Novel methods for the identification and control of Culicoides midges as vectors of emerging diseases
In: Emerging pests and vector-borne diseases in EuropeSearch for other papers by A. Jennifer Mordue (Luntz) in
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Two factors requiring research in the emerging scenario of exotic diseases entering Europe relate to (1) the identification of Culicoides vectors and (2) methods for their control. Classical morphological identification of members of the Culicoides obsoletus and Culicoides pulicaris families, in which vector competence has been shown, is not possible in all cases and new methods of identification are required. DNA-based approaches as an efficient means of pursuing the systematics and identification of animal species are described. The development of multiplex rapid throughput DNA-barcoding assays together with classical taxonomy will provide survey tools for mapping midge distribution across Europe. Linking such tools with vector competence studies in individual specimens will provide direct evidence of competence within species. In addition, the use of molecular techniques in the field will identify larval habitats at farms that may be linked to control. Control of midges as vectors of disease has not been examined at any level within the EU. Classical control methods by insecticide use and changes in husbandry practise are now being looked at again. However new approaches are required to create an integrated pest management strategy. Research into the use of semiochemicals is revealing their potential. The use of pheromones and host kairomones in traps together with exploitation of the phenomenon of ‘differential attractiveness’ between animals in the same herd will provide new push-pull approaches for midge vector monitoring and control.