Introduction to the Special Issue: International Law for the Sustainable Development Goals

This special issue on International Law for the Sustainable Development Goals has a rich history to it, and a few thoughts should be shared in this regard. The papers included in this special issue resulted from a workshop series on the theme of International Law for the Sustainable Development Goals, organised by the Department of Transboundary Legal Studies at the Faculty of Law, University of Groningen between May 2017 and February 2019. The series built on a prior seminar series organised by what was formerly known as the Department of International Law in 2013–2014, on Human Rights and Essential Public Services Provision.1 This time, we set out to explore, with colleagues, researchers, academics and practitioners from various disciplines, the role, relevance, potential and limitations of public international law for the implementation of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (sdgs).2


Introduction to the Special Issue: International Law for the Sustainable Development Goals
This special issue on International Law for the Sustainable Development Goals has a rich history to it, and a few thoughts should be shared in this regard. The papers included in this special issue resulted from a workshop series on the theme of International Law for the Sustainable Development Goals, organised by the Department of Transboundary Legal Studies at the Faculty of Law, University of Groningen between May 2017 and February 2019. The series built on a prior seminar series organised by what was formerly known as the Department of International Law in 2013-2014, on Human Rights and Essential Public Services Provision.1 This time, we set out to explore, with colleagues, researchers, academics and practitioners from various disciplines, the role, relevance, potential and limitations of public international law for the implementation of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (sdgs On the basis of the discussions that took place during the workshops, and by way of consolidating certain key underlying commonalities observed in the papers of the special issue, we note below certain shared themes and questions that emerge when discussing the role, relevance, potential and limitations of public international law in relation to the sdgs.

The sdgs as a Reason to Rethink International Law?
Enquiring into the relevance and role of international law for the sdgs brings to the forefront questions about the suitability and capacity of international law to support (specific objectives of) the sdgs: What is international law for? Does international law have (and if not, can it develop) the capacity to support the realisation of sustainable development? The sdgs as a policy document may encapsulate an integrated vision for sustainable development and declare the need for institutional and policy coherence (sdg 17). Yet, what is to be expected from a compartmentalised or fragmented international law? Is the concept of sustainable development, as proposed in the sdg agenda, as coherent and clear as would have been expected? On the latter aspect, it is of interest that none of the authors actually derives from the sdgs a singular definition of sustainable development towards which international law should strive or contribute. At the same time, each of the papers refers to what seems to be a 'fourth pillar' for sustainable development, as reflected in sdg 16: a pillar of (legal) security or stability. Rabinovic, Maynard, Jolly & Trivedi, De Jong and Waverijn & Verburg, each in their own way, emphasise that attaining sustainable development is dependent on the rule of law, peace, stability, transparency, accountability, security and the absence of conflict. It will be crucial to explore, in future research, what the role of sdg 16 is in relation to sustainable development as a whole and with regard to questions of policy coherence or integration specifically.
The two papers by Jolly & Trivedi8 and Mayard,9 respectively, proclaim at the outset that international law's traditional framework is limited and arguably ill equipped to fully grasp the challenges of implementing the sdgs, including challenges relating to an increasingly complex landscape of stakeholders and legal regimes. Both papers argue for a broader conceptualisation of international law, so that international law becomes more responsive to pluralistic regulation and a diversification of players, interests and legal regimes. Jolly & Trivedi address climate-induced displacement and sdg 13 by applying a hybrid law approach, whereas Mayard employs a transnational law approach to the regulation of the Mekong River Basin, as a test case study for hydropower projects.

Understanding Shared Objectives of the sdgs and International Law: Defining Terms and Forcing Links
Inevitably, most authors started their enquiries into the possible role, relevance, contribution, potential or limitations of international law for the sdgs by seeking to clarify key terms in the sdgs or in international law, and by exploring or even forcing relevant links between these two international 'agendas' . The normative appeal and versatility of the sdg agenda seems underscored by the fact that throughout the workshop series contributors sought and managed to draw connections between international law and many sdgs, including on topics not even explicitly listed amongst the sdgs as such. In this special issue, the papers by Jolly & Trivedi (on climate displacement) and De Jong (on illicit mineral trade) are examples of authors apparently seeing a conceptual or practical merit in exploring international law and the sdgs in conjunction. This raises the question of what is the normative appeal or benefit of mapping international law questions onto specific sdgs or the sdg agenda as a whole? Or perhaps vice versa, what is the benefit or normative appeal of using the sdgs to capture or address unresolved questions of international law and legal practice?
The following section briefly revisits this question, but here we chiefly observe a striking aspect of the papers, which is that nearly all of them also turn to (legal) theory in reflecting on the objectives shared between international law and the sdgs. De Jong, for example, tackles the meaning of effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels as promoted by sdg 16.6 in the context of trade in natural resources that finance armed conflict.10 She examines how, in this context, the vague notions of transparency and accountability are conceptualised in international legal discourse and accountability theory, and are applied in practice through the Kimberley Process for the Certification of Rough Diamonds and the oecd Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-affected and High-risk Areas. She concludes that existing frameworks may still fall short of fostering particular forms of accountability or transparency, but that, overall, these initiatives appear valuable (first) steps towards the broader aims of sdg 16 in terms of fostering 'peaceful societies for sustainable development' . Rabinovych takes as her starting point the interlinkages between economic development (sdg 8) and the rule of law (sdg 16).11 In unpacking the postulate of 'peace through economic development and legal integration' for her case study of the eastern dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy, she proceeds to use leading post-war development economics theories to reflect on the meaning of key terms such as the 'rule of law' or 'sustainable development' . Rabinovych finds not only that the sdgs do not provide a conceptually clear vision of the role of economic development and legal integration in development, but also that selectiveness and inconsistencies are entrenched in international law and theory and EU law and policy.
While not explicitly addressed in these papers, efforts to understand the role, relevance, potential and limitations of international law in relation to the sdgs, through a range of additional theories and concepts, raise interesting questions about the actual complexity of understanding the relationship between international law and the sdgs, or at least about the limitations of both the sdgs and international law in addressing sustainable development in and of themselves.

The Question of Integration
Integration is one of the central questions -the 'magic word'12 -pertaining to sustainable development and the respective role of international law. The close interdependence between competing policy goals that need to be pursued in an integrated fashion lies at the core of the concept of sustainable development. Integration in the implementation of the sdgs is a policy goal which also takes on a normative quality. There seems to be no singular meaning of integration, but rather a plurality of norms, principles and (interpretative) tools guiding states' and other actors' policies, "stirring" the law, managing trade-offs and forging synergies across the sgds. These different facets of integration manifest themselves prominently in the papers in this special issue. The papers by Verburg & Waverijn13 and Jolly & Trivedi call for a holistic approach across international legal regimes. Verburg & Waverijn highlight the need for a holistic approach to international investment law and international trade law, so as to realise the transition to renewable energy. Jolly & Trivedi argue for pursuing integration of norms and forging synergies across different branches of international law (international refugee law and international human rights law) in order to address climateinduced displacement. Integration is also discussed by way of exploring the interlinkages among the sdgs. Rabinovych explores the interlinkages between Introduction to the Special Issue brill open law 2 (2019) 1-7 economic development (sdg 8) and the rule of law (sdg 16) and, in particular, economic development and its environmental and social dimensions. Integration is also understood as a means to coordinate, or even consolidate, not only legal regimes but also different actors and scales involved in sustainable development. Mayard critically explores how trade-offs concerning energy infrastructure, environmental protection and social well-being are managed in hydropower projects.
Important questions remain. The (international law) scholarship will only continue to grow, exploring how international law provides opportunities or pose challenges for achieving the sdgs and, conversely, whether the 2030 Agenda contributes to the progressive development of international law. We hope that this special issue makes a modest contribution to this scholarly effort.