Index of Subjects and Titles
accounting
13, 120n24, 162, 164, 169, 173, 175, 179, 182, 185, 195, 203, 258, 262, 269, 304
administration
11n30, 17, 19, 28, 30, 51n41, 57, 59, 103, 169, 171, 188, 201, 205, 244, 246, 252, 255, 257–258, 266–267, 293, 305, 328–329, 348–349, 358–359, 370, 378, 380
advertising techniques
224
agricultural production
5, 22, 52n42, 62, 201, 330, 337, 351
agricultural products
11, 172
agriculturalism
78, 100, 321
agriculture
2, 12n33, 20, 56, 78–79, 82–83, 86, 89, 91, 95, 99, 101–103, 116, 133–134, 146, 170, 256, 258, 261, 281–283, 287–288, 300, 320n5, 321, 329–333, 335–337, 350–352
agro-managerial economy
26n74, 79, 106, 108–109
ai min 愛民 (sparing/cherishing the people)
25, 326, 343, 352
alcohol, alcohol production, alcohol tax
21, 60n80, 67n115, 90, 135, 145, 298n164, 373
an min 安民 (tranquillizing the people)
24, 321, 326
anti-merchant bias
28, 79, 86, 101, 104
aristocratic system
87, 103
artificial values
129–131
artisans
11, 85n19, 86, 100, 103, 105, 108, 136, 145, 170, 277, 280, 352
assembly line production
224
attracting the people see lai min 徠民
audits see shenji 審計
[Bailiff of] Revenue see shaonei [sefu] 少內 [ 嗇夫 ]
banliang 半兩 (half liang), i.e. Qin bronze coin
173n36, 247–248, 323–324, 327
barter economy see natural economy
basic necessities
331
bei 貝 (cowry)
324n21, 362–363
ben 本 (root)
56, 321, 330–331, 333n57
bondservant (lichen 隸臣 , lichenqie 隸臣妾 , liqie 隸妾 )
198n120, 200, 209, 220n204, 269–271, 275
bondsperson (li 隸 )
209
boom-and-bust cycles
52–53
broker see kuai 儈
bronze coins
223n218, 358, 361–363, 365–368, 371, 374–375, 377–378, 380–381, 383–385
budget, budgeting
195, 197, 258, 276
buffer stock scheme
57
Bureau of Finance
186n82, 214, 256, 258–260, 279–280, 283, 285–286
Bureau of Granaries see cangcao 倉曹
bureaucracy
163, 202–203, 246
bureaucrats
68, 107–108, 173, 195, 221, 246, 305
cangcao 倉曹 (Bureau of Granaries)
185n78, 213, 244, 256, 258, 276, 282, 283, 286–288
capital
14, 203, 215–216, 225, 333
capitalism
2, 12, 17, 52, 53, 196
cash
2, 27, 55, 62, 131, 164, 179–180, 188, 190–191, 193, 203–205, 208, 212, 217, 221–222, 255, 259, 264–266, 270–271, 273–274, 276, 278–281, 286–289, 294–297, 303
centralization
88n24, 139, 169, 322, 334, 336, 346–347
Changping 長平 campaign
95
changpingcang 常平倉 (ever-level granary)
6–7, 57n66
cheng 程 (norms, norms of productivity, standards)
197, 275
chengma 乘馬 , i.e. sheng ma 乘馬 (chariots and horses, equipment for warfare, the art of fiscal management)
63, 116, 120
chi liu 持流 (to control floating)
121
Chunqiu 春秋 (Springs and Autumns)
133
cinnabar
151, 294n152
circulation, e.g. of money, resources or wealth
24, 90, 130, 134, 164, 175, 179n55, 194, 195n111, 214, 221, 225, 325, 326, 332, 334, 336, 338, 339, 346, 349, 361, 369, 370, 375, 377, 378
clientelization
371, 373–374, 383
cloth
126n38, 135–136, 157–158, 164, 170, 177, 179–181, 248n11, 266, 268n77, 279, 290, 292–294, 296, 324n21, 396
coinage
47, 61n84, 67n116, 163, 166, 173n36, 221, 319, 322, 323, 324n21, 326, 329, 333–334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 341n78, 349, 351–352
coins
2, 21, 27, 61, 62, 64, 66, 105, 115, 126, 127, 130–131, 184, 191, 201–202, 208, 218, 219, 223n218, 224, 248n11, 264, 318, 321–327, 332, 333, 334–341, 343–351, 358, 361–370, 371, 374, 375–378, 380–381, 383–385
collateral
215, 225
command economy
27, 29–30, 98, 169, 171, 183, 196, 202–203, 209, 216–217, 225, 338, 348, 351
commandery see jun 郡
commerce
3, 28, 85, 90, 101–102, 105, 109, 145, 151, 152, 157, 163, 166n14, 167, 169, 173n36, 320n5, 321, 332
commercial activities
2, 90, 173, 331, 360
commercial development
105, 172, 223
commercial economy
104, 146–147, 153, 155, 157
commercial exchange
167
commercialization
2, 109, 145, 153, 155, 156, 164, 171, 173, 225
commissioners of the mountains and seas see guan shanhai 官山海
commodification, especially of labour
154, 196, 209, 217, 220, 222–223, 225
commodity
2, 51–52, 58, 61, 149, 156, 166, 196, 211, 221–222, 358, 367, 370
commodity exchange
166, 172, 365, 371
commodity money
57n66, 125, 209, 324n21, 350n100
commodity price
58, 371, 373–374, 383
commodity value
62n89, 365
commoners
27–28, 177, 179, 181, 184, 199n123–n124, 200–202, 204–205, 208, 218, 222, 280, 288n133, 296, 302, 303, 329, 374
Confucianism
17, 378n73
consumers
55, 101, 157–158, 332
consumption
4, 9, 20, 22, 65n108, 90, 167, 168n20, 244, 303
contract law
3
contracts
192, 263–269, 271, 274
contrarian investing/investment
20, 51, 59
convict labour
108, 170, 180, 185n78, 201, 218, 220, 249, 270, 279–280, 282, 283, 291–294, 304
convicts
51n41, 177, 180n61, 181, 198n120, 199n122–124, 202, 203, 205, 217, 254, 260, 268, 269n80, 270–271, 276, 287, 288n129, 305
copper
123, 126, 130–131, 318–319, 323, 324n21, 327, 333–344, 347–350, 352
copper coin, copper knife money, copper money
66, 119, 125–127, 130, 326n30, 329
corvée labour
206, 222, 274, 288n133
counterfeiting of coins
67n116, 338–341, 344, 345, 348–349, 351
county see xian 縣
cowry see bei 貝
craftsmanship
28, 55–56, 105, 109, 277
credit, crediting
162, 168, 173, 182–183, 190–191, 223, 373
currencies
57n66, 63, 67n116, 123, 128, 130–131, 149, 171, 181, 210, 223n218, 247–248, 293, 318, 323, 324, 332, 338, 341, 343, 346, 349, 350–351, 358, 361, 363, 365, 367, 368–370, 384
dafu 大夫 (hereditary nobles)
25n74, 87–88
debt
62, 164, 177–179, 182–186, 188–189, 191–194, 203, 205, 206, 208–211, 216, 217–218, 271, 273, 274, 279, 383
debt bondage
210–211, 216
debt tally see zhaiquan 債券
debtor
177, 185, 217, 222
debtor labour
180, 207–208, 216, 220, 274, 279
demand
51n41, 102, 127, 166n14, 213, 214, 220, 221–222, 225
Director or Master of Destiny see siming 司命
distribution
4, 9, 22, 25, 91, 107, 108, 167, 168, 214, 215, 217, 244, 327, 331, 335, 339
distribution of monies
358, 361, 370, 374–375
division of labour
4–5, 10, 20, 65n58, 331, 377
Dongguan Hanji 東觀漢記 (Han Records of the Eastern Tower)
365–366
double exaction
157
duanchang xuduan 斷長續短 (cutting the long and extending the short)
51
economic change
145–146, 158, 195, 225
economic cycle
5, 20, 43–47, 49–55, 118
economic ideas
6–8, 14, 22–23, 79, 108, 328, 331n54
economic theory
3, 5, 8, 10, 14, 15, 19, 20, 23, 27, 46, 115n7, 137, 351
economic thought
1, 3–16, 19–23, 29, 30, 78–79, 91, 109, 321, 323, 330, 351
economics
3, 6, 7n20, 9–15, 23, 114, 122, 127, 145n2, 165
economists
4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14, 52, 69, 114, 216n191
economy
1–5, 11, 12–13, 20, 21–22, 62, 106, 108, 114, 123, 166n12, 173, 244, 247, 304, 319, 320–321, 358, 384
entrepreneurs
182, 183n73, 280, 294n152
evaluation
174, 178n51, 181n64, 204, 213–214, 275, 277–280, 282, 283, 284, 288–290, 300, 303
ever-level granary see changpingcang 常平倉
exchange
2, 4, 147–149, 165–168, 173, 196, 244, 371
exchange rate
248n11, 266, 274, 276, 281
expenditure
22, 127n39, 224–225, 335, 370
expenses
133, 147, 213, 226, 258, 334, 365
fajia 法家 , i.e. legalism, School of Law
20, 246, 304
family register unit see li 里
famine
90, 329–330, 334, 338–340, 367
farmer-soldier
99
farmers
3, 24–26, 28, 43, 55–56, 84–85, 91, 95, 101, 107n90, 108, 118, 166n14, 201, 210, 215–216, 332, 352, 377
farming
55, 79, 81–89, 92, 100–102, 321, 330–331, 350
farming methods
95, 145
feathers (for the manufacture of arrows)
151, 212–213, 267n72, 292, 294–295
fines
176, 177, 178–179, 181, 183, 184n76, 184–186, 189, 191, 193–194, 195n108, 198–200, 204, 207, 208, 213–214, 217, 265, 271n87, 273, 276, 277, 278, 279–281, 284, 291, 299, 367
fiscal management
116, 120n24, 325n24
fiscal policies
17, 162, 351
fiscal regime
162n2, 164, 167n15, 167n17
fiscal-military state
153
Five Phases see wuxing 五行
Five Powers see wude 五德
forced labour
26, 163, 169, 205
foreign relations
322, 343
foreign trade
336, 374, 380
fu 富 see wealth
fuguo qiangbing 富國強兵 (enriching the state and strengthening the military)
78
fuguo 富國 (enriching the state)
3, 10
fuguoce 富國策 (strategies of enriching the state)
11, 12
fuguoxue 富國學 (doctrine of enriching the state)
11, 12, 13
fungibility
179, 181
fuzhi 婦織 (wives weave)
377
GE capital
53n46
gold
60–62, 64, 101, 119, 125–129, 131, 151, 154, 163, 177, 244, 248, 259, 264, 276, 279, 280, 286, 324n21, 358, 361–363, 366–368, 370–371, 374–376, 381, 383–384
gold as currency see xingjin 行金
gongtian 公田 (public or state fields)
290, 302–303
good-faith economy
195n111, 211n167
goods
4, 11, 16, 20, 21, 25, 27, 28, 50, 51n41, 55–56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 68, 69, 115–116, 120, 121, 122, 126, 128, 130–131, 134–135, 145, 148–149, 151, 166n14, 172, 180, 196, 198, 200, 223, 224, 244, 265, 280, 329, 330, 335, 336, 349, 350n100, 362–363
gouju 鉤距 (technique to obtain a commodity at a favourable price)
371
government lending
163–165, 169, 175–176, 195, 209, 211, 214, 215, 216n191, 222–223, 225
government spending
20, 120
grain
2, 3, 27, 46, 47, 50, 51–53, 55, 56, 58, 61–63, 66, 83–87, 90–91, 100–101, 116, 118–119, 121–122, 124, 127–128, 130, 133, 141, 150, 164, 166n14, 172, 177, 179, 180–181, 212, 213, 218, 223, 255, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 272, 275, 286, 287, 290, 293, 297
grain price
3, 90, 168, 212n168, 349n98, 350
grain production
3, 85, 267, 290, 293, 299, 301
grain speculation
60, 172
grain supply
62, 266, 269, 303, 322, 326, 336, 338, 350
granaries
81, 101, 106, 109, 132n50, 183, 185n78, 190n91, 212n168,n169, 212–213, 244, 259, 266–267, 269–270, 272–273, 275, 278, 287, 320, 330
growth
12, 106n88, 145, 167n19, 168, 169n24, 222, 223
guan shanhai 官山海 (commissioners of the mountains and seas)
65, 68
Guanzi 管子 (Master Guan)
1, 10, 16, 20, 22, 24, 25n74, 56, 68, 79, 86, 102n75, 107n93, 114–124, 126–127, 129, 131–133, 136–137, 139–142, 145–146, 320, 326n30, 333n60, 335n66, 341n78, 380
Guoyu 國語 (Discourses of the States)
16, 49n29, 341n78
Han Feizi 韓非子 (Master Han Fei)
24, 46n17, 53n49, 148, 150, 155, 345
hang 行 (lines composed of similar shops inside a walled market)
373
Hanshu 漢書 (Documents of the Han)
16, 57n66, 94n48, 246, 248n11, 299, 328, 329, 333, 337, 347, 361, 363, 366–367, 369, 371, 376, 380
hemp, hemp as currency
135–136, 180–181, 223n218, 290–291, 294n152, 358, 361–363, 367, 368–369, 371, 374, 376–377, 381–385
hereditary nobles see dafu 大夫
Hexi Corridor; i.e. Hexi huilang 河西回廊
382–383
Hexi huilang 河西回廊 see Hexi Corridor
high-level equilibrium trap
12
hired labourer see yong 傭
hired workers and slaves see yongnu 庸（傭）奴
Hou Hanshu 後漢書 (Documents of the Later Han)
361, 365–367, 370, 374, 376
household economy
1, 4, 153
Huainanzi 淮南子 (The Master of Huainan)
139, 156n35
Huang-Lao 黃老 thought
29, 49n29
hudiao system see hudiao zhi 戸調制
hudiao zhi 戸調制 (hudiao system)
377
human resources
81
huo 貨 (goods)
11n30, 56, 361–363, 367
huozhi 貨殖 ; i.e. proliferators (or proliferation) of goods (including money)
11, 16, 28
hydraulic bureaucracy (water management)
26, 106, 162
hydraulic works
91, 97, 106n88, 108, 197
incense
151
incentives
5, 22, 82, 91, 95, 98, 100, 116, 167n19
income
5, 47, 88, 99, 125, 127, 244, 249, 261, 264, 290–91, 349
industrialists
172
industries
12n33, 56n59, 64n102, 68, 132, 133, 224n225, 373
industry (exertion, effort, hard work)
133
inflation
2, 322, 326–327, 334–336, 342–343, 349–350, 352
insolvency
179, 194n104
interest, interest rates
15, 52, 201–202, 205, 209, 210, 211, 216, 225, 274
inter-regional monies
378, 381, 385
investment
162, 171n29, 215, 293
iron (industry, monopoly)
64n102, 66, 67, 108, 170, 279, 324n21, 331, 339, 344
iron revolution
95, 108
ivory
151
jade
125–127, 129, 131, 141, 151–152, 324n21,n22, 368
ji 計 (reports)
213, 263, 269, 277, 279n106, 282, 283, 284–290
jia zhang 家長 (heads of noble lineages)
88
jian she 見射 (becoming a target)
121
jiaoquan 校券 (tally-contract, verification tally)
182–183, 185, 189–191, 193, 263–267
jinbu lü 金布律 (Statutes on Finance)
177, 180, 260, 264, 280n108, 297n161
jingji 經濟 (economy)
12–15
jingmao 菁茅 ploy
60, 62
jinguan 錦官 (official who specialized in producing silk textiles)
382
Jinshu 晉書 (Documents of the Jin)
13n35, 368
jue 爵 (ranks of merit, social ranks)
178n52, 203
jun shu 均輸 (equal distribution of goods)
25
jun 郡 (commandery)
174, 188n86, 252, 258, 262, 276, 277, 328, 346, 372–373
ke 課 see evaluation
ken tian 豤 [ 墾 ] 田 (opened-up fields)
297, 298, 299, 300–302
kingfisher feathers
151
kuai 儈 (broker)
371
kuaiji 會計 (accounts)
285
labour
5, 60, 69, 88, 89, 158, 162, 164, 168, 179, 180, 181, 193, 196, 197, 199n122, 200–203, 205, 207, 208–209, 210–211, 214, 216–217, 220–223, 225, 249, 254, 269, 270, 274, 276, 279, 284, 291, 293, 344
labour force
97, 197, 216, 217, 218
labour market
154, 196, 208, 214, 222
labour substitutes market
220
labour time
175, 179, 196
labourer-servant see tuli 徒徒隸
lacquer
145, 151, 224, 279–280, 282–283, 290
lai min 徠民 (attracting the people)
91–92, 95, 98–100
laissez-faire
68–69n123, 139, 325, 327, 333n60, 348, 350
land
26, 50, 63, 81, 87, 91–93, 96–97, 107, 170, 215, 225, 298, 299, 301, 326, 341, 350, 367
land allocation
107, 169, 194, 199n124
land distribution
107
land division
94, 96, 169
land ownership
214, 303n177
land reform
331, 333
land taxation
214n187, 297, 298, 330
land utilization
91–92, 95
landlords
332, 333
land-to-man ratio
91, 100
law
13, 23, 124, 131, 154, 156, 169, 171, 175, 177–178, 179, 181n64, 182, 183n73, 184n76, 198n119, 201, 204, 209, 216–217, 221, 244, 246, 249, 255, 256, 260–262, 264, 266, 277–278, 280n108, 281n112, 284, 289, 291, 300, 303n177, 304–305
Law of Population
24
lead
339, 344, 368
legalism see fajia 法家
lending
163–165, 169, 175–176, 192, 195, 205, 209, 211, 213–216, 222–223, 225–226
li 里 (family register unit)
372
li 隸 see bondsperson, bondservant
lichen 隸臣 see bondservant
lichenqie 隸臣妾 see bondservant
Liji 禮記 (Records of Rites)
94n48, 276n101
liqie 隸妾 see bondservant
liquidity
194, 222–223, 384
loan
116, 118, 132, 164, 176–177, 179, 183–184, 195, 205, 210–211, 213, 215–217, 222–223, 225, 266–267, 272, 274, 286–287
Lunyu 論語 (Analects)
16, 147
Lüshi chunqiu 呂氏春秋 (Springs and Autumns of Mister Lü)
28n78, 46n17, 151n24
luxury, luxury items
108, 151, 152, 329, 330, 365–366
macroregions
224
manufacture
108, 212, 224, 277, 280, 282–283, 290, 321
market
2–3, 7, 12, 20, 27, 28, 54, 57, 59–60, 66, 68, 69, 85, 90, 102, 105, 109, 127, 145, 148, 150, 155, 157, 158, 162–166, 168, 171–173, 214, 216–217, 220–222, 225–226, 265, 279–280, 282–283, 288–290, 292–294, 305, 326, 329, 341n78, 344, 346, 351, 352, 358
market economy
8, 27, 30, 69, 128, 135–136, 156, 157, 163, 167–168, 225, 244
market forces
153, 158, 166
market integration
167n19, 168n20, 169
market making (as opposed to state making or empire-building)
163, 226
market mechanisms
86, 158, 214
market price
148, 157, 166n14, 269n81, 350, 358, 370–371
market taxes
290
market transactions
212, 265, 280, 290, 377–378
marketing
172, 225
marketization
225
marketplace
26n74, 55–56, 59, 145–147, 150, 151, 153–154, 156, 157–158, 162, 167, 170, 172, 224, 264, 348, 351, 369, 372, 385
meat economy
147–151, 153, 155–156
media of exchange
3, 11, 64, 119, 322n16, 324n21, 326n30
Mengzi 孟子 (Master Meng)
16, 56n58, 140–142, 153, 320n8
merchants
3, 11, 26n74, 28, 56, 59–60, 85–86, 88, 90–91, 100–105, 108, 121, 124–125, 128, 134, 136, 145, 148, 153, 172, 290, 294n152, 329, 331–333, 335, 341, 343, 349, 352, 365, 369, 373, 380–382
meritocracy
103, 337
mining
108, 279, 280, 321, 327, 331, 336, 340, 346, 347
minting
130, 224, 318, 322–323, 326–327, 332–340, 345–352
mo 末 (i.e. branch)
55–56, 85, 321, 323n56
modernists and reformists
305, 325n23
modes of production
14, 196
monetary commodities
164, 179
monetary economy, money economy
2, 20, 26n74, 359–363, 375–376, 381, 383–384
monetary evaluation of social ranks
204
monetary exchange
173, 211n167
monetary policies
3, 7, 162–163, 335, 352
monetary systems
173, 202n131, 223, 248n11, 319, 323, 329, 336, 351–352
monetary unification
324
monetary value
178n51, 179, 201
monetization, monetarization
105n84, 205, 221, 222, 223n218, 247
money supply
223, 225, 326, 334, 336, 351
money, monies
11, 15, 20, 29, 58–63, 85, 114, 116, 118–129, 132–134, 136, 167, 179, 185n79, 209n158, 271, 273n92, 279, 322n16, 323–326, 329, 338–339, 342, 347, 349, 350n100, 351, 358–359, 361–363, 367, 370–376, 378, 381, 383–385
money-making
27–28, 30, 294, 344
monopoly
20, 67–70, 158, 221, 291n137, 305, 319, 321, 324, 327, 333–338, 342, 343, 346–348, 350–352
monopsony
68
Mozi 墨子 (Master Mo)
16, 54n51, 145
natural economy
20, 360
natural resources
98, 269, 280, 342, 351
norms, norms of productivity see cheng 程
nüzhi 女織 (women weave)
377, 378n73
obligation tally see zequan 責券
occupations
28, 55–56, 58n69, 69, 78n2, 83, 85–86, 89, 99, 103, 105, 109, 116, 136, 321, 330, 331, 332, 337, 341, 343, 352, 377
officials
9, 19, 27, 30, 63, 89, 90, 101, 105, 106, 125, 130, 158, 170, 175, 177, 179, 182, 183, 193–195, 197, 198, 201, 204, 206–208, 212, 215, 216n190, 218, 220, 244, 245, 249, 251, 255–260, 262–263, 270, 274–275, 277, 280, 283–284, 287, 289, 291–293, 303, 305
over-population
98
ownership
194n105, 203, 218, 301, 303n177
Pattern of the Chinese Past
12
patron-client relationship
150, 153, 155
pearls
125–127, 129, 151, 324n21,n22
peasants
2, 62, 83, 85n19, 86, 88–91, 101–102, 105, 116, 118, 121, 136, 170, 212, 287, 352
penal labour
198n119,n120
penalty
178, 194, 207, 339, 341, 348, 366–367, 378
personal profit see si li 私利
ping zhun 平準 (levelling of the standard)
25, 66n112
pingjia 平賈 (adjusted price, fair market price)
269n81, 358, 370, 371
political economy
3–6, 10, 11, 13, 16, 22, 153, 157, 158, 163, 164, 211n168, 225, 343, 352
poll tax
65, 221, 261, 275, 363, 377
population
24, 66, 87, 88, 92, 93n45, 96, 97, 99, 100, 105, 106–107, 109, 116, 134, 139, 163, 164n6, 169, 170, 171n28, 205, 206n145, 222n215, 223, 247, 251, 252, 254, 276, 294, 296, 297, 303, 305, 326, 340
population distribution
107
population growth
24
pre-capitalist economies
166, 195–196
price control
90, 150, 162
price fluctuation
86, 358
price formation mechanisms
86
price of grain
46n19, 53, 55, 61, 63, 118, 180, 337, 349–350, 351, 368
price regulation
1, 3, 20, 25, 166
price theory
43, 68
prices
3, 6, 46, 51–52, 54–56, 58–62, 66, 68–69, 90, 118, 120–123, 125n37, 129n44, 133–134, 166n12–n14, 168n20, 172, 180–181, 212n168, 215n188, 224, 319, 322, 326–327, 335–337, 341n78, 349n98, 350–352, 370–371, 373–374, 383
primary occupation
116, 321, 330, 337
private enterprise
27, 30, 225n227
private property
214
producers
55–56, 61, 67n116, 68, 101, 108, 332
production
4, 5, 9, 15, 22, 24, 52n42, 62, 67n115, 83, 105, 108, 158, 168n23, 171–173, 196, 201, 224, 244, 284, 288, 290, 321, 327, 329–332, 334–337, 340, 346, 350, 351, 376, 377, 378n73, 381, 385
productivity
93n45, 95, 96, 108, 167n19, 278
products
11, 55, 62, 85, 96, 97, 145, 166n12, 167, 168, 172, 265, 270, 280, 281, 287, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 303, 324n22, 331, 380, 382
profit
3, 15, 25, 29, 47, 50, 51, 58, 59, 60, 63n96, 81, 85, 89–90, 98, 102, 122, 124, 125n35, 128, 132n50, 141, 151, 154, 168, 305, 329, 337, 340, 341n78, 344, 349, 351, 371, 382
profit margin
26n74, 84
profitability
86, 89, 151
profit-making, profit-seeking
2, 11, 213, 218, 226
proliferators (or proliferation) of goods (including money) see huozhi 貨殖
property
3, 11, 21, 196, 214, 301, 326, 341, 383
property crime
181n64
property rights
3, 162, 167
property-owner
293
prosperity
52, 82, 226, 321n12, 336, 342, 352
qi 氣 (matter)
44
qi fu 七褔 (Seven Blessings)
340–343
qin 親 (bonds of affinity)
210
qing 輕 (light, cheap)
56, 115, 325, 336n67, 341n78, 349
qingzhong 輕重 (balance between “light and heavy”; i.e. relative value theory)
16, 20, 22, 25–26, 47n23, 56–62, 64, 66, 68, 86, 114–125, 127, 129, 131–134, 136–142, 146n5, 335–336, 349
qualitative growth
94–95
quantitative growth
94
quantity theory of money
1, 20, 61, 134
rank
5n15, 10, 82–85, 100, 102–108, 148n11, 194, 199n122, 203–205, 245, 257, 262, 271n87, 297n161, 321n12, 335–336, 341, 363, 364, 365, 366
rank(s) of merit see jue 爵
rationality
24, 46, 80, 103, 195, 202, 216n191, 217, 226
reciprocity
2, 166
redemption fees or payments see shu 贖
redistribution
2, 20, 24, 25, 166
reform
12, 25, 25n74, 30, 78, 83, 87–88, 93n44, 94, 103, 109, 169, 173n36, 318–319, 323, 325, 331, 333, 334
registration
106, 301
regulations
3, 53, 94n48, 108, 109, 171, 173n36, 178n51, 181, 183n72, 190n91, 194, 204, 212, 213n180, 220, 224n222, 246, 249, 257, 260–262, 304–305, 325, 332, 333n60, 340, 341, 346, 351
reports see ji 計
resource allocation
2, 166, 209, 211
resources
4n12, 20, 28, 68, 80, 91, 92–93, 96, 97, 106, 107, 116, 118, 121–125, 126, 127, 133, 167, 179, 197, 201, 203, 214, 216, 223, 225, 247, 318, 319, 334, 347, 351, 378, 382
revenue extraction
175
revenues
10, 64, 66, 67, 88, 91, 100, 128, 130, 155, 158, 173, 179, 255, 258, 370
revolt
329, 336, 343, 347
Revolt of the Seven Kingdoms see Wu-Chu qiguo zhi luan 吳楚七國之亂
rhinoceros horn
151
rise-and-fall theory of the ancient Chinese monetary economy
359
ritual economy
202–203
ritual, ritual system
5n16, 147, 148–150, 205n143
rules
164, 244, 257, 262, 279, 304–305
salaries
2, 119, 124–125, 153, 156–158, 255, 258, 261, 266, 363–365, 370, 378
sales
7, 27, 150, 178n50, 192, 196, 213, 268, 282, 283, 287
salt (industry, monopoly)
66, 67
salt and iron (markets, monopolies, prices)
57, 64, 68, 69, 125, 158, 172
san biao 三表 (Three Gnomons)
53–54
san huo 三禍 (Three Disasters)
338
School of Law see fajia 法家
secondary occupation
28, 321, 332, 341, 343, 377
sericulture
56, 321
Seven Blessings see qi fu 七福
Shangjunshu 商君書 (The Book of Lord Shang)
10, 20, 29, 55, 78–80, 82–89, 91, 95, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 108–109, 145–146, 170n25, 305, 321n12, 337, 345
shaonei [sefu] 少內 [ 嗇夫 ] ([Bailiff of] Revenue)
256n36, 258–260, 265, 272, 278, 281, 286, 293–294
sheng ma 乘馬 see chengma 乘馬
shenji 審計 (audits)
285
shi 貰 (buying commodities on credit) see credit, crediting
shihuo xuepai 食貨學派 (food and goods school)
359
shihuo 食貨 (food and goods)
3, 11
Shiji 史記 (Records of the Scribes)
16, 28, 29, 79, 117, 125, 132n52, 139, 173n36, 210, 246, 248n11, 251, 299, 324n22, 327n34, 328, 333, 347, 366–367, 376, 380
shu 贖 (redemption fees or payments)
177–179, 181, 183, 198, 199–200, 204, 273, 291, 374
shui tian 稅田 (taxable fields)
297, 298
si li 私利 (personal profit)
89, 319
silk
21, 131, 135–136, 147, 157, 181, 293, 294n152, 324n21, 358, 360–363, 368–370, 374–379, 381–385
Silk Road
380
silver
130–131, 153, 163, 166n14, 324n21–n22, 367–368, 381
siming 司命 (Director or Master of Destiny)
63–64, 118–119, 326n30
slave market
196
slavery
8, 154, 163, 196, 198n120, 209, 212, 217, 218, 222, 274, 279, 288–289, 367, 370
social engineering
106, 108, 169
social inequality
214
social ranks see jue 爵
socialist state economics
334
stability
5n14, 25, 55–56, 59–61, 69, 90, 105, 120, 122n28, 123, 124–125, 133, 168, 320–321, 323, 326–327, 333, 336, 337, 352, 358
state debtors see zhai 債
state economy
1–5, 114, 166n14, 211, 214, 330
state fields see gongtian 公田
state finances
47, 129, 179
state monopoly
68, 211, 221, 321, 324, 335–336, 348, 352
state property
303
state resources
319
statecraft
5n14, 145n2, 146n3, 148n13, 175
state-market interaction
167
statistics
214, 249, 252, 258, 275
statute labour
181, 185n78, 193, 197, 200, 203n135, 206n145, 221, 222, 225
Statutes on Finance see Jinbu lü 金布律
storage
173, 197, 211–214, 217, 262, 330n46–n47, 335, 341n78
strategies of enriching the state see fuguoce 富國策
suanfu 算賦 (poll tax)
65, 294, 363
Sunzi 孫子 (Master Sun)
46n17
supply
26, 51n41, 62, 66n112, 69, 116, 122n28, 132n50, 133, 164, 173n36, 217, 223, 322, 336, 338, 350
supply and demand
1, 20, 25, 86, 115, 166, 172, 196, 203, 336n67, 349, 358, 370
surplus, e.g. of wealth
5, 20, 21, 58, 80, 93, 119, 145, 168, 297, 332, 341–343, 351
symbolic capital
195n111
tally-contract see jiaoquan 校券
tax see zu 租
tax-and-trade cycle
167
taxation
86, 88, 119, 125, 166, 168, 170, 214, 221, 280n108, 350, 368–369, 378, 381–382, 385
taxes
2, 25, 60, 63, 66, 85, 88, 89, 91, 98, 102, 118, 119, 120, 125, 128, 132, 157, 167, 170, 264, 283, 290, 291, 294–295, 330, 367, 378, 381, 385
The Book of Lord Shang see Shangjunshu 商君書
Three Disasters see san huo 三禍
Three Gnomons see san biao 三表
Tongdian 通典 (Comprehensive Institutions)
318n1, 369
trade
2, 9, 22, 27, 29, 90, 145, 146, 151, 166–168, 172, 223n218, 225n227, 321, 336, 350n100, 374, 378–383
traders
26n74, 135, 172, 215n118, 220n204, 294
transaction costs
3, 167–169, 220
transactions
19, 165, 166, 171, 172n32, 186n83, 192, 212, 215, 248n11, 259, 263–265, 269, 280, 286, 290, 305, 369, 377, 378, 380, 385
transfer of debt
164, 175, 177, 182–186, 189–190, 192, 208
transportation
20, 108, 173, 194, 197, 199, 201, 215, 223
treasury
10, 101, 130, 154, 266
tributary empire
168
tributary relationship
382
tribute
2n5, 60n79, 163, 166, 303, 378, 380
tribute extraction
163, 166
tuli 徒隸 (labourer-servant)
288–290
under-population
97
urbanization
172, 173
utilities
4, 244, 280
value of money
61, 116, 121, 134, 349, 350n100
verification tally see jiaoquan 校券
wage labour
196, 221
walled markets
358, 373
wastelands
81–82, 87–88, 91–92, 107
water management see hydraulic bureaucracy
wealth
10, 11, 15, 21, 28, 84, 85, 99, 124, 126, 130, 131, 132, 136, 149, 150, 152, 156, 157, 209–210, 211, 216n191, 223, 225, 226, 318, 319, 326, 330, 331, 337, 351
weights
224, 324n21
workforce
127, 201, 219–220, 280, 292
workshop see zuowu 作務
Wu Yue chunqiu 吳越春秋 (Spring and Autumn Annals of the States of Wu and Yue)
152n27
Wu-Chu qiguo zhi luan 吳楚七國之亂 , i.e. Revolt of the Seven Kingdoms
347
wude 五德 (Five Powers)
45, 49, 53
wuxing 五行 (Five Phases)
45, 50n32, 54
wuzhu coin see wuzhu qian 五銖錢
wuzhu qian 五銖錢 (wuzhu coin)
224, 324, 361
xian 縣 (county)
174, 177, 182, 185–186, 189, 192, 197, 200, 213, 220, 221, 244, 249–250, 252, 255, 257–258, 262, 265–266, 277, 280, 287–293, 300, 305, 346, 372–373
xiang 郷 (district, administrative office)
252, 372
xing 省 (inspection)
275–276
xingbu 行布 (standardized bolts of hemp used as currency)
367, 369
xingjin 行金 (standardized gold used as currency)
367
xingqian 行錢 (standardized coins as currency)
367
Xinshu 新書 (New Writings)
320n6, 322, 323n18, 328, 334, 335n64, 351
Xunzi 荀子 (Master Xun)
10, 16, 20, 22–23, 26n74, 28, 152n24
Yantie lun 鹽鐵論 (Discourses on Salt and Iron)
16, 20, 23, 25n74, 67–70, 157, 325n23, 336n66
yin 陰 and yang 陽
44, 46, 49, 50, 53–55, 98n60
yong 傭 (hired labourer)
209, 218, 222n215
yongnu 庸（傭）奴 (hired workers and slaves)
209
yue 約 (agreement, bond or contract)
208–209, 258–259, 272
Yuejue shu 越絕書 (Documents on the Excellence of Yue)
47–48
zequan 責券 (obligation tally)
182–183, 185n77, 192–193
zhai 債 (state debtors)
177–178, 188
zhaiquan 債券
192
Zhanguo ce 戰國策 (Stratagems of the Warring States)
152n24
zhi tu fen min 制土分民 (regulating the land and apportioning the people)
107
zhong 重 (heavy, expensive)
56, 115, 341n78, 349
Zhuangzi 莊子 (Master Zhuang)
48n24, 151n24
zu 租 (tax)
56n61, 294
zuo fu 作夫 (labourers)
96
zuowu 作務 (workshop)
294
Zuozhuan 左傳 (The Zuo Tradition)
151n24, 209, 210, 328, 342