1.1 Jan Brueghel the Elder, Diana and the Nymphs after the Hunt (ca. 1621). Neuburg an der Donau, Staatsgalerie. bpk / Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen 3
1.2 Jan Brueghel the Elder, The Allegory of Air (1621). Louvre. Photo © RMN-Grand Palais (Musée du Louvre) / Franck Raux 11
1.3 Jan Brueghel the Elder, The Allegory of Water (1614). Milan Ambrosiana. © Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana/MondadoriPortfolio 12
1.4 Putto and mantis shrimp (detail of Fig. 1.3) 13
1.5 Belon Pierre, ‘Cigale de mer’, La nature et diversité des poissons (Paris, Charles Estienne: 1555) 353. Bibliothèque nationale de France 13
1.6 Frans Snyders and Anthonis van Dyck, Fishmarket (ca. 1621). Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna. Wikimedia Commons 16
1.7 Two horseshoe crabs (detail of Fig. 1.6) 16
1.8 Paul van Somer (II), Frontispiece of Willughby Francis – Ray John, De historia piscium libri quatuor (Oxford, e theatro Sheldoniano: 1686). Courtesy of the British Museum, London 18
2.1 Hortus sanitatis, chapter 29 (Mainz, Jacob Meydenbach: 1491), tract “De piscibus”, fol. Bbiij. Copy U.S. National Library of Medicine 33
2.2 Fisherman with flute player. Anonymous, Dit boecxken leert hoe men mach voghelen vanghen […] (Antwerp, Govert Back: 1506) 34
2.3 Brown trout (Salmo trutta L.), detail from Marschalk Nicolaus, Historia aquatilium latine ac grece cum figuris (Rostock, in edibus Thuriis: 1520), unpaginated appendix. Collection Bnu en dépôt à l’Université de Strasbourg. H 16.58 35
2.4 Mangolt Gregor, Fischbuoch. Von der natur und eigenschafft der vischen (Zurich, Andreas Gessner: 1557) 33. München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek – Res/Zool. 348 39
2.5a Sturgeon (Acipenser sturio L.) in Belon Pierre, De aquatilibus libri duo (Paris, Charles Estienne: 1553) 101. Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen. 41
2.5b Sturgeon (Acipenser sturio L.). Illustration from FishBase/FAO 41
2.6a John dory (Zeus faber L.) in Rondelet Guillaume, Libri de piscibus marinis (Lyon, Macé Bonhomme: 1554) 204. Wikimedia Commons 42
2.6b John dory (Zeus faber L.). Illustration from FishBase/FAO 42
2.7a Butterfly blenny (Blennius ocellaris L.) in Salviani Hippolito, Aquatilium animalium historiae liber primus, cum eorumdem formis, aere excusis (Rome, Hippolito Salviani: 1558) fol. 217r 43
2.7b Butterfly blenny (Blennius ocellaris L.) Illustration from FishBase/FAO 43
2.8a Red scorpionfish (Scorpaena scrofa L.) in Gessner Conrad, Historia animalium liber IV: qui est De piscium et aquatilium animantium natura (Zurich, Christopher Froschauer: 1558) 1017. Zentralbibliothek Zürich, NNN 48 | F, https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-16853 / Public Domain Mark 44
2.8b Red scorpionfish (Scorpaena scrofa L.). Illustration from FishBase/FAO 45
2.9 Common sole (Solea solea L.) in Belon Pierre, De aquatilibus libri duo (Paris, Charles Estienne: 1553) 147. Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen 46
2.10 Common sole (Solea solea L.) and burbot (Lota lota L.) in Hortus sanitatis (Mainz, Jacob Meydenbach: 1491), tract “De piscibus”, chap. 85. Provided by U.S. National Library of Medicine 47
2.11 Dolphin (Delphinus delphis L.) in Belon Pierre, L’histoire naturelle des estranges poissons marins (Paris, Regnaud Chaudiere: 1551) fol. 28v. Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen 48
2.12 “Dolphin” in Marschalk Nicolaus, Historia aquatilium latine ac grece cum figuris (Rostock, in edibus Thuriis: 1520). No pagination. Collection Bnu en dépôt à l’Université de Strasbourg. H 16.583 49
2.13 Marine fishes and hybrids in the Harley Bestiary MS 4751 (c.1230–1240). Courtesy of the British Library, London 54
2.14 ‘Water’ in Die Erlösung (1465), taken from in Exner M. et al., “Fisch I”, Reallexikon zur Deutschen Kunstgeschichte IX (Rome: 1987) 18–88 55
2.15 ‘Whale’ in the Harley Bestiary MS 4751. Courtesy of the British Library, London 56
2.16 ‘Cetus’, in Hortus sanitatis (Mainz, Jacob Meydenbach: 1491), tract “De piscibus”, chap. 19. Provided by U.S. National Library of Medicine 57
2.17 Flying gurnard (Dactylopterus volitans) in Rondelet Guillaume, Libri de piscibus marinis (Lyon, Macé Bonhomme: 1554) 284. Bibliothèque nationale de France 76
2.18 Flying gurnard (Dactylopterus volitans) in Salviani Hippolito, Aquatilium animalium historiae liber primus, cum eorumdem formis, aere excusis (Rome, Hippolito Salviani: 1558) fol. 187v. Bibliothèque nationale de France 76
2.19 Flying gurnard (Dactylopterus volitans) (mirrored) in Salviani Hippolito, Aquatilium animalium historiae liber primus, cum eorumdem formis, aere excusis (Rome, Hippolito Salviani: 1558) fol. 187v. Bibliothèque nationale de France 77
2.20 Flying gurnard (Dactylopterus volitans) in Šoljan T., Fishes of the Adriatic (Belgrade – Washington: 1963) 159 77
2.21 Cuvier’s Cephalacanthus spinarella, showing the Flying gurnard (Dactylopterus volitans) in Cuvier Georges – Valenciennes Achille, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 4 (Paris: 1829) 138, depicted on plate 73 81
2.22 Cuvier’s Dactylopterus orientalis, the Oriental flying gurnard (today renamed Dactyloptena orientalis Cuvier, 1829) in Cuvier Georges – Valenciennes Achille, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 4 (Paris: 1829) 134, depicted on plate 76 81
4.1 Bodin Jean – Fischart Johann, De magorum daemonomania. Vom außgelassnen wütigen Teufelsheer (Strasbourg, Bernhard Jobin: 1586) 666 (detail) 112
5.1 Portrait of Leonhardt Thurneysser zum Thurn, in Thurneysser Leonhardt, Historia unnd Beschreibungen influentischer, elementischer und natürlicher Wirkungen aller heimischen und fremden Erdgewächssen, 2nd edition (Cölln/Berlin, Johannes Gymnium: 1587). Courtesy Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin 124
5.2 Philips Galle after Albrecht Dürer, Portrait of Damião de Góis. Engraving (Antwerp, Philips Galle: no date). Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, RP-P-OB-6897. Public domain 126
5.3 “Pars secunda”, Ms. Germ. Fol. 97. Front matter fol. 111r. Courtesy Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin 128
6.1 Crab and crayfish. Woodcut, probably based on a drawing by Giorgio Liberale da Udine, in Mattioli Pietro Andrea, Commentarii in sex libros Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei De medica materia (Venice, Vincenzo Valgrisi: 1565) 308. Public domain: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/125718#page/484/mode/1up 157
6.2 Spirinchus and silurus. Woodcut in Schonefeld Stephan von, Ichthyologia et nomenclaturae animalium marinorum, fluviatilium, lacustrium (Hamburg, Bibliopolis Heringianus: 1624), Table VII. Public domain: https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb11220552?page=5 159
6.3 St Peter’s fish. Copper engraving in Salviani Ippolito, Aquatilium animalium Historiae liber primus. Cum eorundem formis, aere excusis (Rome, Ippolito Salviani: 1554–1558). Public domain: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/82337 169
6.4 Orbis stellatus in the Aldrovandi collection, second half 16th century, copied after Daniele Barbaro’s fish book. Aldrovandi, Tavole, vol. 4, fol. 43. © Bologna, Biblioteca Universitaria 172
6.5 Perca marina. Drawing in the Kentmann Codex, middle to late 16th century, Meissen, Thorgau, Fol 323, fol. 11. © Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek, Weimar 176
6.6 Three river fish. Coloured drawings in the Gessner-Platter Animal Albums, collected by Gessner in Zurich, c.1540s–65, Album III C 22, fol. 39. © Amsterdam, University Library 179
6.7 Mullus barbatus. Coloured drawing sent by Horstius in Rome to Gessner in Zurich, c.1550s. In the Gessner-Platter Animal Albums, Album III C 22, fol. 88. © Amsterdam, University Library 180
6.8 Mola mola. Copper engraving in Salviani Ippolito, Aquatilium animalium Historiae liber primus. Cum eorundem formis, aere excusis (Rome, Ippolito Salviani: 1554–1558). Public domain: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/82337 186
6.9 Detail of the ceiling frescoes and stucco of aquatilia on the ceiling of the Sala dei Pesci/di Nettuno in the Palazzo Ducale, Mantua, 1558–1561. Photo by the author 191
6.10 Frescoes painted by Jacopo Zucchi for Cardinal Ferdinando de’ Medici in Palazzo Firenze, Rome, 1570s. Photo by the author 192
6.11 Wall frescoes by Camillo Mantovano in the Stanza di Psyche of Palazzo Grimani, Venice, detail. Photo by the author 194
6.12 Detail of the decorations in Pliny, Naturalis Historia (Parma, Andreas Portilia: 1481), Parma, Biblioteca Palatinense, Inc. 1158, fol. 74v. © Parma, Biblioteca Palatinense 196
6.13 Lupus marinus, and coracinus in the Aldrovandi collection, second half 16th century. Aldrovandi, Tavole, vol. 4, fol. 19. © Bologna, Biblioteca Universitaria 200
6.14 Parchment folio with fish drawings, including a Mola mola probably copied after Salviani (cf. Fig. 6.8.). Undated, attributed to Jacopo Ligozzi. Cod. Min. 83, fol. 7. © Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek 204
6.15 Various aquatilia in the Codex Daniel Froeschl – Nicolaes De Bruyn, MS 514, fol. 272, c.1570–1620s. © Pisa, Biblioteca Universitaria 206
6.16 Swordfish in a parchment codex, painted by Giorgio Liberale da Udine for Archduke Ferdinand II of Tirol, c.1562–80, Gorizia and Innsbruck. Cod. ser. 2669, fol. 51v. © Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek 208
6.17 Perch in the albums of Anselmus de Boodt made for Emperor Rudolph II, vol VI, fol. 42, Prague, late 16th-early 17th century. © Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum 214
6.18 Squid in the Flemish Libri Picturati by an anonymous painter, c.1560s, made near Bruges for Charles de St Omer. Libri Picturati, A16, fol. 20. © Kraków, Jagiellonian Library 217
6.19 A rare fish (probably Lampris guttatus) depicted and described in Adriaen Coenen’s Visboeck, 1577–81, Holland, Ms 78 E 54, fol. 264r (old nr. 260). © The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek 220
6.20 Fish drawings from a set of loose drawings that belonged to Rembertus Dodonaeus and included drawings by Adriaen Coenen, before 1585. Formerly Collection Van Regteren Altena, fol. 107a. © Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum 224
7.1 Teodoro Ghisi (attrib.), Vatican MS Urb. lat. 276, fol. 126v (detail): Beluae. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vatican City 246
7.2a–b Gessner Conrad, Nomenclator aquatilium animantium. Icones animalium aquatilium (Zurich, Christopher Froschauer: 1560) 176–177: Cete (Whales). Bibliothèque du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 248–249 248–249
7.3 Magnus Olaus, Carta Marina, 1539 (detail). Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München. Shelfmark: Mapp. VII,1 250
7.4 Rondelet Guillaume, De piscibus marinis (Paris: 1554) 483 (detail): Orca. Smithsonian Institution Libraries 251
7. 5 Gessner Conrad, Nomenclator aquatilium animantium. Icones animalium aquatilium […] (Zurich, Christopher Froschauer: 1560) 169 (detail): Orca. Ernst Mayr Library, Harvard University 252
7.6 Teodoro Ghisi (attrib.), MS Urb. lat. 276, fol. 201v (detail: horsehair worm, leech): Seta and Sanguisuga. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vatican City 254
7.7 Joris Hoefnagel, MS The Four Elements, Animalia aquatilia et co(n)chiliata (Aqua), Plate LVI (detail: horsehair worm, leech). The National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Gift of Mrs. Lessing J. Rosenwald, Accession Number: 1987.20.7 254
7.8 Jacob Hoefnagel after Joris Hoefnagel, in Archetypa studiaque patris Georgii Hoefnagelii (Frankfurt, Jacob Hoefnagel: 1592), I, 10 (detail: leech) Staatliche Sammlung München 255
8.1 Joachim Beuckelaer, Fish market. 1568. Oil on panel, 128 × 174 cm. New York, Metropolitan Museum. Public domain (CC0 1.0) 260
8.2 Clara Peeters, Still life with Fish, a Candle, Artichokes, Crab and Prawns. 1611. Oil on panel, 50 × 71.6 cm. Madrid, Museo del Prado. Image © Museo del Prado 274
8.3 Gerrit Dou, Herring Seller and Boy. c.1664. Oil on panel, 43.5 × 34.5 cm. New York, The Leiden Collection. Image courtesy of The Leiden Collection, New York 284
8.4 Jan Brueghel the Elder, Large Fish Market. 1603. Oil on panel, 58.5 × 91.5 cm. Munich, Alte Pinakothek. Public domain (CC BY-SA 4.0) 287
8.5 Emanuel de Witte, The Nieuwe Vismarkt (New Fish Market) in Amsterdam. 1655–1692. Oil on canvas, 52 × 62 cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum. Public domain (CC0 1.0) 288
8.6 Cornelis Dusart, Fish Market. 1683. Oil on canvas, 67.8 × 90.1 cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum. Public domain (CC0 1.0) 289
8.7 Adriaen van Nieulandt, Maurits (1567–1625) and Frederik Hendrik (1584–1647), Princes of Orange, on the Beach at Scheveningen. 136.3 × 199.3 cm, oil on panel. Amersfoort, Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed (RCE) (formerly Mauritshuis) 291
9.1 The number of pieces of artwork that pictured freshwater fish species only, marine fish species only, or both types of fish in one work. Numbers above bars indicate the exact number of paintings in each category 308
9.2 The proportion of artwork (calculated as the number of paintings depicting a certain species divided by the total number of artworks with fish in that period) that pictured large higher trophic level species 308
9.3 Proportion of freshwater/marine fish in a consumption-related context 310
9.4 Boxplots of Pielou’s evenness and Fraction Support in the current study (grey) compared to those in the Snapshot Serengeti project (white). Note that the inverse of fraction support is plotted in order to correspond with the direction of Pielou’s evenness, i.e., a low number corresponds with low uncertainty 317
10.1 Dene Eduard de, Testament Rhetoricael, fols. 232v–233r. Introduction to and beginning of Den Milde Zeeman. University Library Gent, ms. 3330 329
12.1a–b Salviani Ippolito, Aquatilium animalium historiae (Rome, Ippolito Salviani: 1554). Multicolumn tables of fish names concordances and fish information, fols. 19v–20r – 368-369
12.2 A fish engraving in Salviani Ippolito, Aquatilium animalium historiae (Rome, Ippolito Salviani: 1554) 370
12.3 Two species of gobius from Gessner’s collection of watercolours, which served as a basis for his Historia animalium. Provenance: MS University Library Amsterdam C III 22–23 373
12.4 A questionary devised by the water officers of Venice in 1623 to interview fishermen on the consequences of a river diversion. Provenance: Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Savi ed esecutori alle acque, Atti, pezzo 123, fol. 7r 378
12.5 Engraving of a maena in Rondelet Guillaume, De piscibus marinis (Lyon, Macé Bonhomme: 1554–1555) 138. Provenance: Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek 382
12.6 Images of gobius in Aldrovandi Ulisse, De piscibus et de cetis (Bologna, Giovanni Baptista Bellagambia: 1613). Provenance: Biblioteca Universitaria di Padova 385
12.7 List of fish prices for the fish market in 1760 for the months of June and July. Provenance: Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Compilazione leggi Pesca, Pescaria, Pescatori, Pesce (1314–1786) 387
13.1 Quaresma Domingos Franco, Index of Piscilegio lusitano, Nova, Exacta, Natural, e Medicinal Noticia dos nomes e qualidades dos Peixes que se pescão nos mares e rios da Costa de Portugal damnos e proveitos que do seu bom, ou mao uso no comer podem resultar aos sãos, e enfermos, unpublished manuscript (c.1750). Reproduced with the permission of Samuel Iglesias 396
13.2 Granada Luís de, Obras de Fray Luis de Granada (Madrid, La Publicidad, Imprenta de M. Rivadeneyra: 1848), part I, 238 (detail). Biblioteca Digital Hispanica with open access license CC-BY: http://bdh-rd.bne.es/viewer.vm?id=0000052692&page=1 401
13.3 Montigore Antonino, Della Sicilia ricercata nelle cose più memorabili (Palermo, Francesco Valenza: 1742–1743), vol. 2, 61 401
13.4 Stranded whale in Quaresma Domingos Franco, Piscilegio lusitano, Nova, Exacta, Natural, e Medicinal Noticia dos nomes e qualidades dos Peixes que se pescão nos mares e rios da Costa de Portugal damnos e proveitos que do seu bom, ou mao uso no comer podem resultar aos sãos, e enfermos, unpublished manuscript (c.1750). Reproduced with the permission of Samuel Iglesias 402
13.5 Jonah and the whale in Adriaen Coenen’s Visboeck, 1577–1581, Ms 78 E 54, fols. 259v–260r © The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek. Open access in Public Domain Review https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/adriaen-coenen-s-fish-book-1580 403
13.6 Stranding of sperm whales in Adriaen Coenen’s Visboeck, 1577–81, Ms 78 E 54, fols. 51v–52r © The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek. Open access in Public Domain Review https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/adriaen-coenen-s-fish-book-1580 405
13.7 Stranded whale in Mascarenhas José Freire de Monterroio (ed.), Gazeta de Lisboa Occidental (21 January 1723) 23–24. Open access in Hemeroteca Nacional de Lisboa (http://hemerotecadigital.cm-lisboa.pt) 410–411
13.8 Whale strandings in Fernando Álvares Seco’s map of Portugal (1561). Open access at the Digital National Library of Portugal (permalink: http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/bib/rnod/28506) 415
14.1 Greenland shark, here called ‘the Haac-kæring’. Engraving, taken from Pontoppidan Erik, The Natural History of Norway, vol. 2 (London: A. Linde: 1755) 46. Image © University Library of Oslo 429
14.2 The mountain range “The Seven Sisters” with Alstahaug’s parsonage. Engraving, taken from Pontoppidan Erik, The Natural History of Norway, vol. 1 (London, A. Linde: 1755) 102. Image © University Library of Oslo 431
14.3 The sea serpent. Engraving, taken from Pontoppidan Erik, The Natural History of Norway, vol. 2 (London, A. Linde: 1755) 196. Image © University Library of Oslo 437
14.4 and 14.5 Depictions of the Moskstraumen. Engravings, taken from Herbinius Johannes, Dissertationes De admirandis mundi cataractis supra et subterraneis (Amsterdam, Johannes Janssonius van Waesberge: 1678) 129 and 131 440
14.6 Claes Jansz. Vooght’s map of the Norwegian Sea from 1692. Coloured engraving: “Wassende Graade Kaart van ‘t Noordelykste Deel der Noord Zee tussen Schotland, Ysland, Noorwegen en Finmarken tot Booven de Noord Caap”, from Keulen Johannes van, De groote nieuwe vermeerderde Zee-Atlas ofte Water-Werelt. Image: Nr. 8B.9a, in Ginsberg William B., Sea Charts of Norway, 1585–1812 (2012) © National Library of Oslo 450
15.1 Distribution of the “Salmon-Servant” anecdote in Europe on several levels of scale, 16th–21st century. Map made with free and open source QGIS 457
15.2 Baldner Leonard, Salmon. Coloured drawing. In Baldner Leonard, Vogel-, Fisch- und Thierbuch. (British Library, Add MS 6485 461
15.3 Labour contract, dated 17 June 1842, containing a stipulated number of times that fresh salmon could be served to the employees (passage indicated by a bar with a dot). Source: Thibault M. – Garçon A.-F., “Un problème d’écohistoire: le saumon dans les contrats de louage, une origine médiévale?”, in Benoit P. – Loridant F. – Mattéoni O. (eds.), Actes des Premières Rencontres Internationales de Liessies ‘Pêche et pisciculture en eau douce: la rivière et l’étang au Moyen-Age, 27, 28 et 29 avril 1998’ (Lille: 2004) 466
16.1 Henry Wood Elliott, An Arctic Province. Alaska and the Seal Island (New York: 1906 [1886]) 336 480
16.2 Tombstone of Tjark Derks Visser. Photo: https://www.deverhalenvangroningen.nl/alle-verhalen/robbenjagers-en-monnikenwerk-in-westernieland 485
16.3 J.H. Gehrts after Heinrich Leutemann, “Bad der Seehunden”, in Hagenbeck C., Von Tieren und Menschen (Berlin: 1908) 51. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Hagenbeck4.jpg 488
16.4 Captain Webb’s Seal and Sea Lion Band, Courier Co., no date (American, 19th century) https://emuseum.ringling.org/emuseum/objects/9973/unknown-captain-webbs-seal-and-sea-lion-band?ctx=6452c4c5-6bbc-45fa-8ada-ad2b5f9adf0d&idx=26 490
17.1 Jan Bellekin, Carved nautilus shell, late 1600s, 15.8 × 11.7 cm. London, Natural History Museum. Image © Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London 495
17.2 Nautilus shell mounted in silver, gilt and chased, engraved with dragons among clouds, ca. 1550, 26.1 × 17 × 10.3 cm. London, British Museum. Image © Trustees of the British Museum, London 499
17.3 Nautilus major sive crassus, or Bia Papeda, depicted with the animal. Engraving. From Rumphius Georg Everhard, D’Amboinsche rariteitkamer […] (Amsterdam, François Halma: 1705) Plate XVII. Leiden, University Library M y 104. Image © Leiden University Library 508
17.4 Icones testaceorum quae in parte secunda describuntur. Engraving. From Bonanni Filippo, Musaeum Kircherianium […] (Rome, Giorgio Placho: 1709). Public Domain. Biodiversity Heritage Library 511
17.5 Cornelis Bellekin, Nautilus shell carved with vines, with a matching holder, 1650–1700, 6.5 × 3.5 × 7 cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum. Image © Rijksmuseum 514
17.6 Jan Bellekin’s Nautilus shell depicted from different sides, labelled with numbers 1 to 3. Hand-coloured engraving. From Seba Albertus, Locupletissimi rerum naturalium thesauri […], 3 vols. (Amsterdam, J. Wetsteen – William Smith – Janssonius van Waesberge: 1734–1765) Plate LXXXIV. Public Domain. Biodiversity Heritage Library 516
17.7 Hans Sloane, inventory entry for the ‘Jan Belkien’ shell listed under specimen number 1880. From: Sloane Manuscript Catalogues: Fossils, Vol. 2: Shells, fol. 272. London, Natural History Museum. Image © Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London 518
18.1 François de Meyer, Dolphin. Ink-washed drawing. In Journal de voyage de François de Meyer, 1698. The Hague, Nationaal Archief, Collection 349, Familie Delprat, 2.21.183.16, Inv. no 106a, p. 4 529
18.2 François de Meyer, Albacore or white tuna (Thunnus alalunga). Ink-washed drawing. In Journal de voyage de François de Meyer, 1698. The Hague, Nationaal Archief, Collection 349, Familie Delprat, 2.21.183.16, Inv. no 106a, p. 9 533
18.3 François de Meyer, Pilot fish (Naucrates ductor). Ink-washed drawing. In Journal de voyage de François de Meyer, 1698. The Hague, Nationaal Archief, Collection 349, Familie Delprat, 2.21.183.16, Inv. no 106a, p. 11 535
18.4 François de Meyer, Dolphin fish or mahi mahi (Coryphaena hippurus). Ink-washed drawing. In Journal de voyage de François de Meyer, 1698. The Hague, Nationaal Archief, Collection 349, Familie Delprat, 2.21.183.16, Inv. no 106a, p. 15 537
18.5 François de Meyer, Flying fish. Ink-washed drawing. In Journal de voyage de François de Meyer, 1698. The Hague, Nationaal Archief, Collection 349, Familie Delprat, 2.21.183.16, Inv. no 106a, p. 17 540
18.6 François de Meyer, Triggerfish. Ink-washed drawing. In Journal de voyage de François de Meyer, 1698. The Hague, Nationaal Archief, Collection 349, Familie Delprat, 2.21.183.16, Inv. no 106a, p. 19 541
18.7 François de Meyer, Barracuda. Ink-washed drawing. In Journal de voyage de François de Meyer, 1698. The Hague, Nationaal Archief, Collection 349, Familie Delprat, 2.21.183.16, Inv. no 106a, p. 21 543
18.8 François de Meyer, Shark. Ink-washed drawing. In Journal de voyage de François de Meyer, 1698. The Hague, Nationaal Archief, Collection 349, Familie Delprat, 2.21.183.16, Inv. no 106a, p. 23 545
18.9 Edmond Halley, Pilot fish (Naucrates ductor). Pencil on paper. 1699–1700. Royal Society Archives MS/131/49. https://pictures.royalsociety.org/image-rs-9364 548
18.10 Whale. Rondelet Guillaume, L’histoire entière des poissons (Lyon, Macé Bonhomme: 1558) 351. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1512044f/f367.item 550
19.1 Tetrodon hispidus, wet specimen, 18th century, circa 9 cm × 14 cm (glass vessel), Bloch Collection, ZMB_Pisces_4274, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Germany). Image © Dorothee Fischer 2022 556
19.2 ‘Tetrodon hispidus LIN. Die Seeflasche aus Indien’, dry specimen, 18th century, circa 27 cm × 25 cm, Linck collection, NAT I 1975 A5, Museum Naturalienkabinett Waldenburg (Germany). Image © Dorothee Fischer 2020| Lisa Effertz 2022 560
19.3 ‘Tetrodon hispidus LIN. Die Seeflasche aus Indien’, dry specimen, 18th century, circa 27 cm × 25 cm, Linck collection, NAT I 1975 A5, Museum Naturalienkabinett Waldenburg (Germany). Image © Dorothee Fischer 2020 | Lisa Effertz 2022 561
19.4 ‘Tetrodon hispidus LIN. Die Seeflasche aus Indien’, dry specimen (detail), Linck collection, NAT I 1975 A5, Museum – Naturalienkabinett Waldenburg (Germany). Image © Dorothee Fischer 2020 | Lisa Effertz 2022 562
19.5 Tetrodon hispidus (detail of Fig. 19.1), wet specimen, 18th century, Bloch Collection, ZMB_Pisces_4274, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Germany). Image © Dorothee Fischer 2022 564
19.6 Tetrodon hispidus, dry specimen, 18th century, circa 17 cm × 10 cm, Bloch Collection, ZMB_Pisces_4275, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Germany). Image © Dorothee Fischer 2022 565
19.7 Johann Friedrich August Krüger jun. (inventor) and Ferdinand Schmidt (engraver), Tetrodon Hispidus, copper engraving, Plate 142. From: Bloch Marcus Elieser, Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische. Mit sechs und dreissig ausgemalten Kupfern nach Originalen. Ersther Theil (Berlin, Marcus Elieser Bloch: 1785). Image Source: Zentralbibliothek Zürich, URL: https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/doi/10.3931/e-rara-54281 (22/03/2022) 569
19.8 Peter Haas (engraver), Tetrodon Hispidus, copper engraving, Plate 142. From: Bloch Marcus Elieser, Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische. Mit sechs und dreissig ausgemalten Kupfern nach Originalen. Ersther Theil (Berlin, Marcus Elieser Bloch: 1785). Image Source: Universitätsbibliothek Freiberg – SLUB Dresden, URL: http://digital.slub-dresden.de/id480651450/73 (10/10/2023) 570
19.9 Tetrodon hispidus, dry specimen, undated, circa 34 cm × 14 cm, Naturkundemuseum im Ottoneum in Kassel (Germany). Image © Peter Mansfeld 2021 577
19.10 Arothron hispidus, photograph, 21st century. Source: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Arothron_hispidus_6.jpg#filelinks (22/03/2022). Image © Wikimedia (Factumquintus 2012 | Togabi 2017) 577
20.1 Renard Louis, Poissons, ecrevisses et crabes de diverses couleurs et figures extraordinaires, que l’on trouve autour des Isles Moluques, et sur les côtes des Terres Australes […] (Amsterdam, Reinier and Josue Ottens: 1754), vol. 2, plate 44, figure 185. Image taken from the second edition in the collection of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Munich 600
20.2 Macolor in Renard Louis, Poissons, ecrevisses et crabes de diverses couleurs et figures extraordinaires, que l’on trouve autour des Isles Moluques, et sur les côtes des Terres Australes […] (Amsterdam, Reinier and Josue Ottens: 1754), vol. 2, plate 7, fig. 30 (top) and a photograph of the Black and White Snapper, Macolor niger (bottom) showing similarities and differences between the engraving and photograph of the species it represents. Top image taken from the second edition in the collection of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Munich. Bottom image © Dawn Goebbels obtained via https://www.fishbase.de/photos/UploadedBy.php?autoctr=23443&win=uploaded 602
20.3 Sambia in Renard Louis, Poissons, ecrevisses et crabes de diverses couleurs et figures extraordinaires, que l’on trouve autour des Isles Moluques, et sur les côtes des Terres Australes […] (Amsterdam, Reinier and Josue Ottens: 1754), vol. 2, plate 7, fig. 33 (top) and a photograph of a frogfish of the family Antennariidae (bottom) showing similarities and differences between the engraving and photograph of a member of the family it represents. Top image taken from the second edition in the collectionbof the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Munich. Bottom image courtesy of Roger Steene 603
20.4 Turbot de la Côte des Poepoes in Renard Louis, Poissons, ecrevisses et crabes de diverses couleurs et figures extraordinaires, que l’on trouve autour des Isles Moluques, et sur les côtes des Terres Australes […] (Amsterdam, Reinier and Josue Ottens: 1754), vol. 2, plate 41, fig. 178. Image taken from the second edition in the collection of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Munich 604
20.5 Details of Plate 29 (left) and 31 (right) from the second volume of the second edition of Renard’s Poissons, ecrevisses et crabes, de diverses couleurs et figures extraordinaires, que l’on trouve autour des isles Moluques et sur les côtes des terres Australes (1754) showing errant ink markings in the uncoloured copy (top), the same markings in the copy in Harvard’s Ernst Mayr Library (middle), and the absence of these markings in the copy in the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Munich. Top images © Justin R. Hanisch. Middle images from Harvard University in Public Domain obtained via Biodiversity Heritage Library. Bottom images taken from the second edition in the collection of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Munich 607
21.1 Great white shark (Squalus carcharias). In Bloch Marcus Elieser, Ichtyologie, ou, Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des poissons: avec des figures enluminées, dessinées d’après nature (Berlin, Bloch – De la Garde: 1785–1797 [1787]), vol. 4, p. 127. The New York Public Library, Rare Book Division. https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47da-695f-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99 523
22.1 Fan Anren, Fish and Waterweeds, detail, mid-13th century, National Palace Museum, Taipei 634
22.2 Bada Shanren (Zhu Da), Fish and Ducks, detail, 1689, Shanghai Museum 635
22.3 Zhao Zhiqian, Extraordinary Fish, 1861, private collection 635
22.4 Nie Huang, Pictures of Various Marine Creatures, 1698, National Palace Museum, Taipei 636
22.5 Nie Huang, Pictures of Various Marine Creatures, 1698, Palace Museum, Beijing 638
22.6 Pictures of Sea Fish, 1739, Museum für Asiatische Kunst, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. Photo: Ching-Ling Wang 641
22.7 Pictures of Sea Fish, 1739, Museum für Asiatische Kunst, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. Photo: Ching-Ling Wang 642
22.8 Manual of See Oddities, 1868(?), National Palace Museum, Taipei 645
22.9 Twelve Albums of 288 Images of Fish, 1:23, 1773–1776, Museum Volkenkunde, Leiden 647
22.10 Collection of Fish, c.1826–1831, Natural History Museum, London 649
23.1 Kaempfer Engelbert, De beschryving van Japan […] (The Hague – Amsterdam, P. Gosse and J. Neaulme, Balthasar Lakeman: 1729), Plate 9. Copper engravings of Japanese woodblock prints, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden 656
23.2 Houttuyn Martinus, Natuurlyke historie […] (Amsterdam, Frans Houttuyn: 1765), Plate LXVII, private collection 658
23.3 Illustrations of two Japanese fishes in Thunberg Carl Peter, “Beskrifning pa tvanne Fiskar ifran Japan”, Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar 11 (1790) 106 /Der Konigl. Schwedischen Akademie Der Wissenschaften Neue Abhandlungen Aus Der Naturlehre, Haushaltungskunst Und Mechanik 11 (1790) 100–103, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden 661
23.4 Tilesius von Tillenau Wilhelm Gottlieb von, “Description de quelques poissons observés pendant son voyage autour du monde”, Mémoires de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou 2, 20 (1809) 212–249, plate 15, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden 663
23.5 A stuffed Naturalis specimen of Monocentrus japonicus (Houttuyn 1782) RMNH.PISC.D 677, collected by Heinrich Bürger, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden 665
23.6 Painting of a Japanese goby made by Kawahara Keiga in 1831. RMNH.ART.231. Pencil remarks and outline of the head were made by Schlegel to instruct the lithographer, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden 666
23.7 Temminck Coenraad Jacob – Schlegel Hermann, Fauna Japonica, Pisces. 4 (Leiden, Arntz: 1845), Plate 76, Fig. 1. Hand coloured lithograph of Burger’s species No 138, illustrating the description of Sicydium obscurum = Tridentiger obscurus, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden 666
23.8 Painting of a Japanese shark made by Kawahara Keiga in 1831, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden 667
23.9 Müller Johannes – Henle Jacob, Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen (Berlin: 1838–1840), Plate 2. The illustration of Halaelurus buergeri (Müller & Henle 1838), based on Bürger’s specimen, Bürger’s description and the painting by Kawahara Keiga, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden 667
23.10 Bleeker Pieter, “Nalezingen op de ichthyologie van Japan”, Verhandelingen Bataviaasch Genootschap 25 (1853) 1–56. Hand coloured lithograph with details of the dentition. Original drawings by J. Courtin, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden 668
23.11 Pseudosciaena (Bairdella) acanthodes Bleeker 1879. Lithograph in Bleeker Pieter, “Énumeration des espèces de poissons actuellement connues du Japon, et description de trois espèces inédites”, Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen Amsterdam 18 (1879) 1–33. Original drawings by Ludwig Speigler, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden 669
24.1 Kishū Kumanoura Shogeinozu (Pictures of Whales at Kumano Bay in Kii Province) Illustrated Scroll (detail), ink and colours on paper, 19th Century, Tokyo University Library (URL: https://da.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/portal/assets/1de1d067-53a5-4981-a122-daa047367056) 682
24.2 Double-page illustration of a right whale, Kandoriya Jiemon, Geishi (Whale Chronicle) (Osaka, Kashimoto Kanbee: 1794). Printed book. National Archives of Japan (URL: https://www.digital.archives.go.jp/file/1222480.html) 682
24.3 Sanshi Tokinari, Kujira Emaki (Illustrated Scroll of Whales), 1778, Illustrated scroll (detail), ink and colours on paper, National Institute of Japanese Literature (URL: http://dbrec.nijl.ac.jp/DHADNac1948026.01_03403) 683
24.4 Double-page illustration, Ōtsuki Heisen, Geishiko (Whale History) 1808. Manuscript, National Diet Library Tokyo (URL: https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2575476) 686
24.5 Kishū Taijiura Kujira Tairyō no zu (Pictures of Whaling and Whales in Taiji in Kii Province) 1861, Illustrated scroll (detail), ink and colours on paper, 30 × 1309 cm, Taiji Whaling Museum (URL: https://kujira-digital-museum.com/en/categories 689
24.6 Taiji Ura Kujira Ezu (Pictures of Whales in Taiji) 19th Century, illustrated scroll (detail), Taiji Whaling Museum (URL: https://kujira-digital-museum.com/ja 691
24.7 Double-page illustration, Tessai Hirase – Hasegawa Mitsunobu, Nihon Sankai Meibutsu zue (Illustrated Guide to the Famous Products of Land and Sea in Japan) (Osaka, Shioya Uhei: 1797). Printed book, Waseda University Library (URL: https://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kotenseki/html/bunko06/bunko06_02154 695
24.8 Double-page illustration, Tessai Hirase – Hasegawa Mitsunobu, Nihon Sankai Meibutsu zue (Illustrated Guide to the Famous Products of Land and Sea in Japan) (Osaka, Shioya Uhei: 1797). Printed book, Waseda University Library (URL: https://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kotenseki/html/bunko06/bunko06_02154 696
24.9 Double-page illustration, Tessai Hirase – Hasegawa Mitsunobu, Nihon Sankai Meibutsu zue (Illustrated Guide to the Famous Products of Land and Sea in Japan) (Osaka, Shioya Uhei: 1797). Printed book, Waseda University Library (URL: https://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kotenseki/html/bunko06/bunko06_02154 697
25.1a Perch (Perca fluviatilis). Lithograph from Schlegel Hermann, Verhandeling over de Vereischten van Natuurkundige Afbeeldingen (Haarlem: 1849), plate 12 706
25.1b Carp (Tor tambra). Lithograph from Schlegel Hermann, Verhandeling over de Vereischten van Natuurkundige Afbeeldingen (Haarlem: 1849), plate 11 706
25.2a L. Speigler – C.W. Mieling, Hemibagrus nemurus Blkr. Chromolithograph, from Bleeker Pieter, Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néêrlandaises, publié sous les auspices du Gouvernement Colonial Néêrlandais vol. 2 (Amsterdam: 1862), plate LXIX 708
25.2b Speigler (delin) Mieling (litho), Hemibagrus Wijckii Blkr. Chromolithograph from Bleeker Pieter, Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néêrlandaises, publié sous les auspices du Gouvernement Colonial Néêrlandais vol. 2 (Amsterdam: 1862), plate LXXII 709
25.3 H. Nicolet, Lepidotus gigas Agass. Engraving from Agassiz Louis, Recherches sur les poissons fossiles (Neuchatel: 1833–1843), plate 29 712
25.4 Arthur Pond, Fossil fish from Antigua. Engraving from Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 49.1 (London: 1756), plate IX 713
25.5 T. Hooiberg – A.J. Wendel, Afbeelding van een hermaphrodieten baars uit de Brugmansche verzameling van het Anatomische kabinet te Leiden. Lithograph from Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen 16 (1863), unnumbered plate facing p. 178 714
25.6a Salomon Müller, sketch of Oxygaster anomatura. Ink and pencil. Page from field notebook, c.1830. Available at Gassó, E. et al., Natuurkundige Commissie Archives Online (Leiden: 2020) 716
25.6b Unknown artist, sketch of a type of surgeonfish. Watercolour. Available at Gassó, E. et al., Natuurkundige Commissie Archives Online (Leiden: 2020) 716
25.7 Achille Valenciennes and/or Sophie Duvaucel, sketch of Labiobarbus leptocheilus. Watercolour. Fig. 7 from Roberts T.R., “The Freshwater Fishes of Java, as Observed by Kuhl and van Hasselt in 1820–23”, Zoologische Verhandelingen 285.29 (1993) 717