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A Short History of Christianity beyond the West
Asia, Africa, and Latin America 1450-2000
Series: - Theology and Mission in World Christianity, Volume: 31
Author:
Today, the majority of the world's Christian population lives in the Global South. Knowledge of their history is therefore indispensable. This textbook offers a compact and vivid overview of the history of Christianity in Asia, Africa and Latin America since 1450, focussing on diversity and interdependence, local actors and global effects. Maps, illustrations and numerous photos as well as continuous references to easily accessible source texts support the reader's own reading and its use in various forms of academic teaching.
Klaus Koschorke is professor emeritus at Munich University LMU (Chair‚ Early and Global History of Christianity). He had multiple guest professorships in Asia (India, China, Japan, Korea, Sri Lanka), Africa (South Africa, Ethiopia) and UK. He has published widely on the history of Christianity in the Global South and developed the concept of polycentricity in the history of World Christianity.
"wonderful work that is eye-opening in many ways" Volker Leppin, Yale Divinity School
“This one-volume introductory book uniquely contributes to understanding global South Christianity from the 1500s to the present day, interweaving unparalleled details and connections.” Raimundo Barreto, Princeton Theological Seminary
“pioneering book” Kevin Ward, University of Leeds
"This is a magnificent synthesis and belongs in the bookcase of every teacher and student of church history." Thomas Kaufmann, University of Göttingen
"fills a gap and is urgently needed" Martin Wallraff, University of Munich
"indispensable" Andreas Müller, University of Kiel
"impressive and strongly recommended" Fabian Fechner, Global History, University of Hagen
“This book breathes life and animates the readers to imagine the vitality and challenges of World Christianity in their contexts” Daniel Jeyaraj, Liverpool Hope University
“This one-volume introductory book uniquely contributes to understanding global South Christianity from the 1500s to the present day, interweaving unparalleled details and connections.” Raimundo Barreto, Princeton Theological Seminary
“pioneering book” Kevin Ward, University of Leeds
"This is a magnificent synthesis and belongs in the bookcase of every teacher and student of church history." Thomas Kaufmann, University of Göttingen
"fills a gap and is urgently needed" Martin Wallraff, University of Munich
"indispensable" Andreas Müller, University of Kiel
"impressive and strongly recommended" Fabian Fechner, Global History, University of Hagen
“This book breathes life and animates the readers to imagine the vitality and challenges of World Christianity in their contexts” Daniel Jeyaraj, Liverpool Hope University
Foreword
List of Figures and Maps
Technical Notes for Use
In Place of an Introduction: “Christians and Spices” – or: the Multiplicity of Regional Centers in the History of World Christianity
1 The Christian World around 1500
1.1 Christian Europe around 1500
1.2 The Islamic World
1.3 Knowledge of Non-European Cultures, Perceptions of Europe from Outside
1.4 Christians and Churches in Africa and Asia
2 The Iberian Expansion of the 15th/16th Century
2.1 The Portuguese on their Way around Africa (1415ff)
2.2 Spain, Columbus and the “Discovery” of the “New World” (1492)
2.3 Divided Spheres of Interest (‘Inter Cetera’ 1493, Tordesillas 1494)
2.4 Encounters: Vasco da Gama and the Indian St. Thomas Christians (1498ff)
3 Iberoamerica I: Colonization and Christianization
3.1 American-Indian Cultures on the Eve of the Iberian Invasion
3.2 Stages of the Conquest
3.3 Legal Titles: Patronage and ‘Requerimiento’
3.4 Mission Personnel, Duality of Mission and Colonial Church
4 Iberoamerica II: Debates and Controversies
4.1 Religious Debates: Franciscans and Aztecs in Mexico 1524
4.2 Controversies over Ethics of Colonialism: Antonio de Montesinos, Bartolomé de las Casas
4.3 Experiments on the Formation of an American-Indigenous Church
4.4 Beginnings of Black Slavery in America
5 Mission under the Padroado: Encounters and Conflicts in Africa and Asia
5.1 Ethiopia: Portuguese as Guests and Allies in the Christian Empire
5.2 Beginnings of Catholic Presence in Sub-Saharan Africa
5.3 Goa as an Ecclesiastical and Political Center
5.4 Francis Xavier: India, Malacca, Moluccas, Japan, Plans for China (1542–1552)
6 Forms of Indigenous Christianity
6.1 Asia: the South Indian Paravars and the Martyrs of Mannar (Sri Lanka)
6.2 Africa: the Christian Kongo Kingdom in its Transatlantic Connections
6.3 Iberoamerica: Voices of American-Indian and Mestizo Christians
7 Reception of the Council of Trent Overseas and the End of Local Experiments
7.1 State of Expansion at the End of the 16th Century
7.2 Trent and its Impact on Spanish America
7.3 India: the Synod of Diamper 1599 and the Forced Union of the St. Thomas Christians
7.4 Ethiopia: Expulsion of the Jesuits under Emperor Fasilidas (since 1632/33)
Illustrations for Part I 65
8 Changing Framework
8.1 Aspects of European Expansion
8.2 Stages in Mission History
8.3 Enlightenment and Other Debates
8.4 Regional Centers, Transcontinental Entanglements
9 Latin America
9.1 The Church in the Colonial City
9.2 Native American and Mestizo Voices
9.3 Jesuit Reductions (1609–1768)
9.4 On the Eve of Independence
10 Africa
10.1 Ethiopia: Period of Self-Imposed Isolation
10.2 Regional Developments
10.3 Protestant Beginnings
10.4 Transatlantic Slave Trade, Vision of a Return to Africa
11 Asia
11.1 Japan: the End of the “Christian Century”
11.2 China: Accommodation Strategies and Rite Controversy
11.3 Sri Lanka and the Philippines: Resistance in a Colonial Context
11.4 Korea: Self-Founded Martyrs’ Church (1784ff)
11.5 Tranquebar 1706 and the Beginnings of Protestant Mission in Asia
Illustrations for Part II
12 The End of the First Colonial Age and the Beginning of the “Protestant Century”
12.1 Collapse of the Old Colonial Systems (Ibero-America, Africa, Asia)
12.2 Hitting Rock Bottom of the Catholic Missions (Asia, Africa, America)
12.3 Developments in the Protestant World
12.4 Transcontinental Migration Flows, Beginnings of African-Chapter 13
13 Asia
13.1 South Asia: Missions as a Factor of Modernization
13.2 Northeast Asia (China, Japan, Korea): Opium Trade and Bible Smuggling
13.3 Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia
13.4 Indigenous Versions of Christianity
14 Africa
14.1 West Africa: Slave Emancipation and Transatlantic Resettlement Projects
14.2 South Africa: Black Christians and White Settlers
14.3 East and Central Africa: David Livingstone and Other European “Discoverers”
14.4 African Christian Rulers: Madagascar, Uganda, Ethiopia
14.5 S. A. J. Crowther, First Black African Bishop, and Controversies about the “Three Selves”
15 Latin America
15.1 Independence Struggle and the Church (1804–1830)
15.2 The Catholic Church and the New States (1830–1890)
15.3 Romanization of Latin American Catholicism
15.4 Forms of Protestant Presence in Latin America
Illustrations for Part III
16 Churches and Missions in the Age of High Imperialism
16.1 Growing Colonial Rivalries
16.2 New Missionary Actors
16.3 Indigenous Counter-Movements
16.4 Multiplicity of Transregional and Transcontinental Networks
16.5 The First World War as a Caesura and the End of the ‘Christianity-Civilization’ Model
17 Asia
17.1 Religious Nationalisms and Indigenization Experiments
17.2 Ecumenism as a Protest Movement, National Church Aspirations
17.3 Developments in Catholic Asia
17.4 Between World War I and World War II
18 Africa
18.1 The Christian Missions and the “Scramble for Africa”
18.2 The Emergence of African Independent Churches
18.3 Themes of the Twenties and Thirties
18.4 Christian Elites and the Political Independence Movements
19 Latin America
19.1 The Situation around 1900
19.2 Regional Profiles: Brazil, Mexico, Cuba
19.3 World Economic Crisis and Social Question
19.4 Denominational Pluralization, New Religions
20 Postcolonial Order and Ecclesial Emancipation Movements
20.1 End of the Second World War, Waves of Decolonization
20.2 New Alliances, Movement of “Third World”-Countries
20.3 Forms of Ecclesiastical and Theological Emancipation
20.4 Growing Importance of the Southern Churches in the Global Ecumenical Movement
20.5 New Actors and Movements
21 Asia: the 1950s
21.1 Christians as a Minority in the Process of Nation Building
21.2 Loss of Status and Persecutions under Communist Rule
21.3 Search for Christian Identity in the “New Asia”
21.4 Approaches to New Theological Orientation
22 Africa in the 1960s
22.1 Church and State in New Africa
22.2 ‘Historical’ and Independent Churches
22.3 Approaches to African Theology, Interreligious Initiatives
22.4 South Africa: Christians and Churches in the Apartheid State
23 Latin America: the 1970s
23.1 Between Social Revolution and State Repression
23.2 The Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) and the Bishops’ Conference of Medellín (1968)
23.3 Liberation Theologies: Characteristics, Controversies, Developments
23.4 Protestant and (Neo)Pentecostal Groups, Revitalization of African American Religions
24 “Shift of Centers”: Developments in the 1980s
24.1 From a North to a South Majority
24.2 “Return of the Religions”, Religious Fundamentalisms
24.3 “Reverse Missions”, Impacts on the West
24.4 Regional Developments and Profiles
Illustrations for Part V
25 1989/90 as an Epoch Year in Global Christian History
25.1 End of the Cold War, Collapse of Apartheid, Crisis of Liberation Theologies
25.2 Internet, Digital Globalization, Liberalized Travel
25.3 Changing Geographies of Religion, Transcontinental Churches, New Dynamics of Polycentrism
25.4 “The Next Christendom” – Discussions and Expectations around the Turn of the Millennium
Outlook, Perspectives
Maps
Bibliography
Bibliography I: Standard Works, General Surveys
Bibliography II: Complete List of References
Illustration Credits
Digital Appendix
Index
List of Figures and Maps
Technical Notes for Use
In Place of an Introduction: “Christians and Spices” – or: the Multiplicity of Regional Centers in the History of World Christianity
PART 1: 1450–1600
1 The Christian World around 1500
1.1 Christian Europe around 1500
1.2 The Islamic World
1.3 Knowledge of Non-European Cultures, Perceptions of Europe from Outside
1.4 Christians and Churches in Africa and Asia
2 The Iberian Expansion of the 15th/16th Century
2.1 The Portuguese on their Way around Africa (1415ff)
2.2 Spain, Columbus and the “Discovery” of the “New World” (1492)
2.3 Divided Spheres of Interest (‘Inter Cetera’ 1493, Tordesillas 1494)
2.4 Encounters: Vasco da Gama and the Indian St. Thomas Christians (1498ff)
3 Iberoamerica I: Colonization and Christianization
3.1 American-Indian Cultures on the Eve of the Iberian Invasion
3.2 Stages of the Conquest
3.3 Legal Titles: Patronage and ‘Requerimiento’
3.4 Mission Personnel, Duality of Mission and Colonial Church
4 Iberoamerica II: Debates and Controversies
4.1 Religious Debates: Franciscans and Aztecs in Mexico 1524
4.2 Controversies over Ethics of Colonialism: Antonio de Montesinos, Bartolomé de las Casas
4.3 Experiments on the Formation of an American-Indigenous Church
4.4 Beginnings of Black Slavery in America
5 Mission under the Padroado: Encounters and Conflicts in Africa and Asia
5.1 Ethiopia: Portuguese as Guests and Allies in the Christian Empire
5.2 Beginnings of Catholic Presence in Sub-Saharan Africa
5.3 Goa as an Ecclesiastical and Political Center
5.4 Francis Xavier: India, Malacca, Moluccas, Japan, Plans for China (1542–1552)
6 Forms of Indigenous Christianity
6.1 Asia: the South Indian Paravars and the Martyrs of Mannar (Sri Lanka)
6.2 Africa: the Christian Kongo Kingdom in its Transatlantic Connections
6.3 Iberoamerica: Voices of American-Indian and Mestizo Christians
7 Reception of the Council of Trent Overseas and the End of Local Experiments
7.1 State of Expansion at the End of the 16th Century
7.2 Trent and its Impact on Spanish America
7.3 India: the Synod of Diamper 1599 and the Forced Union of the St. Thomas Christians
7.4 Ethiopia: Expulsion of the Jesuits under Emperor Fasilidas (since 1632/33)
Illustrations for Part I 65
PART 2: 17th/18th Centuries
8 Changing Framework
8.1 Aspects of European Expansion
8.2 Stages in Mission History
8.3 Enlightenment and Other Debates
8.4 Regional Centers, Transcontinental Entanglements
9 Latin America
9.1 The Church in the Colonial City
9.2 Native American and Mestizo Voices
9.3 Jesuit Reductions (1609–1768)
9.4 On the Eve of Independence
10 Africa
10.1 Ethiopia: Period of Self-Imposed Isolation
10.2 Regional Developments
10.3 Protestant Beginnings
10.4 Transatlantic Slave Trade, Vision of a Return to Africa
11 Asia
11.1 Japan: the End of the “Christian Century”
11.2 China: Accommodation Strategies and Rite Controversy
11.3 Sri Lanka and the Philippines: Resistance in a Colonial Context
11.4 Korea: Self-Founded Martyrs’ Church (1784ff)
11.5 Tranquebar 1706 and the Beginnings of Protestant Mission in Asia
Illustrations for Part II
PART 3: 1800–1890
12 The End of the First Colonial Age and the Beginning of the “Protestant Century”
12.1 Collapse of the Old Colonial Systems (Ibero-America, Africa, Asia)
12.2 Hitting Rock Bottom of the Catholic Missions (Asia, Africa, America)
12.3 Developments in the Protestant World
12.4 Transcontinental Migration Flows, Beginnings of African-Chapter 13
13 Asia
13.1 South Asia: Missions as a Factor of Modernization
13.2 Northeast Asia (China, Japan, Korea): Opium Trade and Bible Smuggling
13.3 Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia
13.4 Indigenous Versions of Christianity
14 Africa
14.1 West Africa: Slave Emancipation and Transatlantic Resettlement Projects
14.2 South Africa: Black Christians and White Settlers
14.3 East and Central Africa: David Livingstone and Other European “Discoverers”
14.4 African Christian Rulers: Madagascar, Uganda, Ethiopia
14.5 S. A. J. Crowther, First Black African Bishop, and Controversies about the “Three Selves”
15 Latin America
15.1 Independence Struggle and the Church (1804–1830)
15.2 The Catholic Church and the New States (1830–1890)
15.3 Romanization of Latin American Catholicism
15.4 Forms of Protestant Presence in Latin America
Illustrations for Part III
PART 4: 1890–1945
16 Churches and Missions in the Age of High Imperialism
16.1 Growing Colonial Rivalries
16.2 New Missionary Actors
16.3 Indigenous Counter-Movements
16.4 Multiplicity of Transregional and Transcontinental Networks
16.5 The First World War as a Caesura and the End of the ‘Christianity-Civilization’ Model
17 Asia
17.1 Religious Nationalisms and Indigenization Experiments
17.2 Ecumenism as a Protest Movement, National Church Aspirations
17.3 Developments in Catholic Asia
17.4 Between World War I and World War II
18 Africa
18.1 The Christian Missions and the “Scramble for Africa”
18.2 The Emergence of African Independent Churches
18.3 Themes of the Twenties and Thirties
18.4 Christian Elites and the Political Independence Movements
19 Latin America
19.1 The Situation around 1900
19.2 Regional Profiles: Brazil, Mexico, Cuba
19.3 World Economic Crisis and Social Question
19.4 Denominational Pluralization, New Religions
PART 5: 1945–1990
20 Postcolonial Order and Ecclesial Emancipation Movements
20.1 End of the Second World War, Waves of Decolonization
20.2 New Alliances, Movement of “Third World”-Countries
20.3 Forms of Ecclesiastical and Theological Emancipation
20.4 Growing Importance of the Southern Churches in the Global Ecumenical Movement
20.5 New Actors and Movements
21 Asia: the 1950s
21.1 Christians as a Minority in the Process of Nation Building
21.2 Loss of Status and Persecutions under Communist Rule
21.3 Search for Christian Identity in the “New Asia”
21.4 Approaches to New Theological Orientation
22 Africa in the 1960s
22.1 Church and State in New Africa
22.2 ‘Historical’ and Independent Churches
22.3 Approaches to African Theology, Interreligious Initiatives
22.4 South Africa: Christians and Churches in the Apartheid State
23 Latin America: the 1970s
23.1 Between Social Revolution and State Repression
23.2 The Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) and the Bishops’ Conference of Medellín (1968)
23.3 Liberation Theologies: Characteristics, Controversies, Developments
23.4 Protestant and (Neo)Pentecostal Groups, Revitalization of African American Religions
24 “Shift of Centers”: Developments in the 1980s
24.1 From a North to a South Majority
24.2 “Return of the Religions”, Religious Fundamentalisms
24.3 “Reverse Missions”, Impacts on the West
24.4 Regional Developments and Profiles
Illustrations for Part V
PART 6: On the Threshold of the 21st Century
25 1989/90 as an Epoch Year in Global Christian History
25.1 End of the Cold War, Collapse of Apartheid, Crisis of Liberation Theologies
25.2 Internet, Digital Globalization, Liberalized Travel
25.3 Changing Geographies of Religion, Transcontinental Churches, New Dynamics of Polycentrism
25.4 “The Next Christendom” – Discussions and Expectations around the Turn of the Millennium
Outlook, Perspectives
Maps
Bibliography
Bibliography I: Standard Works, General Surveys
Bibliography II: Complete List of References
Illustration Credits
Digital Appendix
Index
This textbook and study guide is intended for a variety of audiences: students and teachers of church history; religious studies; mission history and World Christianity; various regional, cultural and postcolonial studies; global history and history of globalization; anthropology of Christianity; etc. At the same time, it is directed also to a wider public interested in the global dimensions of Christianity and its history