, 352353, 355, 361362, 374, 381, 384, 396, 402, 415417, 423, 426, 429445, 448451, 458, 461, 507, 526, 540, 547548, 550, 557, 564567
of the Good Shepherd 124, 128, 130, 132
of Old Testament figures 47, 5154, 57, 70, 111, 124130, 141, 332, 405406, 507, 526
of saints 25, 51, 5358, 64, 66, 75, 82, 88, 99, 111, 113, 130145, 155, 157, 166179, 184, 205, 231232, 234235, 238, 241, 244245, 330, 334336, 340, 345, 355, 358, 366, 381, 384, 396, 405, 415, 417, 435436, 439, 458461, 526, 535, 540, 557, 564
of the apostles 51, 53, 71, 111, 115, 123, 128133, 136142, 332, 405406
of the Virgin 51, 5357, 75, 104, 128, 144145, 156157, 161, 165, 170, 173180, 184, 203, 231, 238, 241, 247, 334, 342343, 355, 361362, 381, 384, 396, 405, 415, 417, 435, 439, 443, 481, 550, 564
surviving examples on wooden panels 58, 6768, 144, 267274
see also Chalke icon ; iconoclasm, Byzantine ; iconostasis ; icon veneration
icon veneration 12, 12, 231232, 234237, 239245, 248, 257260
after Iconoclasm 67, 8990, 102106, 236237, 260, 395396
before Iconoclasm 5, 78, 10, 1314, 25, 52, 5459, 6465, 73, 77, 8182, 114115, 134143, 145187, 234235, 347348, 372, 411412
declared necessary 2, 42, 82, 8586, 89, 100104, 232, 241, 372, 381382, 415, 422, 440
iconoclast attempts to curb 89, 12, 14, 72, 75, 79, 8788, 333334, 345346, 353356, 391, 426, 440
oath to not venerate 12, 75, 358360, 365, 373374, 382
in the West 98102, 250252, 550, 564, 570
lighting lights and burning incense 5254, 58, 114115, 145, 156157, 165, 183, 372373, 391, 404405, 426, 440, 558, 569
kissing 56, 77, 79, 87, 145, 150, 334, 336, 372, 381, 440, 461
prostration 56, 77, 84, 88, 260, 334, 372, 381, 404, 409410, 440
see also icons ; idols and idolatry ; lamps ; latreia ; prayer ; proskynesis
idols and idolatry 328
early Christian critique of 5053, 81, 109123, 139140
icons and icon veneration as 1, 8, 12, 15, 34, 7174, 77, 8083, 89, 91, 231, 248, 338, 345248, 330331, 334335, 338, 344353, 362, 366, 373, 384, 403, 410, 418, 438, 440, 561, 566
charge dropped in Second Iconoclasm 79, 87, 390
New Testament on 4547
Old Testament on 4345, 55, 7374, 346, 348
pagan practice and cult statues 4753, 110116, 119, 134, 137, 139140, 446
see also Jews and Judaism ; Muslims and Islam
Ignatios the Deacon 6667, 221, 254255, 257n104, 377, 464
Ignatios, patriarch 236, 256, 561564
Illyricum 376
inscriptions 5657, 99, 147148, 158161, 167170, 175178, 180182, 215, 507, 518n41, 520, 524
Iraq 35, 95, 202, 509
Irenaeus of Lyons 114, 116
Irene 6, 210, 228, 391
and icons 38, 7778, 100, 241, 243, 255, 275, 342, 372382, 387, 427, 551, 567
as empress 3739, 243, 254, 256, 277, 368
as regent 3738, 7778, 292293
factional strife with Constantine vi 34, 368, 382
Irene the Patrician 225
Isaurian dynasty 8, 1112, 3133, 42, 57, 62, 65, 69, 7377, 88, 105, 197198, 202203, 217, 224, 236, 241, 278, 326, 346, 348, 364370, 373376, 380, 384386, 392
See also Constantine v ; Constantine vi ; Irene ; Leo iii ; Leo iv
Italy 21, 23, 32, 36, 99100, 131, 205, 207, 334335, 340, 543546, 549, 551
see also Calabria ; Ravenna ; Rome ; Sicily ; Venice
Jerusalem 19, 24, 45, 81, 128, 130, 137, 250, 394, 408, 411, 506507, 513514, 517, 519, 521, 530
Dome of the Rock 96, 457, 505507
see also Palestine ; patriarch of Jerusalem
Jews and Judaism 1617, 26, 151, 540, 569
and art 4346, 4950, 55, 81, 110113, 118, 125128, 521527
and Byzantine iconoclasm 7, 1314, 6364, 7172, 74, 84, 334, 339, 384, 412, 510511, 536, 543544
attacking Christian practices 65, 8182, 89, 329, 349, 411, 452453, 455459, 462, 507
forced conversion by Leo iii 329
see also Dura-Europos ; Old Testament
John Chrysostom 138139, 478479
John of Damascus 157, 260, 432, 468, 489490, 569570
anathema at Hiereia 85, 353, 357, 403, 407
arguments for icons and their veneration 8385, 8788, 232, 237240, 242, 244245, 248, 256n102, 402, 407418, 420, 423, 446448, 452, 454, 457, 460463
on iconoclasm 71, 238239, 336338, 403
dating of Three Treatises on Images 13, 66, 71, 8384, 238239, 336338, 407408
John “of Jerusalem” 377378
John of Synada 330, 336, 403406
John Skylitzes 201, 393
John the Grammarian, patriarch 4042, 78, 80, 386, 392394, 430, 465, 561
Jonas of Orleans 540542, 559560, 569
Justin ii 151
Justin Martyr 50, 116117, 119, 121122
Justinian i 3, 6n8, 10, 16, 2126, 2829, 35, 57, 105, 156, 178, 243, 298301, 304, 474
Justinian ii 2829, 149, 216, 246n66, 278, 280, 347348, 503
Kallirhoe 154, 159160, 168
Kassia, abbess 225
kastra and fortifications 3536, 368
kissing 2021, 53, 56, 77, 79, 87, 114, 145, 150, 334, 366, 381, 440, 457, 461, 479, 482
see also icon veneration
Khazars 33
Khludov Psalter 69, 264267, 271
Krum, Khagan 40, 76, 368, 371, 383, 386
Lactantius 138
lamps 5051, 53, 58 115, 119, 124125, 132, 165, 183, 540, 558, 569
see also icon veneration
latreia 43, 8284, 245, 381, 404, 409410, 416, 423, 426427, 438439, 451, 570
see also iconophiles: arguments for icons and icon veneration ; icon veneration ; proskynesis
Leo i 179
Leo iii 156, 408
and crowning Constantine v 328
and cult of saints and relics 9091, 327328, 343, 465, 480482
and iconoclasm 45, 8, 1314, 33, 66, 68, 7174, 79, 84, 99, 203208, 210, 231232, 235, 238240, 248, 252, 275, 325, 332350, 356357, 364365, 396, 403, 418, 498, 543546, 550551
and law 32, 35, 346, 489
and martial victory 31, 279, 326329, 350, 365
war with Arabs 3133, 7475, 211, 326, 338, 340344, 346350
and Old Testament kingship 326328, 346, 348, 350, 365
and papacy 100, 231, 334335, 543546, 550551
and setting up an image 65, 71, 332333
and the Cross 3132, 69, 211, 224, 279281, 326329, 332333, 346347, 350, 365
and Virgin Mary 9091, 328, 343, 465
coinage and seals of 3132, 278281, 328, 349350
early rule 3133, 325329
in non-iconophile sources 62, 202, 211, 326327
forced conversion of Jews and Montanists 329
letter exchange with Umar ii 63, 211, 223224, 327328, 350
memory/reputation/smearing of 40, 42, 6263, 72, 76, 197199, 217218, 223224, 332333, 342, 384386, 536
see also Chalke icon ; Constantine v ; the Ecloga ; Isaurian dynasty
Leo iii, pope 555, 557, 560
Leo iv 6, 33, 37, 75, 210, 281, 357, 363364, 368, 476, 492
Leo iv, pope 561
Leo v 6, 40, 76, 7879, 196, 200201, 210, 254, 259, 264, 275, 342, 368371, 383, 385391, 393, 421, 426427, 441, 465, 555556, 558
Leontios, emperor 29
Leontios of Neapolis 55, 6465, 8183, 234235, 404, 411, 460, 565566
Leo the Mathematician 392
Letter of the Three Patriarchs 244, 246247, 249
letters 6061, 192, 218228
see also Germanos: letters ; Gregory i ; Gregory ii: letters ; Leo iii: letter exchange with Umar ii ; Letter of the Three Patriarchs ; Theodore the Studite: letters
Łewond 209, 211, 223, 326328
Liber Pontificalis 99, 205, 209, 212214, 229, 231, 238, 334335, 344, 543547, 550, 556, 561562
Libri Carolini see Opus Caroli contra synodum (Libri Carolini)
Life of Athanasia of Aegina 465
Life of Eudocimus the Righteous 483, 492
Life of Euthymius of Sardes 483
Life of George of Amastris 256257, 464, 492
Life of Ioannikios 257258, 477
Life of the neo-martyr Romanus 485486
Life of Nicetas of Medikion 369, 371, 388, 390, 466467, 470
Life of Niketas the Patrician 257258, 392
Life of Patriarch Nikephoros 66, 254255, 260, 371, 388
Life of Patriarch Tarasios 6667, 254255, 260, 377378
Life of Peter of Atroa 259
Life of Philaretos 257, 492493
Life of Philotheus of Opsikion 483, 493
Life of Stephen the Younger 11, 66, 77, 179, 241, 252254, 260, 341, 355, 357359, 362, 372, 382383, 385, 390, 396, 470, 483488
Life of Theophanes the Confessor 475
Liutprand, Lombard king 99, 335, 544545
Lombards 23, 206, 543544, 547, 549
Louis the German 563
Louis the Pious 101, 540542, 557560
See also Michael ii: letter to Louis the Pious
Macarius, abbot of Pelekete 391
Macedonian dynasty 200, 371372, 394
see also Basil i ; Constantine vii
Manicheans and Manichaeism 84, 141, 336, 407, 410, 452
manuscripts 6162, 158, 192, 196, 200208, 213216, 225230, 236, 240, 408n16, 418, 431, 467n19, 529, 531, 553
illustrations 6869, 261264, 277, 366
see also Khludov Psalter ; Ptolemy’s Handy Tables
Marcus Minucius Felix 116, 118, 121122
Maronite Chronicle 503
Martin i, Pope 2728
Maslama 511, 514
Maurice 25, 481
Maximus the Confessor 2728, 239240, 433
Melkites 89, 425, 452456, 462, 481
Mesopotamia see Iraq
Methodios, patriarch 42, 80, 105, 371n8, 393396, 475476, 479, 483, 556, 561
Miaphysites and Miaphysitism see Monophysites and Monophysitism
Michael i 40, 371, 383, 393
Michael ii 6, 40, 372, 464, 556558
letter to Louis the Pious 79, 87, 101, 183, 223, 391, 426, 542, 558559, 569
Michael iii 6, 42, 77, 103, 199, 236237, 369, 372, 394, 561564
Michael Lachanodrakon 362, 487488
Michael of Synada 388, 390
Michael the Synkellos 394
Michael the Syrian 202203
Moechian Controversy 3839, 198, 255, 391, 427, 555
monks, monasteries, and monasticism 2021, 25, 36, 40, 59, 88, 178, 180, 186187, 195, 197, 200, 202, 210, 216217, 224225, 227228, 351, 357, 412, 425427, 431, 440, 454
and iconoclasm 59, 12, 14, 61, 66, 75, 79, 9093, 104, 205, 233, 246, 253255, 258, 344, 353, 369, 379, 383, 385, 388, 392393, 396, 464465, 472, 475, 483493
persecution of 89, 12, 14, 357359, 66, 91, 93, 217218, 243, 248, 253, 362363, 392394, 483490
St Catherine’s at Mt Sinai 67, 151, 175, 267274
see also iconoclasts: monks ; John of Damascus ; Kassia, abbess ; Macarius, abbot of Pelekete ; Methodios, patriarch ; Nicetas, abbot of Medikion ; Nicholas Studites ; Nicholas the hermit ; Nikephoros, patriarch ; Peter, abbot of St Sabas ; Plato of Sakkoudion ; Sabas, abbot of Stoudios ; Stephen the Younger ; Theodore the Stoudite ; Theodore Graptos ; Theophanes Graptos ; Theophanes the Confessor ; Thomas, abbot
Monophysites and Monophysitism 10, 18, 2122, 74, 82, 8587, 151, 182, 230231, 352353, 418419, 510, 434, 452, 456, 520521, 566
Monotheletes and Monotheletism 2628, 30, 151, 182, 233n14, 239, 396, 403, 411
Montanists 329
mosaics 34, 51, 5758, 6869, 9697, 104, 131, 151, 158, 161n67, 166181, 185186, 261, 283300, 304, 317, 355, 360361, 366, 381, 422, 452453, 457, 498, 507, 511, 515528, 535, 568
Mu’awiya 503, 523524
Muslims and Islam 2627, 3032, 246, 411413
and art and figural imagery 74, 9598, 278, 328, 349, 412, 443, 457, 497537
and Byzantine iconoclasm 5, 78, 1314, 6364, 7174, 9496, 331, 339, 343, 348350, 498, 509, 536537, 543544
attacking Christian practices 83, 89, 9596, 327329, 337, 349, 452453, 455457, 462, 507509, 511, 513514, 529, 535
see also Arabs and the Conquests ; iconoclasm in the Caliphate ; Qur’an
navy 2628, 30
Nestorians and Nestorianism 1718, 74, 82, 8587, 92, 230231, 352353, 418419, 434, 439, 452, 456, 466, 469, 475, 479480, 482, 566
See also Nestorius ; Timothy
Nestorius, patriarch 1718, 230, 466
New Testament 105, 128, 243, 264, 490
on religious imagery 4547, 239, 248, 379, 430, 456
Nicaea 33, 7778, 203, 329, 338, 342343, 379
Koimesis Church 158, 180182, 185, 285287, 320, 361
see also Council of Nicaea, Second
Nicetas, abbot of Medikion 391
See also Life of Nicetas of Medikion
Nicholas i, pope 236, 562564
Nicholas Studites 227228
Nicholas the hermit 383
Nikephoros i, emperor 3940, 76, 195, 198, 201, 254, 281, 368, 371, 383, 440
Nikephoros, patriarch 66, 7879, 105, 198199, 212, 255, 257, 264, 385390, 396, 440441
Short History 62, 71, 77, 197, 209211, 239, 242244, 283285, 303, 326, 338344, 351, 354, 356359, 361, 440, 484486
theological tracts in defence of icons 8890, 231233, 254, 237, 371, 402403, 418, 425427, 431, 435, 441451, 462463, 471, 473, 476, 478
Nikephoros, son of Constantine v 34, 3738, 383
Niketas, patriarch 283285, 360361
Northumbria 99, 335, 538, 543
Nouthesia Gerontos (Admonition of the Old Man) 240, 247249, 351352, 373n17, 383, 403n8
Old Testament 13, 8, 11, 20, 32
argument over use and interpretation 81, 105
as model for Byzantium 1011, 20, 24, 7374, 105, 346, 348, 350, 373, 490
on idols and images 4345, 109113, 116120, 248, 346, 498499, 534, 541
notion of the Chosen People 8, 20, 24, 27, 30, 32, 35, 4344, 73, 346, 373
see also iconoclasm, Byzantine ; Jews and Judaism ; New Testament
Opus Caroli contra synodum (Libri Carolini) 87, 100101, 237, 250252, 380382, 541, 552554, 560, 567569
Origen of Alexandria 116118, 121122
Orthodox Church 12, 46, 8, 14, 1620, 25, 29, 38, 59, 69, 103105, 204, 240, 242, 251252, 340, 370, 385, 390, 395397, 565
See also bishops, emperors: and the Church ; orthodoxy ; patriarch of Constantinople ; popes and the papacy
orthodoxy 2, 8, 12, 1722, 2829, 3435, 63, 73, 78, 82, 90, 93, 103105, 207, 213, 237, 240, 242, 251252, 348, 350, 352, 356357, 360, 370, 379, 387, 394396, 412, 418, 453, 462, 481
see also Christology ; Councils ; the Cross ; Cult of Relics ; Cult of Saints ; Cult of the Virgin Mary ; Feast Orthodoxy ; heresy ; Orthodox Church ; Synodikon of Orthodoxy ; Triumph of Orthodoxy
orthopraxy 29, 73, 348
pagans and paganism 1617, 4651, 53, 81, 110123, 440, 446, 455
see also idols and idolatry: pagan practice and cult statues
Palatine Anthology 158161
see also Agathias
Palestine 84, 89, 97, 195, 203, 239, 337, 411413, 425, 452454, 463, 489, 498, 511, 515, 519, 525, 535
see also iconoclasm in the Caliphate ; Syria
Parastaseis Synotmoi Chronikai 69, 209, 214218, 282283
Paschal i, pope 555557, 568569
Patria, the 214218
patriarch of Alexandria 18, 246, 377378
see also Alexandria ; Clement of Alexandria ; Egypt; History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria ; Letter of the Three Patriarchs ; Origen of Alexandria
patriarch of Antioch 18, 116, 138139, 246, 377378, 519
see also Antioch ; Letter of the Three Patriarchs ; Syria
patriarch of Constantinople 18, 65, 69, 79, 104105, 354, 375376, 385, 390391, 395397
see also Anastasios, patriarch ; Constantine, patriarch ; Constantinople: Hagia Sophia ; Germanos ; Ignatios ; John the Grammarian ; Methodios ; Nestorius ; Nikephoros ; Niketas ; Paul ; Photios ; Tarasios ; Theodotus
patriarch of Jerusalem 18, 26, 240, 246, 369, 377378, 394, 454, 517, 519520
see also Jerusalem ; Letter of the Three Patriarchs ; Palestine
Paul, patriarch 255, 363, 375
Paul i, pope 547550, 570
Paulicians 474
Paulinus of Nola 141143, 566
Pavia 335
Pelagius ii, pope 170
Persia and the Persians 2324, 26, 32, 50, 55, 81, 146, 184, 235, 329, 411, 420, 452, 500, 503504, 531533
Peter, abbot of St Sabas 376
Peter, archpriest of Rome 376
Peter the Stylite 358359
Philippicus Bardanes 30, 337, 403
Photios, patriarch 102, 104, 221, 233n14, 236237, 256, 378, 397, 407, 440, 454, 462, 561564
pilgrimage 1920, 57, 98, 524, 542
Pippin, king of the Franks 100, 206, 548550
plague 23, 30, 36, 356357
Plato 48, 114, 117118, 121122, 415
Plato, abbot of Sakkoudion 38, 224, 228, 427, 441
popes and the papacy 5, 18, 22, 2829, 32, 36, 38, 176, 206207, 236, 250, 369, 396
and Byzantine iconoclasm 72, 78, 99102, 231, 238240, 252, 334335, 339340, 367, 370, 543547, 549557, 562563, 566569
see also Council of Nicaea, Second (787) ; Council of Rome (731) ; Council of Rome (769) ; Felix iv ; Gregory i ; Gregory ii ; Gregory iii ; Hadrian i ; Honorius i ; Italy ; Leo iii, pope ; Leo iv, pope ; Martin i ; Nicholas i ; Paschal i ; Paul i ; Pelagius ii ; Rome ; Sergius i ; Stephen ii ; Zacharias
Poreč 170174
Porphyrius the charioteer 158159
Pratum Spirituale 156157
prayer 2022, 27, 93, 111, 114, 120122, 128, 138139, 141, 145, 159, 161, 169, 175, 178179, 231, 234, 251, 256, 258, 326, 331, 386, 420, 466, 468, 472, 474, 480, 507, 513, 522
proskynesis
as act of prostration 2021, 53, 56, 84, 88, 114, 372, 381382, 404, 409410
as veneration in general 43, 77, 8284, 235, 381382, 404, 409410, 413, 438439, 451, 570
see also the Cross ; Cult of Relics ; icon veneration ; kissing ; latreia ; prayer
Protestant Reformation 49, 9091, 94, 252, 356n127, 370, 469, 543
Prudentius 139
Ptolemy’s Handy Tables 6869, 263264
Qur’an 9596, 278279, 328, 434, 498499, 529, 531, 534
Qusayr Amra 530531, 535
relics see Cult of Relics
reliquaries 109, 132, 275
Ravenna 36, 150151, 170, 174, 540
Rome 18, 36, 39, 58, 100, 148, 165174, 178, 180, 182, 185186, 205, 207, 212213, 340, 543551, 554, 556560, 562564
catacombs 111, 124129
church of S. Lorenzo fuori le mura 170
church of S. Maria Antiqua 165, 173, 271273, 548
church of ss. Cosma e Damiano 158, 166170
see also Italy ; popes and the papacy
Russia 370, 396
Sabas, abbot of Stoudios 376
Saints see Cult of Saints
Sasanians see Persia and Persians
Scriptor Incertus 76, 201, 371, 386390, 393394
seals 31, 69, 123, 186, 261, 281282, 328, 366
Serenus of Marseilles 98, 143, 538539, 541, 567
Sergius i, pope 548
Severus Alexander 114
Sicily 27, 36, 4041, 337, 376
silk 68, 261263, 277
Slavs 24
sleep of the soul 2526, 82, 9293, 474480, 483
see also Cult of Relics ; Cult of Saints
Socrates 121122
statuary and sculpture 49, 5354, 69, 111, 114, 119, 124125, 128, 130, 144, 214217, 261, 282283, 380, 499, 512, 524525, 531, 535
see also emperors: images of ; idols and idolatry ; Trier Ivory
Stephen ii, pope 206207, 547
Stephen iii, pope 550
Stephen of Bostra 404
Stephen the Younger 66, 253, 355, 357359, 385, 483486
See also Cult of Saints ; Life of Stephen the Younger ; monks, monasteries, and monasticism
Symeon Logothetes 200201
(Pseudo-)Symeon Magistros 200201
Symeon the Younger 157
Synodikon of Orthodoxy 12, 395396, 403
Syria 18, 50, 84, 89, 95, 128, 195, 202, 248, 425, 452454, 463, 500, 503, 517519
see also Palestine
taxes and the fiscal system 23, 26, 30, 32, 39, 41, 196, 205207, 239, 334, 339342, 543544
Tarasios, patriarch 38, 6667, 7778, 105, 195, 210, 235, 241243, 254256, 361, 374382, 387, 390, 396, 422, 440
see also Life of Tarasios
Tertullian 50, 110, 116121, 123124
Theodora, regent for Michael iii 6, 42, 77, 80, 369, 394395, 561, 563
Theodore Abū Qurrah 89, 425, 443, 452463
Theodore Graptos 393394
Theodore Krithinos 237, 464
Theodore of Sykeon 54
Theodore the Studite 186, 259260, 425428
and iconoclasm 7879, 8890, 237, 244245, 377, 388, 390391, 403, 415, 417, 423, 428441, 446, 451, 460, 462463, 465
and the Moechian Controversy 38, 391, 427
Catechesis 371, 428
letters of 79, 221228, 371, 415, 426, 430, 435436, 465
Theodosiopolis 211
Theodosius i 137138
Theodosius iii 30
Theodotus, patriarch 387, 390
Theodulf of Orleans 87, 100101, 250, 541542, 552553, 567570
See also Opus Caroli contra synodum (Libri Carolini)
Theophanes Continuatus 200, 371372, 393, 464
Theophanes Graptos 393394
Theophanes the Confessor 6163, 7172, 76, 90, 96, 195210, 212, 223, 253255, 276, 283284, 303, 326, 339344, 350351, 354, 356364, 370371, 375383, 385, 391, 466, 471473, 475, 477, 480, 484489, 513
Theophilos 6, 4041, 77, 7980, 183, 201, 246, 258, 369, 372, 392395, 481
Theophilus of Edessa 62, 202204, 223, 340
Theophylact of Nicomedia 388, 390
Theophylact Simocatta 481
Thessalonica 148, 166, 174, 179180, 182, 185, 427
Hagia Sophia 287294, 296299, 315319
Hagios Demetrios 69, 158, 174178, 186, 319, 366
Hosios David 299
Thera 7173, 203, 210, 338, 340, 344, 543
Thomas, abbot 377378
Thomas of Klaudiopolis 13, 65, 331333, 336, 403406, 543
Thomas the Slav 40, 223, 368
Thrace 36, 368, 383
Tiberius ii 178
Tiberius iii Apsimar 30
Timothy, patriarch 475, 479480
Trajan the Patrician 199
Trier ivory 68, 275277
Triumph of Orthodoxy 12, 6, 42, 67, 7576, 102103, 200, 236, 242, 246, 254, 256, 258259, 372, 394395, 426, 470
Umar i 507508, 528
Umar ii 63, 211, 223224, 327328, 350, 513
see also Leo iii: letter exchange with Umar ii
Umayyads 2829, 3233, 35, 9597, 457, 503508, 511, 514518, 522525, 528536
see also Abbasids ; Abd al-Malik ; Al-Walid i ; Al-Walid ii ; Hisham ; Maslama ; Mu’awiya ; Umar i ; Umar ii ; Yazid ii
Valens 34, 337
Venice 151, 465
Vize, church of Hagia Sophia in 295296
Yazid ii 8, 14, 9697, 202, 204, 206, 211, 337, 339, 348349, 384, 412, 498, 509520, 525529, 534536, 544
See also iconoclasm in the Caliphate
Zachary, pope 173, 271, 547548
Zeno, emperor 337
Zeno of Citium 121122
Zoroastrians and Zoroastrianism 94, 500
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