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Index

Abd al-Malik 28–30, 503–507, 513, 519, 523, 531–532, 534
Abbasids 33, 35, 37, 40–42, 78, 97, 455, 457, 528–529
see also Al-Mahdi ; Al-Ma’mun ; Al-Mu’tasim ; Al-Mutawakkil ; Harun al-Rashid
acheiropoieta see icons: acheiropoieta
Acts of John 115, 136
Adoptionism 555, 559
Adversus Constantinum Caballinum (Against Constantine the Horseshit/Horseman) 240–242, 244n55, 249n74, 383–384, 467–470, 477
Africa, North 21, 27, 29, 33, 40, 541, 563
Agapios 202–205, 223, 340
Agathias 154, 158–159, 168–169
Akroinon, battle of 33, 350
Alcuin 552–553
Alexandria 165
see also Egypt ; patriarch of Alexandria
Al-Mahdi 528
Al-Ma’mun 41
Al-Mu’tasim 41
Al-Mutawakkil 532
altars 12, 44, 53, 92, 104, 115, 118–119, 173, 223, 354, 362, 387, 478, 500, 568–569
see also churches ; Cult of Relics ; the Eucharist
Al-Walid i 505, 507
Al-Walid ii 529, 531
Amorion 41, 80, 369, 392
Anastasios, patriarch 334, 339, 341, 345, 356
Anastasius i 337, 345n89
Anastasius ii 30
Anastasius Bibliothecarius 206, 209, 212, 376–377
Anastasius of Sinai 273, 459, 474–475, 479, 529
Anatolia 5, 27, 35, 40, 148, 166, 185, 187, 351, 368, 373
Andrew Kalybites 357, 359, 485
Angilbert 552, 554, 560
Anna, daughter of Leo iii 31
Antioch 139, 157
see also patriarch of Antioch ; Syria
Antonius, patriarch of Grado 99, 544, 546–547
Anthony of Sylaion 379n52, 386
Arabs and the Conquests 8–10, 14, 26–33, 72–75, 149, 156, 206, 235, 326, 329, 338, 340–344, 347–350, 412, 472, 537
warfare with Byzantium post 740 35–38, 40–42, 75, 78, 80, 351, 363, 368–369, 392
see also Muslims and Islam
Aristotle 48, 104, 122, 435
use by iconophiles 11, 14, 88–89, 425, 431, 433, 444–447
Armenia 8, 28, 94, 211
Army 21, 23–24, 27, 29–33, 35, 39, 490
Anatolikon 31, 33, 41, 369, 385–386
Armeniakon 31, 368
Opsikion 30, 35, 77–78, 343, 351, 368
Tagmata 35, 38, 77–78, 351, 364, 378
Thrakesian 362, 487
See also iconoclasts: in army ; kastra and fortifications
Arnobius 122, 138
Arsaber 198
Artabasdos 31, 33, 342–343, 351, 356
asceticism see monks and monasticism
Asia Minor see Anatolia
Augustine of Hippo 140–141, 541, 570
Avars 23–24, 145
Balkans 23, 28, 36, 38–41, 76, 370
see also Avars ; Bulgars ; Greece ; Slavs ; Thessalonica
Basil i 237, 372, 562, 564
Basil of Caesarea 52, 81, 85, 139–140, 405, 410, 415–417, 420, 422–423, 479, 541, 565
Bede 99, 335, 538, 545, 565–566
Berbers 33
bishops 4, 14, 17–19, 21–22, 52, 56, 59, 65, 73, 77–79, 86, 130, 138–139, 143, 149–151, 154, 163–170, 185–187, 230, 233, 235–237, 243, 246–248, 255, 257, 333, 338, 345–346, 352–354, 357, 364, 373, 378–379, 386–391, 394, 396, 411, 418, 422, 426, 472–473, 476, 482, 518, 520, 528
see also Antonius, patriarch of Grado ; Basil of Caesarea ; Claudius of Turin ; Clement of Alexandria ; Constantine of Cyprus ; Constantine of Nakoleia ; Emilian of Cyzicus ; emperors: and the Church ; Epiphanius of Salamis ; Euthymios of Sardis ; Gregory of Neokaisareia ; Gregory of Nyssa ; iconoclasts: in episcopacy ; John of Synada ; Leontios of Neapolis ; Michael of Synada ; orthodoxy ; patriarch of Alexandria ; patriarch of Antioch ; patriarch of Constantinople ; patriarch of Jerusalem ; popes and the papacy ; Theophylact of Nicomedia ; Thomas of Klaudiopolis
Bithynia 186, 195, 253, 357, 378, 391, 427, 543, 545
Boris-Michael i, king of Bulgaria 378
Buddhists and Buddhism 94, 490–491
Bulgars 28, 30–31, 36, 38–40, 76, 78, 351, 363, 368, 371, 383, 385
see also Krum
Calabria 36, 376
Callixtus, pope 124
Carolingians 36, 38–39, 78, 206–207, 370, 396
and Byzantine iconoclasm 98–102, 250–252, 367, 384, 538, 548–555, 557–561, 567–570
see also Charlemagne ; Claudius of Turin ; Council of Frankfurt (794) ; Council of Gentilly (767) ; Council of Paris (825) ; Dungal of Pavia ; iconoclasm in the West ; Jonas of Orleans ; Louis the Pious ; Pippin ; Theodulf of Orleans
Cassiodorus 212
Celsus 51, 118, 121
Chalke icon 5–6, 11, 62, 68, 72, 78–79, 197, 203–204, 275–277, 340–343, 385, 387–388, 543
see also iconoclasm, Byzantine ; icons ; Leo iii ; Trier ivory
Charlemagne 38–39, 78, 250, 368–369, 381, 551–554, 557, 560, 568
churches 17, 51, 53, 57–59, 69–70, 79, 84, 97–104, 130, 135–143, 148, 158, 165–183, 205, 216, 223, 262, 283–321, 334–340, 353–355, 366, 381, 451, 453, 455–457, 468, 470, 479–483, 507, 511, 515–523, 526–527, 535, 538–539, 542, 545, 547–549, 558, 564, 566
see also Constantinople ; Nicaea ; iconoclasm in the Caliphate ; icons ; Rome ; Thessalonica
Christology 5, 7–9, 14, 17–18, 21–22, 26, 34–35, 52, 59, 64, 74, 82, 85, 88, 136, 151, 154, 166, 180–183, 187, 230–232, 251, 352, 380, 411–412, 417–419, 423–424, 429–435, 441–444, 452–453, 456
see also Constantine v: the Peuseis ; Council of Hiereia ; heresy ; iconoclasm, causes of ; John of Damascus ; Monophysites and Monophysitism ; Monotheletes and Monotheletism ; Nestorians and Nestorianism ; Nikephoros, patriarch ; orthodoxy ; Theodore the Studite
chronicles 60–61, 145, 184, 192–208, 510–513
see also Agapios ; Chronicle of Zuqnīn ; Chronicle of 811 ; Genesios, Joseph ; George Synkellos ; George the Monk ; Maronite Chronicle ; Michael the Syrian ; Scriptor Incertus ; Symeon Logothetes ; Pseudo-Symeon Magistros ; Theophanes the Confessor ; Theophanes Continuatus ; Theophilus of Edessa
Chronicle of Zuqnīn 202, 509–510, 513
Chronicle of 811 371
Chronicle of 1234 202–203
Chrysopolis 368, 387
cities 17, 24–25, 145, 163, 241, 332, 368, 481, 516
see also Alexandria ; Amorion ; Antioch ; Chrysopolis ; Constantinople ; Edessa ; Ephesus ; Jerusalem ; Rome ; Thessalonica
Claudius of Turin 98, 101, 540–543, 560, 564, 569
Clement of Alexandria 50, 110, 116–123
climate change 23–24
coinage 29–34, 39, 41, 49, 68–69, 89, 95–97, 261, 277–282, 320, 366, 374–375, 500–506, 514, 531–533
Christ on 29–30, 56, 104, 246n66, 278, 347–348, 374, 503
miliaresion 31, 39, 278–279, 281, 328
communion see the Eucharist
Constans ii 26–28, 337
Typos, the 27–28
Constantine i 3, 16, 18–19, 28, 31–32, 35, 105, 130, 133, 136, 243, 300, 329, 421, 551, 557
Constantine iv 28, 281
Constantine v
and iconoclasm 5–6, 8–9, 14, 64, 66, 74–75, 85, 87, 89, 105, 179, 195, 210, 236, 238, 247–248, 253, 326, 333, 350–366, 374, 383, 390, 401, 408, 421, 440, 465, 483, 485, 546–547, 551, 566
Peuseis, the 64, 231–232, 242–243, 248–249, 352, 402–403, 418–420, 434, 441–442, 447, 449–450, 466–467
and law 35, 346, 489
and martial victory 365
wars with Arabs 35–36, 75, 351, 363
wars with Bulgars 36, 75–76, 351, 363
and monks 9, 66, 75, 92–93, 253, 243, 248, 256–257, 357–363, 465, 483–490
and Old Testament kingship 35, 346, 348, 365
and papacy 100, 550–551
and relics 92–93, 360, 465, 477–483
and saints 92–93, 241, 360, 365, 465–477
and the Cross 34, 69, 211, 283–287, 294, 360–362, 365–366
and the Franks 100, 549
and the Virgin 92–93, 241, 360, 466–473
as organizer of Leo iv’s marriage to Irene 78
as patron and builder 34, 68, 263–264, 303, 351, 361–363
baptism and crowning 31, 198, 241, 278, 328, 384
civil war 33, 74, 351, 356
coinage and seals of 33, 278–281
in non-iconophile sources 62, 202, 211
marriage to Khazar princess 33
memory/reputation/smearing of 36, 40, 42, 62, 66, 76–77, 87–88, 103, 195, 199, 217–218, 241–243, 254, 332–333, 350–351, 373n19, 383–386, 465, 469, 485–486
Constantine vi 6, 37, 257n108, 292–293, 313, 370, 372, 551, 567
betrothal to daughter of Charlemagne 38, 78
coinage of 33–34, 281–282
factional fighting with Irene and blinding by 38, 255, 368, 382
marriage and Moechian Controversy 38, 255, 427, 555
Constantine vii 372
Constantine of Cyprus 250, 555
Constantine of Nakoleia 65, 71, 204, 235–236, 330–331, 333, 339, 345, 403, 543
Constantine of Tios 480–482
Constantine, patriarch 358
Constantinople 15–16, 26, 28–33, 154, 161, 212–218, 263–264
and iconoclasm 5, 34–35, 77, 84, 207, 233, 239, 253–254, 335, 341, 352, 360–362, 378–379, 393, 425, 440, 455–456, 462–463, 510
and relics 20, 24–25, 32, 34, 178, 276, 329, 480
and the Virgin 24, 34, 178–179, 361–362, 394, 548
aqueduct of Valens 34
churches of 58–59, 148, 165–166, 178–182, 185–186, 295
Blachernai 178–179, 362, 394
Virgin of the Chalkoprateia 179–182, 361–362
Virgin of the Pharos 34, 297n87
Hagia Eirene 34, 68, 294–298, 300–305, 311–313, 321, 361
Hagia Sophia 16, 57, 59, 104, 178, 277, 300, 301, 303, 320, 386–388, 394, 420, 422
Sekreton of 69, 283–285, 320, 360–361
Hagios Polyeuktos 165
Holy Apostles 378, 383, 385
environs attacked by Krum in 813 40, 368, 371, 383, 385
Hippodrome 217, 253, 358, 484, 487–489
Kynegion 217
Magnaura 375–376
Mese 277, 359
Milion 362
monasteries and monks 38, 200, 357–358, 376, 391, 427, 464–465, 475, 485–488, 492
imperial palace 20, 25, 29, 31–32, 34–35, 80, 149, 329, 332, 338, 386, 388–394, 480, 557
Chalke gate 5, 72, 203, 275–277, 341, 385, 392, 543
plague of 746–47 23, 36, 356–357
siege of 626 24, 55, 145, 163
siege of 717–18 30–32, 74, 198, 211, 326–328, 349, 514
Council of Chalcedon (451), the 4th Ecumenical 18, 21–22, 234, 247, 412, 452–453, 456, 462, 482
Council of Constantinople, Second (553), the 5th Ecumenical 22, 149, 249
Council of Constantinople, Third (680–81), the 6th Ecumenical 28, 149, 233n14
Council of Constantinople, Fourth (869–70), the 8th Ecumenical 233n14, 236–237
Council of Elvira (305) 134–136
Council of Ephesus (431), the 3rd Ecumenical 17–18, 431
Council of Frankfurt (794) 101, 250, 381, 554–555
Council of Gentilly (767) 100, 548–550, 558
Council of Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (815) 87, 232–233, 243, 371, 392, 426, 441, 558
Council of Hiereia (754) 5–6, 14, 63–64, 66, 74–75, 79, 85–87, 99–100, 179, 203, 230–232, 240–243, 248–250, 253, 256, 352–357, 362, 365–366, 369, 372, 376, 378, 385, 390, 392, 396, 401–403, 407, 418–422, 425, 427, 434, 441, 460, 465–467, 472–473, 476–478, 484, 490, 547, 550–552, 555, 566
Council, Lateran (649) 27–28, 411
Council of Nicaea, First, the 1st Ecumenical (325) 18, 234, 247, 379
Council of Nicaea, Second (787), the 7th Ecumenical 6, 13, 38, 63–64, 71, 77–79, 85–88, 92, 96, 100–101, 157, 195, 204, 210, 212, 222, 230–237, 240–244, 247, 249–254, 259, 285, 292, 330, 332–333, 339, 345, 352, 354–355, 366, 369, 371–386, 390, 394–396, 401–403, 420, 422–425, 427, 440, 454, 462, 468–469, 471, 473, 476, 488, 510, 529, 544, 551–555, 558–559, 561, 569
Council of Paris (825) 101, 540–542, 552–553
Council, Quinisext or in Trullo 29, 56–57, 59, 73, 82, 147–156, 163–164, 168, 182, 185, 249, 271, 278, 347–348, 401–402, 405, 445n115
Council of Rome (731) 99, 335, 541, 546–547, 551
Council of Rome (769) 100, 375, 546, 550–551, 554, 566
Crete 40
Cross, the 19–20, 25, 53–55, 57, 65, 89, 104, 120, 130, 138, 142, 149, 151–153, 163, 165, 267, 273–275, 277–289, 293–298, 304, 381, 420, 422, 445, 448–450, 457, 461, 500, 541–542, 561, 566, 569–570
and the iconoclasts 8, 31–34, 68–69, 71, 75, 86, 180, 279–281, 283–287, 294, 320, 326–333, 346–347, 350, 358, 360–362, 365–366, 421, 426, 448, 558
attacked by Jews and Muslims 55, 65, 81–82, 96–97, 331, 349–350, 411, 455, 503, 507–509, 511, 524, 534–535
relic of the True Cross 19–20, 24, 32, 34, 81, 211, 329
Cult of Relics 19–21, 24–26, 34–35, 53–58, 65, 82, 98, 104, 140, 166, 178, 347, 361, 440, 458, 461
and the iconoclasts 8–9, 12, 14, 90–93, 327–329, 343, 365, 464–465, 467–468, 477–483
See also The Cross: relic of the True Cross ; icons: acheiropoieta
Cult of Saints 6–8, 12, 14, 20–21, 24–26, 51, 53–58, 65, 90–93, 98, 155, 347, 404, 411, 431, 439, 461
and the iconoclasts 232, 241, 343, 365, 464–483, 491–493
“ethical theory” of iconoclasts 67, 88, 92–93, 365, 471, 492–493
see also Cult of Relics ; icons: of saints ; icon veneration ; Sleep of the Soul ; Theodore of Sykeon
Cult of the Virgin Mary 8, 17, 24, 90–93, 178, 258, 326, 328, 343, 359, 361–362, 404, 466–472, 477, 481, 548
see also Constantinople: Blachernai church, church of Virgin of the Chalkoprateia, and church of Virgin of the Pharos ; icons: of the Virgin ; Nicaea: Koimesis Church
Cyclades 203, 342
Cyprian of Carthage 116, 119n40
Cyprus 234, 337, 411–412, 487, 555
see also Constantine of Cyprus ; George of Cyprus ; Leontios of Neapolis
damnatio memoriae 49
Damascus 96, 514, 519, 529
Great Mosque 457, 505, 507
De Cerimoniis 376, 392
demons 114, 116, 350, 363, 446
Dionysios the Areopagite 249, 414–415
Dionysius of Telmahre 202
Dungal of Pavia 540–542, 560, 569
Dura-Europos 49–50, 128, 452
Ecloga, the 32, 35, 346, 348, 383n70, 489–490
economy, Byzantine 21, 23–24, 27, 30, 36, 40–42, 68, 351
Edessa 55, 145–146, 163, 380, 454, 461
see also icons: the Mandylion
Egypt 18, 24, 26, 45, 67, 178, 273, 508, 511–512
Einhard 251, 561
Eisagoge, the 397
elites in Byzantium 5, 17, 21, 49, 59, 77, 79, 183, 186–187, 215–216, 236, 255, 281, 374–375, 389, 391, 484, 486
Emilian of Cyzicus 388
emperors
and the Church 18–22, 25–28, 84, 105, 237–240, 243, 245, 248, 332, 336–337, 352–353, 356–357, 385, 390, 395–397, 411–413, 421, 473
and cult of saints and relics before iconoclasm 25–26, 82, 474
and martial victory 19–20, 31–32, 279, 326–329, 350–351, 365, 392
and Old Testament kingship 24, 35, 73–74, 105, 346, 348 350, 365
as moral reformers 20, 25, 29, 32, 35, 57, 59, 73, 348, 477
images of 25, 29–31, 33–34, 48–49, 52, 68, 81, 89, 144, 328, 415–416, 500, 507
model of Constantine i 16, 18–19, 28, 31–32, 35, 78, 105, 329
model of Justinian i 6n8, 16, 22, 28–29, 35, 105
see also Anastasius i ; Anastasius ii ; Basil i ; coins ; Constans ii ; Constantine i ; Constantine ii ; Constantine iv ; Constantine v ; Constantine vi ; Heraclius ; Irene ; Justin ii ; Justinian i ; Justinian ii ; Leo iii ; Leo iv ; Leo v ; Maurice ; Michael i ; Michael ii ; Michael iii ; Nikephoros i ; Philippicus Bardanes ; seals ; Theodora ; Theophilos ; Tiberius ii ; Tiberius iii
Ephesus 18, 160, 301, 311–315
Epiphanius of Salamis 51, 137–138, 141n81, 234, 239n36, 410
Eucharist, the 1, 37, 38, 53, 79, 223, 256–257, 390, 391, 426, 456, 461, 465, 486, 559, 569
and relics removed from altars 12, 92, 478
as the true icon of Christ 8, 86, 89, 91, 231–232, 352, 362, 365, 418–421, 448–450, 566
see also altars ; iconoclasts
eulogiae 57–58
eunuchs 37, 39, 363–364, 368, 561
Euphemia, saint 92, 277, 480–482
Eusebius of Caesarea 19, 133, 136–138, 234
Eustratius 474, 476
Euthymios of Sardis 80, 388, 390, 393
Eutychius, exarch 547–548
Eutychius, patriarch 474
fasting 20, 27, 563
Feast of Orthodoxy 1–2, 103–104, 395
Felix iv, pope 166–169
filioque 549, 558–560, 563
Franks see Carolingians
George of Cyprus 247n71, 353, 403
George of Pisidia 158
George Synkellos 62, 195–199, 203, 208, 212
George the Monk 199–201, 371, 466, 470–471, 474
Genesios, Joseph 200, 371–372
Germanos, patriarch 87, 89, 103, 105, 299, 326, 349, 353, 374n23, 384–385, 410, 415, 418
deposition of 5, 72, 99, 238, 251–252, 333–334, 336, 338–339, 343–345, 365, 408, 412, 546–547
letters 13, 65, 71–72, 83, 222, 235–236, 330–334, 402–407, 545
see also Constantine of Nakoleia ; Council of Nicaea, Second ; Gregory ii, pope: letter to Germanos ; Leo iii ; John of Synada ; Thomas of Klaudiopolis
Greece 5, 338, 370
see also Cyclades ; Hellas
Gregory i, pope 98, 143, 250, 538–542, 565–567
Gregory ii, pope 99, 205, 231, 238, 334–335, 340, 345, 543–546, 566, 570
letter to Germanos 13, 403, 544
letters to Leo iii 13, 205, 222, 239–240, 339–340, 383, 396, 544–545
Gregory iii, pope 99, 205, 334–335, 544, 546–548, 550, 566–567, 570
Gregory Asbestas of Syracuse 561
Gregory of Neokaisareia 422
Gregory of Nyssa 51, 139, 416, 539, 565–566
Gregory of Tours 539–540
Hadrian i, pope 100–101, 250, 345, 376, 550–556, 560, 562, 566–567, 569–570
Hadrian ii, pope 564
hagiography 10, 20–21, 65–67, 76, 79, 145, 156, 182, 245, 250, 252–260, 355, 371–372, 379, 384, 388–392, 411, 431, 436, 466, 471, 476–477, 482–485, 491–493
“iconoclast” 10, 67, 211, 256–257, 492–493
See also Life of Athanasia of Aegina ; Life of Eudocimus the Righteous ; Life of Euthymius of Sardes ; Life of George of Amastris ; Life of Ioannikios ; Life of the neo-martyr Romanus ; Life of Nicetas of Medikion ; Life of Niketas the Patrician ; Life of Patriarch Nikephoros ; Life of Patriarch Tarasios ; Life of Peter of Atroa ; Life of Philaretos ; Life of Philotheus of Opsikion ; Life of Stephen the Younger ; Life of Theophanes the Confessor ; Pratum Spirituale
Harun al-Rashid 368
Helena, mother of Constantine i 19, 78, 329
Hellas 203, 342
see also Greece
Heraclius 24, 26, 28, 32, 329, 337, 420
Ekthesis, the 26–27
heresy 34–35, 100, 114, 183, 230, 239–240, 249, 357, 395, 397, 474
iconoclasm as 2, 8, 72, 77, 102, 233, 237, 240, 242–243, 253, 255, 259–260, 325, 333–335, 340, 363–364, 370, 375, 395
“accusers of Christians” 378, 384
icon veneration as 34–35, 64, 74, 85, 230–232, 251, 352–354, 360, 365, 419
see also Christology ; Monophysites and Monophysitism ; Monotheletes and Monotheletism ; Nestorians and Nestorianism ; orthodoxy
Hisham 32–33, 329, 513, 519
histories 60–61, 192–193, 208–218
chronicles; iconophiles: as creators/rewriters of sources; History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria; Łewond; Liber Pontificalis; Patriarch Nikephoros: Short History
History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria 507–508
Honorius i, pope 548
Hyakinthos, abbot 161n67, 180–181, 186–187, 285
iconoclasm, Byzantine
and monks 5–9, 12, 14, 61, 66, 75, 79, 90–93, 104, 205, 233, 246, 253–255, 258, 344, 353, 369, 379, 383, 385, 388, 392–393, 396
and rebellions 5, 203, 338, 342
causes of First 4–15, 43, 55, 58–59, 71–73, 82, 94, 183–187, 203–208, 346–350, 509–510, 537
causes of Second 76, 78, 87, 383, 385–390
earlier Christian examples of 51, 94, 98, 137–138, 143, 438–440
end of First 76–78, 364, 369, 372–382
end of Second 76, 80, 90, 369, 372, 394–395
extent of destruction 2, 5–6, 9, 11–15, 60, 68–69, 71–79, 87, 105–106, 205, 223, 236, 261, 267, 275, 282–285, 320, 325, 331, 333–339, 344–346, 354–356, 360–363, 365–366, 391–393, 401, 412, 426
memory of 2, 11, 36, 66, 77, 87–88, 103, 369–370, 383–386
significance of 4–7, 9, 12–15, 75–77, 103–106, 366–367, 369, 395–397
whitewashing 69, 264–267, 334, 355
see also Chalke icon ; Christology ; the Cross ; Cult of Relics ; Cult of Saints ; Cult of the Virgin Mary ; emperors ; the Eucharist ; heresy ; iconoclasts ; iconomachy ; iconophiles ; icon veneration ; idols and idolatry ; Orthodox Church ; orthodoxy ; orthopraxy ; Triumph of Orthodoxy
iconoclasm in Armenia 94
iconoclasm in China 94, 490–491
iconoclasm in the Caliphate 14, 83–84, 94, 96–97, 204, 211, 337, 453, 497–537
see also Muslims and Islam ; Qur’an ; Yazid ii
iconoclasm in the West 94–95, 98–99, 137–138, 143, 538–543
see also Carolingians ; Claudius of Turin ; popes and the papacy ; Serenus of Marseilles
iconoclasts 2
and the church building 86, 354, 421
and the Cross 8, 31–34, 68–69, 71, 75, 86, 180, 279–281, 283–287, 294, 320, 326–333, 346–347, 350, 358, 360–362, 365–366, 421, 426, 448, 558
and the Eucharist 8, 12, 53, 86, 89, 91, 231–232, 256–257, 346, 352, 354, 362, 390, 418–421, 448–450, 465, 478, 486, 566
arguments against icons and icon veneration:
that novel, non-traditional and against Church Fathers 81, 349, 350, 353, 420–421, 437, 456
that Christian worship should be spiritual not material 12, 81–82, 239, 432
that encouraged erroneous/superstitious practices 79, 251, 391, 426
that heretical as against Orthodox Christology 34–35, 64, 74, 85, 230–231, 352–354, 360, 365, 418–419, 442, 566
that icons dangerous as unblessed and outside Church control 7–8, 10, 59, 86, 91, 231, 346, 420–421
that idols and idolatry condemned in Old Testament 1, 8, 12, 34, 71–74, 80–83, 83, 89, 91, 231, 248, 330–331, 334–335, 362, 373, 384, 388, 344–353, 403, 410, 418, 438, 440, 561, 566
that superfluous and useless 79, 82, 87, 231, 251, 420
that true icon of Christ the Eucharist 8, 86, 89, 91, 231–232, 352, 362, 365, 418–421, 441–442, 566
in army 5, 7, 38, 75–78, 203, 342–343, 360, 364, 378–379, 387
in the episcopacy and clergy 4, 14, 65, 71, 73, 77–79, 233, 235–236, 247–248, 255, 330–334, 345–346, 352–355, 364, 373, 378–379, 382–383, 389–390, 396
monks 79, 253–254, 364, 383, 465
number of 76–77, 330–332, 364, 382, 394
purged from Church post 843 103
see also bishops ; Christology ; Constantine v ; Constantine of Nakoleia ; the Cross ; Cult of relics ; Cult of Saints ; Cult of the Virgin Mary ; emperors ; hagiography: “iconoclast” ; heresy ; iconoclasm ; iconophiles ; idols and idolatry ; John the Grammarian ; Leo iii ; Leo iv ; Leo v ; Michael ii ; Theophilos
iconomachy 7n14, 8–9, 106, 401, 486
iconophiles 2
arguments for icons and icon veneration:
an ancient tradition supported by Church Fathers 64, 77, 81, 84, 86, 88, 234, 243, 246–249, 334, 372, 379–380, 421, 437–438, 456–457, 566–567
supported by Scripture 81, 83, 344, 410, 413, 566
that Christ had defeated idolatry and an insult to deny it 1, 234, 246, 403
that Christians only venerate not worship icons 82–83, 88, 244–245, 334, 404, 406–407, 409–410, 416–417, 437–439, 451–452, 458
that honour paid to image passes to archetype 85–86, 381–382, 405, 415–417, 422–423
that icons represent hypostasis of Christ 89, 244, 429–430, 432–434
that icons one of many types of images ordained by God 84–85, 409, 413–415
that icons represent real holy persons 88, 248, 406, 421, 446
that icons useful for teaching and moving emotions 88, 405, 567
that images united by shared likeness 88, 244–245, 430–432, 442–446
that images united by shared name 88, 234, 246, 255, 429–431, 444–446, 460
that Incarnation made images of Christ possible/necessary 82, 84, 88–89, 402, 405, 408–410, 412, 417–418, 443–444
that Jews/Muslims/pagans the real idolators and one should not support their criticisms 84, 331–334, 349, 384, 412
that material things worthy 81–82, 84, 410
as creators/rewriters of sources 3, 4, 11–14, 36, 54, 60, 63–67, 71–72, 76, 103, 146, 157, 191–192, 323, 341, 350–351, 367, 369, 383–386, 401–403, 510
number of 77–79, 351, 364, 390–391, 394, 465
persecution of 5–6, 9, 12, 14, 75, 77, 79–80, 325, 334, 338–339, 341, 344, 354–355, 357–360, 363–365, 386–387, 390, 392–394, 425–427, 441, 483–484
see also icons ; Irene ; John of Damascus ; Nikephoros, patriarch ; Tarasios ; Theodora ; Theodore Abū Qurrah ; Theodore the Studite ; Theophanes the Confessor
iconostasis 104
icons (Christian figural images)
acheiropoieta 11, 14, 24–25, 54–56, 88, 145–146, 380, 419–420, 570
the Mandylion 25, 55, 145–146, 243, 248, 260n119, 380, 420, 430, 461
after iconoclasm 67, 104–106, 395–396
in Christian art before ca.500 49–54, 65, 123–143
in Christian art ca.500–700 54–59, 64, 73, 144–187, 347–348
in the West 98–102, 547–548, 564, 568
of angels 130, 144–145, 159–162, 164–165, 170, 175, 178–179, 184, 231, 238, 434–435, 447–448, 451
of Christ 1, 5, 11, 29–30, 46, 51–57, 59, 64, 66, 73–75, 82, 85, 88, 104, 111, 113–114, 128–145, 149–154, 157, 161–163, 165–187, 230–232, 234, 238, 243–246, 248, 257–258, 260, 330, 334–336, 347–348, 352–353, 355, 361–362, 374, 381, 384, 396, 402, 415–417, 423, 426, 429–445, 448–451, 458, 461, 507, 526, 540, 547–548, 550, 557, 564–567
of the Good Shepherd 124, 128, 130, 132
of Old Testament figures 47, 51–54, 57, 70, 111, 124–130, 141, 332, 405–406, 507, 526
of saints 25, 51, 53–58, 64, 66, 75, 82, 88, 99, 111, 113, 130–145, 155, 157, 166–179, 184, 205, 231–232, 234–235, 238, 241, 244–245, 330, 334–336, 340, 345, 355, 358, 366, 381, 384, 396, 405, 415, 417, 435–436, 439, 458–461, 526, 535, 540, 557, 564
of the apostles 51, 53, 71, 111, 115, 123, 128–133, 136–142, 332, 405–406
of the Virgin 51, 53–57, 75, 104, 128, 144–145, 156–157, 161, 165, 170, 173–180, 184, 203, 231, 238, 241, 247, 334, 342–343, 355, 361–362, 381, 384, 396, 405, 415, 417, 435, 439, 443, 481, 550, 564
surviving examples on wooden panels 58, 67–68, 144, 267–274
see also Chalke icon ; iconoclasm, Byzantine ; iconostasis ; icon veneration
icon veneration 1–2, 12, 231–232, 234–237, 239–245, 248, 257–260
after Iconoclasm 67, 89–90, 102–106, 236–237, 260, 395–396
before Iconoclasm 5, 7–8, 10, 13–14, 25, 52, 54–59, 64–65, 73, 77, 81–82, 114–115, 134–143, 145–187, 234–235, 347–348, 372, 411–412
declared necessary 2, 42, 82, 85–86, 89, 100–104, 232, 241, 372, 381–382, 415, 422, 440
iconoclast attempts to curb 8–9, 12, 14, 72, 75, 79, 87–88, 333–334, 345–346, 353–356, 391, 426, 440
oath to not venerate 12, 75, 358–360, 365, 373–374, 382
in the West 98–102, 250–252, 550, 564, 570
lighting lights and burning incense 52–54, 58, 114–115, 145, 156–157, 165, 183, 372–373, 391, 404–405, 426, 440, 558, 569
kissing 56, 77, 79, 87, 145, 150, 334, 336, 372, 381, 440, 461
prostration 56, 77, 84, 88, 260, 334, 372, 381, 404, 409–410, 440
see also icons ; idols and idolatry ; lamps ; latreia ; prayer ; proskynesis
idols and idolatry 328
early Christian critique of 50–53, 81, 109–123, 139–140
icons and icon veneration as 1, 8, 12, 15, 34, 71–74, 77, 80–83, 89, 91, 231, 248, 338, 345–248, 330–331, 334–335, 338, 344–353, 362, 366, 373, 384, 403, 410, 418, 438, 440, 561, 566
charge dropped in Second Iconoclasm 79, 87, 390
New Testament on 45–47
Old Testament on 43–45, 55, 73–74, 346, 348
pagan practice and cult statues 47–53, 110–116, 119, 134, 137, 139–140, 446
see also Jews and Judaism ; Muslims and Islam
Ignatios the Deacon 66–67, 221, 254–255, 257n104, 377, 464
Ignatios, patriarch 236, 256, 561–564
Illyricum 376
inscriptions 56–57, 99, 147–148, 158–161, 167–170, 175–178, 180–182, 215, 507, 518n41, 520, 524
Iraq 35, 95, 202, 509
Irenaeus of Lyons 114, 116
Irene 6, 210, 228, 391
and icons 38, 77–78, 100, 241, 243, 255, 275, 342, 372–382, 387, 427, 551, 567
as empress 37–39, 243, 254, 256, 277, 368
as regent 37–38, 77–78, 292–293
factional strife with Constantine vi 34, 368, 382
Irene the Patrician 225
Isaurian dynasty 8, 11–12, 31–33, 42, 57, 62, 65, 69, 73–77, 88, 105, 197–198, 202–203, 217, 224, 236, 241, 278, 326, 346, 348, 364–370, 373–376, 380, 384–386, 392
See also Constantine v ; Constantine vi ; Irene ; Leo iii ; Leo iv
Italy 21, 23, 32, 36, 99–100, 131, 205, 207, 334–335, 340, 543–546, 549, 551
see also Calabria ; Ravenna ; Rome ; Sicily ; Venice
Jerusalem 19, 24, 45, 81, 128, 130, 137, 250, 394, 408, 411, 506–507, 513–514, 517, 519, 521, 530
Dome of the Rock 96, 457, 505–507
see also Palestine ; patriarch of Jerusalem
Jews and Judaism 16–17, 26, 151, 540, 569
and art 43–46, 49–50, 55, 81, 110–113, 118, 125–128, 521–527
and Byzantine iconoclasm 7, 13–14, 63–64, 71–72, 74, 84, 334, 339, 384, 412, 510–511, 536, 543–544
attacking Christian practices 65, 81–82, 89, 329, 349, 411, 452–453, 455–459, 462, 507
forced conversion by Leo iii 329
see also Dura-Europos ; Old Testament
John Chrysostom 138–139, 478–479
John of Damascus 157, 260, 432, 468, 489–490, 569–570
anathema at Hiereia 85, 353, 357, 403, 407
arguments for icons and their veneration 83–85, 87–88, 232, 237–240, 242, 244–245, 248, 256n102, 402, 407–418, 420, 423, 446–448, 452, 454, 457, 460–463
on iconoclasm 71, 238–239, 336–338, 403
dating of Three Treatises on Images 13, 66, 71, 83–84, 238–239, 336–338, 407–408
John “of Jerusalem” 377–378
John of Synada 330, 336, 403–406
John Skylitzes 201, 393
John the Grammarian, patriarch 40–42, 78, 80, 386, 392–394, 430, 465, 561
Jonas of Orleans 540–542, 559–560, 569
Justin ii 151
Justin Martyr 50, 116–117, 119, 121–122
Justinian i 3, 6n8, 10, 16, 21–26, 28–29, 35, 57, 105, 156, 178, 243, 298–301, 304, 474
Justinian ii 28–29, 149, 216, 246n66, 278, 280, 347–348, 503
Kallirhoe 154, 159–160, 168
Kassia, abbess 225
kastra and fortifications 35–36, 368
kissing 20–21, 53, 56, 77, 79, 87, 114, 145, 150, 334, 366, 381, 440, 457, 461, 479, 482
see also icon veneration
Khazars 33
Khludov Psalter 69, 264–267, 271
Krum, Khagan 40, 76, 368, 371, 383, 386
Lactantius 138
lamps 50–51, 53, 58 115, 119, 124–125, 132, 165, 183, 540, 558, 569
see also icon veneration
latreia 43, 82–84, 245, 381, 404, 409–410, 416, 423, 426–427, 438–439, 451, 570
see also iconophiles: arguments for icons and icon veneration ; icon veneration ; proskynesis
Leo i 179
Leo iii 156, 408
and crowning Constantine v 328
and cult of saints and relics 90–91, 327–328, 343, 465, 480–482
and iconoclasm 4–5, 8, 13–14, 33, 66, 68, 71–74, 79, 84, 99, 203–208, 210, 231–232, 235, 238–240, 248, 252, 275, 325, 332–350, 356–357, 364–365, 396, 403, 418, 498, 543–546, 550–551
and law 32, 35, 346, 489
and martial victory 31, 279, 326–329, 350, 365
war with Arabs 31–33, 74–75, 211, 326, 338, 340–344, 346–350
and Old Testament kingship 326–328, 346, 348, 350, 365
and papacy 100, 231, 334–335, 543–546, 550–551
and setting up an image 65, 71, 332–333
and the Cross 31–32, 69, 211, 224, 279–281, 326–329, 332–333, 346–347, 350, 365
and Virgin Mary 90–91, 328, 343, 465
coinage and seals of 31–32, 278–281, 328, 349–350
early rule 31–33, 325–329
in non-iconophile sources 62, 202, 211, 326–327
forced conversion of Jews and Montanists 329
letter exchange with Umar ii 63, 211, 223–224, 327–328, 350
memory/reputation/smearing of 40, 42, 62–63, 72, 76, 197–199, 217–218, 223–224, 332–333, 342, 384–386, 536
see also Chalke icon ; Constantine v ; the Ecloga ; Isaurian dynasty
Leo iii, pope 555, 557, 560
Leo iv 6, 33, 37, 75, 210, 281, 357, 363–364, 368, 476, 492
Leo iv, pope 561
Leo v 6, 40, 76, 78–79, 196, 200–201, 210, 254, 259, 264, 275, 342, 368–371, 383, 385–391, 393, 421, 426–427, 441, 465, 555–556, 558
Leontios, emperor 29
Leontios of Neapolis 55, 64–65, 81–83, 234–235, 404, 411, 460, 565–566
Leo the Mathematician 392
Letter of the Three Patriarchs 244, 246–247, 249
letters 60–61, 192, 218–228
see also Germanos: letters ; Gregory i ; Gregory ii: letters ; Leo iii: letter exchange with Umar ii ; Letter of the Three Patriarchs ; Theodore the Studite: letters
Łewond 209, 211, 223, 326–328
Liber Pontificalis 99, 205, 209, 212–214, 229, 231, 238, 334–335, 344, 543–547, 550, 556, 561–562
Libri Carolini see Opus Caroli contra synodum (Libri Carolini)
Life of Athanasia of Aegina 465
Life of Eudocimus the Righteous 483, 492
Life of Euthymius of Sardes 483
Life of George of Amastris 256–257, 464, 492
Life of Ioannikios 257–258, 477
Life of the neo-martyr Romanus 485–486
Life of Nicetas of Medikion 369, 371, 388, 390, 466–467, 470
Life of Niketas the Patrician 257–258, 392
Life of Patriarch Nikephoros 66, 254–255, 260, 371, 388
Life of Patriarch Tarasios 66–67, 254–255, 260, 377–378
Life of Peter of Atroa 259
Life of Philaretos 257, 492–493
Life of Philotheus of Opsikion 483, 493
Life of Stephen the Younger 11, 66, 77, 179, 241, 252–254, 260, 341, 355, 357–359, 362, 372, 382–383, 385, 390, 396, 470, 483–488
Life of Theophanes the Confessor 475
Liutprand, Lombard king 99, 335, 544–545
Lombards 23, 206, 543–544, 547, 549
Louis the German 563
Louis the Pious 101, 540–542, 557–560
See also Michael ii: letter to Louis the Pious
Macarius, abbot of Pelekete 391
Macedonian dynasty 200, 371–372, 394
see also Basil i ; Constantine vii
Manicheans and Manichaeism 84, 141, 336, 407, 410, 452
manuscripts 61–62, 158, 192, 196, 200–208, 213–216, 225–230, 236, 240, 408n16, 418, 431, 467n19, 529, 531, 553
illustrations 68–69, 261–264, 277, 366
see also Khludov Psalter ; Ptolemy’s Handy Tables
Marcus Minucius Felix 116, 118, 121–122
Maronite Chronicle 503
Martin i, Pope 27–28
Maslama 511, 514
Maurice 25, 481
Maximus the Confessor 27–28, 239–240, 433
Melkites 89, 425, 452–456, 462, 481
Mesopotamia see Iraq
Methodios, patriarch 42, 80, 105, 371n8, 393–396, 475–476, 479, 483, 556, 561
Miaphysites and Miaphysitism see Monophysites and Monophysitism
Michael i 40, 371, 383, 393
Michael ii 6, 40, 372, 464, 556–558
letter to Louis the Pious 79, 87, 101, 183, 223, 391, 426, 542, 558–559, 569
Michael iii 6, 42, 77, 103, 199, 236–237, 369, 372, 394, 561–564
Michael Lachanodrakon 362, 487–488
Michael of Synada 388, 390
Michael the Synkellos 394
Michael the Syrian 202–203
Moechian Controversy 38–39, 198, 255, 391, 427, 555
monks, monasteries, and monasticism 20–21, 25, 36, 40, 59, 88, 178, 180, 186–187, 195, 197, 200, 202, 210, 216–217, 224–225, 227–228, 351, 357, 412, 425–427, 431, 440, 454
and iconoclasm 5–9, 12, 14, 61, 66, 75, 79, 90–93, 104, 205, 233, 246, 253–255, 258, 344, 353, 369, 379, 383, 385, 388, 392–393, 396, 464–465, 472, 475, 483–493
persecution of 8–9, 12, 14, 357–359, 66, 91, 93, 217–218, 243, 248, 253, 362–363, 392–394, 483–490
St Catherine’s at Mt Sinai 67, 151, 175, 267–274
see also iconoclasts: monks ; John of Damascus ; Kassia, abbess ; Macarius, abbot of Pelekete ; Methodios, patriarch ; Nicetas, abbot of Medikion ; Nicholas Studites ; Nicholas the hermit ; Nikephoros, patriarch ; Peter, abbot of St Sabas ; Plato of Sakkoudion ; Sabas, abbot of Stoudios ; Stephen the Younger ; Theodore the Stoudite ; Theodore Graptos ; Theophanes Graptos ; Theophanes the Confessor ; Thomas, abbot
Monophysites and Monophysitism 10, 18, 21–22, 74, 82, 85–87, 151, 182, 230–231, 352–353, 418–419, 510, 434, 452, 456, 520–521, 566
Monotheletes and Monotheletism 26–28, 30, 151, 182, 233n14, 239, 396, 403, 411
Montanists 329
mosaics 34, 51, 57–58, 68–69, 96–97, 104, 131, 151, 158, 161n67, 166–181, 185–186, 261, 283–300, 304, 317, 355, 360–361, 366, 381, 422, 452–453, 457, 498, 507, 511, 515–528, 535, 568
Mu’awiya 503, 523–524
Muslims and Islam 26–27, 30–32, 246, 411–413
and art and figural imagery 74, 95–98, 278, 328, 349, 412, 443, 457, 497–537
and Byzantine iconoclasm 5, 7–8, 13–14, 63–64, 71–74, 94–96, 331, 339, 343, 348–350, 498, 509, 536–537, 543–544
attacking Christian practices 83, 89, 95–96, 327–329, 337, 349, 452–453, 455–457, 462, 507–509, 511, 513–514, 529, 535
see also Arabs and the Conquests ; iconoclasm in the Caliphate ; Qur’an
navy 26–28, 30
Nestorians and Nestorianism 17–18, 74, 82, 85–87, 92, 230–231, 352–353, 418–419, 434, 439, 452, 456, 466, 469, 475, 479–480, 482, 566
See also Nestorius ; Timothy
Nestorius, patriarch 17–18, 230, 466
New Testament 105, 128, 243, 264, 490
on religious imagery 45–47, 239, 248, 379, 430, 456
Nicaea 33, 77–78, 203, 329, 338, 342–343, 379
Koimesis Church 158, 180–182, 185, 285–287, 320, 361
see also Council of Nicaea, Second
Nicetas, abbot of Medikion 391
See also Life of Nicetas of Medikion
Nicholas i, pope 236, 562–564
Nicholas Studites 227–228
Nicholas the hermit 383
Nikephoros i, emperor 39–40, 76, 195, 198, 201, 254, 281, 368, 371, 383, 440
Nikephoros, patriarch 66, 78–79, 105, 198–199, 212, 255, 257, 264, 385–390, 396, 440–441
Short History 62, 71, 77, 197, 209–211, 239, 242–244, 283–285, 303, 326, 338–344, 351, 354, 356–359, 361, 440, 484–486
theological tracts in defence of icons 88–90, 231–233, 254, 237, 371, 402–403, 418, 425–427, 431, 435, 441–451, 462–463, 471, 473, 476, 478
Nikephoros, son of Constantine v 34, 37–38, 383
Niketas, patriarch 283–285, 360–361
Northumbria 99, 335, 538, 543
Nouthesia Gerontos (Admonition of the Old Man) 240, 247–249, 351–352, 373n17, 383, 403n8
Old Testament 1–3, 8, 11, 20, 32
argument over use and interpretation 81, 105
as model for Byzantium 10–11, 20, 24, 73–74, 105, 346, 348, 350, 373, 490
on idols and images 43–45, 109–113, 116–120, 248, 346, 498–499, 534, 541
notion of the Chosen People 8, 20, 24, 27, 30, 32, 35, 43–44, 73, 346, 373
see also iconoclasm, Byzantine ; Jews and Judaism ; New Testament
Opus Caroli contra synodum (Libri Carolini) 87, 100–101, 237, 250–252, 380–382, 541, 552–554, 560, 567–569
Origen of Alexandria 116–118, 121–122
Orthodox Church 1–2, 4–6, 8, 14, 16–20, 25, 29, 38, 59, 69, 103–105, 204, 240, 242, 251–252, 340, 370, 385, 390, 395–397, 565
See also bishops, emperors: and the Church ; orthodoxy ; patriarch of Constantinople ; popes and the papacy
orthodoxy 2, 8, 12, 17–22, 28–29, 34–35, 63, 73, 78, 82, 90, 93, 103–105, 207, 213, 237, 240, 242, 251–252, 348, 350, 352, 356–357, 360, 370, 379, 387, 394–396, 412, 418, 453, 462, 481
see also Christology ; Councils ; the Cross ; Cult of Relics ; Cult of Saints ; Cult of the Virgin Mary ; Feast Orthodoxy ; heresy ; Orthodox Church ; Synodikon of Orthodoxy ; Triumph of Orthodoxy
orthopraxy 29, 73, 348
pagans and paganism 16–17, 46–51, 53, 81, 110–123, 440, 446, 455
see also idols and idolatry: pagan practice and cult statues
Palatine Anthology 158–161
see also Agathias
Palestine 84, 89, 97, 195, 203, 239, 337, 411–413, 425, 452–454, 463, 489, 498, 511, 515, 519, 525, 535
see also iconoclasm in the Caliphate ; Syria
Parastaseis Synotmoi Chronikai 69, 209, 214–218, 282–283
Paschal i, pope 555–557, 568–569
Patria, the 214–218
patriarch of Alexandria 18, 246, 377–378
see also Alexandria ; Clement of Alexandria ; Egypt; History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria ; Letter of the Three Patriarchs ; Origen of Alexandria
patriarch of Antioch 18, 116, 138–139, 246, 377–378, 519
see also Antioch ; Letter of the Three Patriarchs ; Syria
patriarch of Constantinople 18, 65, 69, 79, 104–105, 354, 375–376, 385, 390–391, 395–397
see also Anastasios, patriarch ; Constantine, patriarch ; Constantinople: Hagia Sophia ; Germanos ; Ignatios ; John the Grammarian ; Methodios ; Nestorius ; Nikephoros ; Niketas ; Paul ; Photios ; Tarasios ; Theodotus
patriarch of Jerusalem 18, 26, 240, 246, 369, 377–378, 394, 454, 517, 519–520
see also Jerusalem ; Letter of the Three Patriarchs ; Palestine
Paul, patriarch 255, 363, 375
Paul i, pope 547–550, 570
Paulicians 474
Paulinus of Nola 141–143, 566
Pavia 335
Pelagius ii, pope 170
Persia and the Persians 23–24, 26, 32, 50, 55, 81, 146, 184, 235, 329, 411, 420, 452, 500, 503–504, 531–533
Peter, abbot of St Sabas 376
Peter, archpriest of Rome 376
Peter the Stylite 358–359
Philippicus Bardanes 30, 337, 403
Photios, patriarch 102, 104, 221, 233n14, 236–237, 256, 378, 397, 407, 440, 454, 462, 561–564
pilgrimage 19–20, 57, 98, 524, 542
Pippin, king of the Franks 100, 206, 548–550
plague 23, 30, 36, 356–357
Plato 48, 114, 117–118, 121–122, 415
Plato, abbot of Sakkoudion 38, 224, 228, 427, 441
popes and the papacy 5, 18, 22, 28–29, 32, 36, 38, 176, 206–207, 236, 250, 369, 396
and Byzantine iconoclasm 72, 78, 99–102, 231, 238–240, 252, 334–335, 339–340, 367, 370, 543–547, 549–557, 562–563, 566–569
see also Council of Nicaea, Second (787) ; Council of Rome (731) ; Council of Rome (769) ; Felix iv ; Gregory i ; Gregory ii ; Gregory iii ; Hadrian i ; Honorius i ; Italy ; Leo iii, pope ; Leo iv, pope ; Martin i ; Nicholas i ; Paschal i ; Paul i ; Pelagius ii ; Rome ; Sergius i ; Stephen ii ; Zacharias
Poreč 170–174
Porphyrius the charioteer 158–159
Pratum Spirituale 156–157
prayer 20–22, 27, 93, 111, 114, 120–122, 128, 138–139, 141, 145, 159, 161, 169, 175, 178–179, 231, 234, 251, 256, 258, 326, 331, 386, 420, 466, 468, 472, 474, 480, 507, 513, 522
proskynesis
as act of prostration 20–21, 53, 56, 84, 88, 114, 372, 381–382, 404, 409–410
as veneration in general 43, 77, 82–84, 235, 381–382, 404, 409–410, 413, 438–439, 451, 570
see also the Cross ; Cult of Relics ; icon veneration ; kissing ; latreia ; prayer
Protestant Reformation 49, 90–91, 94, 252, 356n127, 370, 469, 543
Prudentius 139
Ptolemy’s Handy Tables 68–69, 263–264
Qur’an 95–96, 278–279, 328, 434, 498–499, 529, 531, 534
Qusayr Amra 530–531, 535
relics see Cult of Relics
reliquaries 109, 132, 275
Ravenna 36, 150–151, 170, 174, 540
Rome 18, 36, 39, 58, 100, 148, 165–174, 178, 180, 182, 185–186, 205, 207, 212–213, 340, 543–551, 554, 556–560, 562–564
catacombs 111, 124–129
church of S. Lorenzo fuori le mura 170
church of S. Maria Antiqua 165, 173, 271–273, 548
church of ss. Cosma e Damiano 158, 166–170
see also Italy ; popes and the papacy
Russia 370, 396
Sabas, abbot of Stoudios 376
Saints see Cult of Saints
Sasanians see Persia and Persians
Scriptor Incertus 76, 201, 371, 386–390, 393–394
seals 31, 69, 123, 186, 261, 281–282, 328, 366
Serenus of Marseilles 98, 143, 538–539, 541, 567
Sergius i, pope 548
Severus Alexander 114
Sicily 27, 36, 40–41, 337, 376
silk 68, 261–263, 277
Slavs 24
sleep of the soul 25–26, 82, 92–93, 474–480, 483
see also Cult of Relics ; Cult of Saints
Socrates 121–122
statuary and sculpture 49, 53–54, 69, 111, 114, 119, 124–125, 128, 130, 144, 214–217, 261, 282–283, 380, 499, 512, 524–525, 531, 535
see also emperors: images of ; idols and idolatry ; Trier Ivory
Stephen ii, pope 206–207, 547
Stephen iii, pope 550
Stephen of Bostra 404
Stephen the Younger 66, 253, 355, 357–359, 385, 483–486
See also Cult of Saints ; Life of Stephen the Younger ; monks, monasteries, and monasticism
Symeon Logothetes 200–201
(Pseudo-)Symeon Magistros 200–201
Symeon the Younger 157
Synodikon of Orthodoxy 1–2, 395–396, 403
Syria 18, 50, 84, 89, 95, 128, 195, 202, 248, 425, 452–454, 463, 500, 503, 517–519
see also Palestine
taxes and the fiscal system 23, 26, 30, 32, 39, 41, 196, 205–207, 239, 334, 339–342, 543–544
Tarasios, patriarch 38, 66–67, 77–78, 105, 195, 210, 235, 241–243, 254–256, 361, 374–382, 387, 390, 396, 422, 440
see also Life of Tarasios
Tertullian 50, 110, 116–121, 123–124
Theodora, regent for Michael iii 6, 42, 77, 80, 369, 394–395, 561, 563
Theodore Abū Qurrah 89, 425, 443, 452–463
Theodore Graptos 393–394
Theodore Krithinos 237, 464
Theodore of Sykeon 54
Theodore the Studite 186, 259–260, 425–428
and iconoclasm 78–79, 88–90, 237, 244–245, 377, 388, 390–391, 403, 415, 417, 423, 428–441, 446, 451, 460, 462–463, 465
and the Moechian Controversy 38, 391, 427
Catechesis 371, 428
letters of 79, 221–228, 371, 415, 426, 430, 435–436, 465
Theodosiopolis 211
Theodosius i 137–138
Theodosius iii 30
Theodotus, patriarch 387, 390
Theodulf of Orleans 87, 100–101, 250, 541–542, 552–553, 567–570
See also Opus Caroli contra synodum (Libri Carolini)
Theophanes Continuatus 200, 371–372, 393, 464
Theophanes Graptos 393–394
Theophanes the Confessor 61–63, 71–72, 76, 90, 96, 195–210, 212, 223, 253–255, 276, 283–284, 303, 326, 339–344, 350–351, 354, 356–364, 370–371, 375–383, 385, 391, 466, 471–473, 475, 477, 480, 484–489, 513
Theophilos 6, 40–41, 77, 79–80, 183, 201, 246, 258, 369, 372, 392–395, 481
Theophilus of Edessa 62, 202–204, 223, 340
Theophylact of Nicomedia 388, 390
Theophylact Simocatta 481
Thessalonica 148, 166, 174, 179–180, 182, 185, 427
Hagia Sophia 287–294, 296–299, 315–319
Hagios Demetrios 69, 158, 174–178, 186, 319, 366
Hosios David 299
Thera 71–73, 203, 210, 338, 340, 344, 543
Thomas, abbot 377–378
Thomas of Klaudiopolis 13, 65, 331–333, 336, 403–406, 543
Thomas the Slav 40, 223, 368
Thrace 36, 368, 383
Tiberius ii 178
Tiberius iii Apsimar 30
Timothy, patriarch 475, 479–480
Trajan the Patrician 199
Trier ivory 68, 275–277
Triumph of Orthodoxy 1–2, 6, 42, 67, 75–76, 102–103, 200, 236, 242, 246, 254, 256, 258–259, 372, 394–395, 426, 470
Umar i 507–508, 528
Umar ii 63, 211, 223–224, 327–328, 350, 513
see also Leo iii: letter exchange with Umar ii
Umayyads 28–29, 32–33, 35, 95–97, 457, 503–508, 511, 514–518, 522–525, 528–536
see also Abbasids ; Abd al-Malik ; Al-Walid i ; Al-Walid ii ; Hisham ; Maslama ; Mu’awiya ; Umar i ; Umar ii ; Yazid ii
Valens 34, 337
Venice 151, 465
Vize, church of Hagia Sophia in 295–296
Yazid ii 8, 14, 96–97, 202, 204, 206, 211, 337, 339, 348–349, 384, 412, 498, 509–520, 525–529, 534–536, 544
See also iconoclasm in the Caliphate
Zachary, pope 173, 271, 547–548
Zeno, emperor 337
Zeno of Citium 121–122
Zoroastrians and Zoroastrianism 94, 500
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Series:  Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition, Volume: 99
Cover A Companion to Byzantine Iconoclasm
E-Book ISBN:
9789004462007
Publisher:
Brill
Print Publication Date:
17 Sep 2021

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