0.1 Orientation sketch from the book of Willem Lodewijcksz, Krakatau, 1598, Credit: Reprinted from M. Neumann, “History of the volcanology in the former Netherlands East Indies,” Scripta Geology 71 (1983) 5
0.2 and 0.3 New Hollanders, William Dampier journals, Hamilton Library, University of Hawai’i at Manoa; New Holland, Views from Dampier’s A Voyage to New Holland (London, 1703), Credit: Princeton University Library 10–11
0.4 Charles Gore, Botany Bay 1789, Credit: State Library NSW, DG V1A/8 15
0.5 Joseph Priestley, Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, 1774–1786 (London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1772), pneumatic trough Credit: public domain 17
0.6 Machine Aerostatique De 126 p.ds de haut sur 100 p.ds de large : le Flesselles : Elevée dans les Champs appellés les Brotteaux hors de la Ville de Lion, le 19 Janvier 1784, par M. Montgolfier, en vertu d’une souscription de 12.# par personne, Credit: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département des Estampes et de la photographie, FOL-IB-2 18
1.1 Engraving by Jan Caspar Philips (1690–1775), Hedendaagsche Historie, of Tegenwoordige Staat van alle Volkeren, Isaak Tirion, 1734; Engraving for a title page of volume VI, book 239 of Thomas Salmon’s Modern History or the present state of all nations, Amsterdam, Credit: Collection of Katie Jakobiec 28
1.2 Theatrum orbis terrarium, Antverpiae: Apud Aegid. Coppenium Diesth Abraham Ortelius, 1570, Credit: Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, Call Number: D.C. 20540-4650 dcu 31
1.3 Maciej Trapola, Courtyard of Nowy Wiśnicz Castle on a forested hill near the River Leksandrówka. First patron was Jan Kmita, then in 1593 Sebastian Lubomirski bought the castle and in 1615–1621, his son Stanisław Lubomirski expanded the castle 36
1.4 Ichnographia Arcis munitissimoe Tinzchinensis, Erik Dahlberg, 1655 (from Samuel Puffendorf’s De rebus … 1696), 34.3 × 44.1 cm / 13.5 × 17.4 inches, Credit: photograph and permission granted by Jakub Nowakowski at artprint_gallery 37
1.5 Erik Dahlberg, Arx Wischizensis, 1655 (from Samuel Puffendorf’s De rebus … 1696), 32 × 26 cm, Credit: Photograph and permission granted by Jakub Nowakowski at artprint_gallery 38
1.6 Anonymous, Portrait of Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski, c.1640, Oil on canvas, 312.5 cm × 178 cm, National Museum in Warsaw / Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie, Credit: photograph from cyfrowe.mnw.art.pl, distributed under a CC-BY 2.0 license 41
1.7 Guillaume Le Vasseur Beauplan, Delineatio generalis Camporum Desertorum vulgo Ukraina: cum adjacentibus provinciis, 1648, Scale ca. 1:1,750,000, Credit: Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C., G7100 1648.B4 42
1.8 Construction probably by Guillaume Le Vasseur Beauplan, 1635–1640 and work supervised by Mikolaj Silvestri, Fortified castle in Podhorce, Patron: Stanisław Koniecpolski, Lestat (Jan Mehlich) under GFDL and Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.5 45
1.9 Plan of Zamość, 1708, Credit: Biblioteka Narodowa 47
1.10 View of Market Square and Town Hall, Zamość, Credit: Michal Gorski / WikiCommons 48
1.11 Zamość Synagogue, Zamość, 1610–1618, Credit: Katie Jakobiec 48
2.1 Climate Drivers in Italy, Credit: Cheramie and Clines, 2020 60
2.2 Flooding on the Tiber River, Credit: Cheramie and Clines, 2020 61
2.3 Geology at the Colosseum, Credit: Cheramie and Clines, 2020 63
2.4 Anonymous, Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae: The Colosseum, Sixteenth century, published by Antonio Lafreri, Credit: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1947, CC0 1.0 70
2.5 The entry of Marcantonio Colonna and the Christian army in Rome after victory at the battle of Lepanto, December 11, 1571, published by Francesco Tramezzino, Milan, 1571, Credit: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1947, CC0 1.0 74
2.6 Deposition and Drainage in the Historic Center, Credit: Cheramie and Clines, 2020 77
3.1 Girolamo di Pace da Prato, Memoriale sopra la natura, il corso, ed i ripari di quasi tutti i fiumi e fossi dello Stato Vecchio, e sopra i regolamenti, che vi erano stato fatti fino all’anno 1558, e che si sarebbero dovuti fare nell’avvenire. 1558. Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Palat. 788, c. 2r 86
3.2 Girolamo di Pace da Prato, Map of the Arno River in Florence and upstream (detail). 1534–1558. Prato, Biblioteca Roncioniana, Carta Fiume Arno 89
3.3 Stefano Buonsignori and Stefano Monacho Montisoliveti, Florentini Dominii fidelissime et nova descriptio. 1585. Bibliothèque nationale de France 91
4.1 Shaykh Lutfullah mosque, 1602–1619, Isfahan, viewed from the west. Mahroo Moosavi 115
4.2 Shaykh Lutfullah mosque, prayer hall. Mahroo Moosavi 115
4.3 Shaykh Lutfullah mosque, prayer hall, heavily inscribed walls and ceiling. Mahroo Moosavi 117
4.4 Shaykh Lutfullah mosque, prayer hall, south-west wall (Sura-yi Infiṭār as the inscription). Mahroo Moosavi 120
4.5 Shaykh Lutfullah mosque, prayer hall, windows on the drum. Mahroo Moosavi 126
4.6 Shaykh Lutfullah mosque, prayer hall, north-east wall, highlighted phrase: “rasūl-ullāh ṣal-allāh-u ‘alayh” [Allah’s Messenger, may the blessings of Allah be upon him]. Mahroo Moosavi 128
4.7 Shaykh Lutfullah mosque, prayer hall, south wall, blurred letters and words. Mahroo Moosavi 129
4.8 Shaykh Lutfullah mosque, prayer hall, north-east wall. Mahroo Moosavi 130
4.9 Shaykh Lutfullah mosque, prayer hall, distribution of light. Mahroo Moosavi 131
4.10 Shaykh Lutfullah mosque, prayer hall. Mahroo Moosavi 132
5.1 John Theophilius Desaguliers, “Blowing-wheel,” 1734. From “An Account of an Instrument or Machine for Changing the Air of the Room of Sick People in a Little Time, by Either Drawing out the Foul Air, or Forcing in Fresh Air; or Doing Both Successively, without Opening Doors or Windows,” Philosophical Transactions 39 (1735–36) 137
5.2 Image of Stephen Hales’s “ventilator”: Plate I from A Description of Ventilators, Stephen Hales, 1743 138
5.3 Apparatus for capturing water vapor from plant respiration, Stephen Hales, Vegetable Staticks, 1727 144
5.4 Nathaniel Henshaw, Aero-Chalinos: or, A Register for the Air, 1664 148
5.5 Diagram from Samuel Sutton, A New Method for extracting the foul air out of Ships, &c., 1745 154
5.6 Table of ships in Chatham Yard that had Sutton’s “air pipes” installed in December, 1750. Lists the class of the ship, the name of the ship, the “Coals said to be supply’d” and the “Quantity on Board.” The National Archives, Kew. ADM 106/1080/124 161
5.7 Estimates of the yearly coal use for each class of ship, January 1749. The National Archives, Kew. ADM 106/1087/55 162
5.8 Diagram of ventilator, showing windmill to power the device. From Stephen Hales, A Treatise on Ventilators, 1758 164
5.9 A journal of Dr. Hales’s windmill and ventilator fixed on the Sheerness and report of a visit to view it. 20 March 1750. The National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, ADM B/144/118 165
5.10 Newgate Prison in 1752, showing windmill installed on roof. From: A. E. Clark-Kennedy, Stephen Hales, D.D., F.R.S., an Eighteenth Century Biography, 1929 166
5.11 Proposal for the Hôtel-Dieu, Bernard Poyet. From: Claude Philibert Coquéau, Mémoire sur la nécessité de transférer et reconstruire l’hôtel-dieu de Paris, 1785 169
6.1 Samuel Rea, Cave paintings at Manning River, Western Australia. Photograph taken in 1920. BA2596/2/100. State Library of Western Australia, Perth 179
6.2 Aboriginal rock drawings in the North West, photograph by Alan William Sloan. BA1410/3/39, SLWA_B4730574_4. State Library of Western Australia, Perth 180
6.3 Aboriginal rock drawings in the North West, photograph by Alan William Sloan, BA1410/3/39, SLWA_B4730574_5. State Library of Western Australia, Perth 181
6.4 Jimmy Njiminjuma, Namarrkon—the Lightning Spirit, 1985, Accession number 220.1985, natural pigments on bark, 136 cm × 30 cm (irreg). Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney 189
6.5 Peter Nganjmirra, Namarrkon (The Lightning Spirit), 1977, Gunbalanya, NT, Accession number NGA 82.349, natural earth pigments and binder on eucalyptus bark, 50.6 cm × 32.6 cm. National Gallery of Australia, Canberra 190
6.6 C. C. Towle, Photographs and postcards of Aboriginal archaeological sites, artifacts, and ceremonies, particularly from Western New South Wales, ca. 1925–1940. PXE 1018/vol. 8. State Library of New South Wales, Sydney 193
6.7 Joseph Lycett (1775–1828), Aboriginal Australians night fishing by fire torches, 1817, Lycett Album, dated prior to 1828, National Library of Australia, Canberra 197
6.8 Joseph Lycett (1775–1828), Aborigines resting by camp fire, near the mouth of the Hunter River, Newcastle, NSW, Lycett Album, dated prior to 1828, National Library of Australia, Canberra 198
6.9 Lick eclipse expedition erecting astrograph, 1922, photograph taken in Western Australia. P3549-200. Powerhouse Museum, Sydney 200
6.10 Lick Observatory eclipse expedition, the polar axis with spectrographs and Floyd telescope, 1922. P3549-201. Powerhouse Museum, Sydney 200
6.11 Solar eclipse taken with Lick Observatory coronagraph, 1922. From the Wallal eclipse expedition in Western Australia. P3549-36. Powerhouse Museum, Sydney 201
6.12 “Bridget” and “Paddy” at the site of the 1922 Solar Eclipse Expedition to Wallal. 4131B/3/29. State Library of Western Australia, Perth 202
7.1 Iron tools made from nails, Collection of nails from the Boyd’s Cove site. The projectile point on the far right in 12.5cm in length. Reproduced by permission of Dr. Ralph Pastore, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL. Photo from 1983 212
7.2 Lester Fishing Station at Trinity, Newfoundland, 18th century, 94.5 × 129 cm, Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Dorset County Museum; Gift of Miss Edith Lester Garland, 1974 (1974.8.1) 221
7.3 Moll, Herman, –1732, Bernard Lens, George Vertue, and John Bowles. This map of North America, according to ye newest and most exact observations. [London Printed for I. Bowles; sold by H. Moll ?, 1715] Map. https://www.loc.gov/item/gm71005445/. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division [G3300 1715 .M6] 223
7.4 Detail of Moll, Herman, –1732, Bernard Lens, George Vertue, and John Bowles. This map of North America, according to ye newest and most exact observations. [London Printed for I. Bowles; sold by H. Moll ?, 1715] Map. https://www.loc.gov/item/gm71005445/. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division [G3300 1715 .M6] 223
7.5 Petty Harbour, Newfoundland, c. 1895, Photo courtesy of The Rooms Provincial Archives Division, A 10-1/Holloway 224
7.6 Simeon H. Parsons (?), Flakes in Petty Harbour, Newfoundland, c.1880. Photo courtesy of Memorial University of Newfoundland Libraries, Archives and Special Collections 225
7.7 Ferryland, Newfoundland. Photo by Christy Anderson 227
7.8 Elisha Kirkall (ca. 1682–1742) after Thomas Baston (active 1715–1721). The Fishery of Great Britain in its Three Different Branches (Herring, Cod, Whale).Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection (B1995.13.135) 231
8.1 Plan of the London Docks as Completed in 1831. Henry Palmer (1831). Bodleian Library, Oxford. Barcode A18002111032 235
8.2 A View of London Docks, 1808. Artist: Daniell. PLA Collection/Museum of London: Image no. 010414 246
8.3 Monumental gate to the West India Dock, London (dock completed 1802). Photo by the author. Currently on site of London Docklands redevelopment (Columbus Courtyard building) near Canary Wharf. 247
8.4 James Walker (1841) Plan of proposed embankment & public terrace on the north side of the Thames, between Blackfriars & Westminster bridges. The National Archives, Kew, ref no. Work 38/371 249
8.5 North Round House, defensive post and criminal lockup for the West India Dock, London (dock completed 1802). Photo by the author. Currently on site of London Docklands redevelopment (Canon Workshops building) near Canary Wharf 253
8.6 St Katharine’s Docks. Plan of Proposed Docks, designed by Thomas Telford, engineer, Philip Hardwick, architect. The National Archives, Kew; 1825: Reference No. Work 31/212. Shaded and adjacent areas show the extent of existing housing and buildings requiring demolition 256