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Index

Abbasid dynasty 216, 351
ʿAbd al-Raziq, Mustafa 47
ʿAbduh, Muhammad 4347, 52n63, 56, 127, 155, 156, 225n62, 352
Abdur Rashid, Ahmed 89, 297318, 404405
Abou-Nagie, Ibrahim 164
Abrahamic triad 128133
“acting Muslim,” as political performance 147
activism. see political activism
ʿada 4849
Adebayo, Mohammad Rabiu 329330
Advice Center on Radicalization 166
adyan 130, 131, 132n41, 133
AfD (Alternative für Deutschland) 151
Al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din 4347, 52n63, 56, 155156, 225n62
Afropolitanism 331
Afsaruddin, Asma 94
Afzaluddin Nizami, Muhammad 334336
Aguéli, Ivan 295
Ahl-i Hadith 10, 74, 76, 84, 371, 375, 378379, 386, 391, 393, 399, 401
Ahmad, Mirza Ghulam 111
Ahmadiyya 111, 143, 144
Alam, Nazeer 389
ʿalam 31, 389
ʿAlawi, Hamid Hasan 300, 311
Al-Albani, Muhammad Nasir al-Din 157
Aleemiyah Institute of Islamic Studies 386, 388389
ʿAli, Chiragh 108
ʿAli, Syed Mumtaz 334
Aligarh Muslim University 67
Allama Mohsin Naqvi 389
ʿalmana 25
ʿalmani 19, 24, 30
Amjad 336
amr 274
Al-Amriki, Abu Adam Jibril 102
ʿAndalib, Muhammad Nasir 279
Anjuman Astan-e Fazal 8283
Anjuman Himayat al-Islam 68
An-Naʿim, Abdullahi Ahmed 193195
Ansari, ʿAbd Allah 275
Ansari, Mukhtar Ahmad 122n3
anti-liberalism 23
Antun, Farah 51
Applied Sufism 89, 299301, 303, 307, 316317, 404
Arab Spring (2011) 199, 348
Arkoun, Muhammad 44, 5557
Armaghan-i Hijaz (Iqbal) 126
Al-ʿArwi, ʿAbdallah 51
Asad, Talal 22, 29, 142, 154, 168, 258
asceticism 275, 292
Ast, Friedrich 218
Attia, Iman 147148, 154155
Aurangzeb 383
Avicenna 70
Ayurvedic Medicine 63, 6669, 7677. see also Unani Medicine
Azad (Abul Kalam Makki) 6, 121137
Azhar, Maulana Masʿud 95, 102, 107108
Al-Azmeh, Aziz 51
ʿAzzam, ʿAbdullah 98, 99
Bahauddin Zakariya University (bzu) 385
Bahrinipour, Amir 70
Baig, Mirza Qadeer 332334
balagh-i khafi 272, 278
balagh-i mubin 272, 277279
Barelwi Sunnis 76, 325, 338340, 371, 375, 378, 399, 401402, 405
madrasas of 380, 386, 389391, 398
Al-Basri, Al-Hasan 292
Bauer, Thomas 148
Bedouin 363
belonging vs. non-belonging 144145
Benedict xvi (pope) 356, 364
Bennabi, Malek 51
Beydoun, Khaled A. 147
Bhatti, Vir Singh 121
Bin Baz, ʿAbd al-ʿAziz 98
Bin Humaid, Salih 365366
Bin Laden, Osama 98, 99
Boulainvilliers, Henri de 267, 286
Britain and British colonialism 66, 124125, 134, 136, 338, 383, 401, 402
British India 66, 67, 68, 69, 121122, 133, 399n3. see also India
Brockhaus’ Conversations-Lexikon 24
Buddhism 297, 365, 387
Burhaniyya 329, 332, 338
Cairo Declaration of Human Rights in Islam (1990) 192, 198199
Canada
Charter of Rights and Freedoms 257
Chishtiyya 333335
deradicalization process in 165166
exit-program 166
Pakistani Muslim experiences in 240257
Canadian Society of Muslims 334
Canadian Terrorists by the Numbers (Wilner and Yar) 147
capitalism 2829
Castoriadis, Cornelius 30
Catholicism 24, 41, 347, 356
causality 45
Chair of Muslim Cultural and Religious History (cmcrh, Erfurt) 376, 378
“Changing Role of Social Media in Muslim Countries” project 377378
Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Canada) 257
children’s rights 180181. see also human rights
Chishti, Muʿinuddin 335
Chishtiyya 273, 297, 330338
Christianity 6, 19, 24, 33, 100, 110, 134, 142, 216n34, 267, 352, 353, 382, 386
clash of civilizations theory 362, 365, 376
clothing and religious identity 250253. see also religious identity
Colonialization of Islam (Malik) 114, 398
commanding right and forbidding wrong 115, 363
community Sufis 328329
composite nationalism 126
Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (cedaw) 200
Cook, Michael 115
cosmo-psychology 302307
countering radicalization to violence (crv) 165166
counterterrorism 146147
cultural translation of knowledge 385386
dahri 30, 31
Dallas, Ian 296
Dantschke, Claudia 162
dar al-aman 379380
dar al-harb 351
dar al-Islam 351
Dar al-ʿUlum 67, 126127
Dar al-ʿUlum Haqqania 389, 391
Dar al-ʿUlum Muhammadia Ghousia 386, 388, 389, 391
Dar al-ʿUlum Naeemia 389, 391
Dard, Khwaja Mir 271277, 279, 283287
dars-i nizami 123124, 380, 383
Dawson, Lorne 161
Daʿish 115
daʿwa 157, 225, 350, 354355, 363, 365366. see also street-daʿwa
De Certeau, Michel 237, 238, 250, 259
Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 177, 180
deconfessionalization 2122, 28n30
De Diego González, Antonio 330332
defensive paradigm 189193
democracy 149, 167, 179, 184186, 189, 219, 348, 358, 360363
denominationalism 2022
Deobandi Sunnis 76, 122, 127n20, 325
madrasas of 371, 372, 375, 378, 385, 386, 389391, 398, 399
deradicalization process 165166
dhikr 301, 307310, 313314, 324, 335, 337
dhimma 350, 351, 354, 358, 359, 366
Dickson, William Rory 327
dietary practices and religious identity 248250. see also religious identity
Dihlawi, Shah Waliullah 127n20, 134n54, 269, 284, 286, 387
Dilthey, Wilhelm 53, 218
din 4, 3031, 33, 126, 128135
Din aur Shariʿat (Khan) 110111
discriminatory legislation 146147, 180, 256257. see also human rights
dividing epistemologies 45
Dost Mohammad. see Multani, Sabir
Douglas, Mary 249
“The Dream of a Madrasa” (Malik and Iqbal) 385386
dress and religious identity 188, 228, 250253. see also religious identity
dunya 4, 30, 31, 33
dunyawi 18n2, 19, 24, 30
Durkheim, Emile 21, 160, 387
dynamic processes 1, 7782
dynamics, as term 405
emerging public sphere, as concept 40
empirical discourses on religion 386388
Enayat, Hadi 23
Enlightenment 3, 44, 142, 347349, 357359, 365
essentialism 145148, 153, 161, 168, 177, 249, 260, 403. see also othering
exit-program (Canada) 166
extremism 10, 144145, 147, 151, 155, 159160, 164165, 364, 372, 374, 377
Fadaʾil-e Jihad (Masʿud) 103104
Fair, C. Christine 99, 102
Farahi, Hamiduddin 112
Fath al-Jawwad (Masʿud) 105
Fayda Tijaniyya 329, 330, 331
Federal Association of Muslim Pathfinders in Germany (bmppd) 149150, 153, 167
Feist, Thomas 326
female madrasa students 371, 372, 375, 381384, 386, 390, 392, 399. see also gender issues in Muslim modernity ; madrasa culture
fikr 309310, 314, 316
fitna 96, 106, 110, 112113
food habits and religious identity 248250
Foroutan, Naika 142, 153
Freedom of Religion or Belief report (UN) 161
Fuess, Albrecht 376377
fuqahaʾ 216217, 221
Gadamer, Hans-Georg 219
Galen 65
Gandhi, Mohan Das “Mahatma” 122
Geaves, Ron 338
Geissinger, Aysha 42
gender issues in Muslim modernity 42, 180181, 196. see also female madrasa students ; women’s rights
German Academic Exchange Service (daad) 377
Germany
history of Islam in 142144
Muslim youth and Salafism 67, 141142, 162167
Ghamidi, Jawad Ahmad 94, 112114
Gharaibeh, Mohammad 156
Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid 49n47, 128n26, 156, 275, 282, 293
Glaser, Michaela 159, 162
Global Youth Village (gyv) 299
Graeco-Islamic medicine 63n3, 66, 77, 81, 84. see also Unani Medicine
gratitude 274277, 279, 286287
Great Western Transmutation (gwt) 23, 11
Greek Medicine. see Unani Medicine
Green, Nile 328329
Griffel, Frank 155156, 168
Guénon, René 295, 330
Gülen, Fethullah 357361
Gülen Movement 9, 349, 357360, 366367
Gurdjieff, G.I. 295
Gurdjieff movement 328
Habermas, Jürgen 20, 219, 228n74
habit (ʿada) 4849
Haddad, Yvonne 42
Hadiqat al-Haqiqa (Sanaʾi) 276
Hafez 361
Al-Hallaj 281, 292
Hallaq, Wael B. 215n29, 216nn3334
Hamadani, ʿAyn al-Qudat 281
Hamdard (pharmaceutical company) 67
Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph von 294
Hanbal, Ahmad b. 155156, 275
haqiqa 64, 76
haqiqa Muhammadiyya 279280
Harakat al-Mujahidin 103
Hendrich, Geert 41
hermeneutical approaches to Quran 5254
hikmat, as term 65. see also Unani Medicine
Himmelsfahrt (Kelek) 196
Himmelstrand, Ulf 30
Hinduism 6, 110, 134136, 365
Hippocrates 65
Hirsi Ali, Ayaan 195
historical scholarship 43, 154157
historiographies 3843, 5157, 380386
Hodgson, Marshall 23, 11
Hoff, Benjamin-Immanuel 384
Hofmann, Murad Wilfried 188, 189193, 201
Holyoake, George Jacob 25
homeopathy 63, 67, 69, 298. see also Unani Medicine
House of One 144
Hudaybiyya treaty 101, 355
human rights 177179. see also children’s rights ; women’s rights
are indivisible 183184
Cairo Declaration on 198199
in cultural translation 390391
defensive paradigm on 189193
discriminatory legislation against 146147, 180
ethics of peace and 389390
Hofmann on 189190
Islamic democracy on 360363
modern concept of 180183
reconciliatory paradigm on 193195
rejectionist paradigm on 195198
shariʿa and 185186, 198200
Tahir on Muslim discourse on 178n7
udhr on 177, 180, 183184, 193
Humoral Medicine. see Unani Medicine
Hünermann, Peter 41
Huntington, Samuel 183n31, 362, 376
Husayn, Taha 43n25, 47
Al-Husayni, Amin 143
Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab, Muhammad 156, 268269, 283, 286, 293, 363. see also Wahhabism
Ibn ʿArabi 31n36, 83, 273, 281, 293, 302n41, 303, 315, 332
Ibn Khaldun 46, 387
Ibn Miskawayh 383384
Ibn al-Nihas, Abu Zakariyya 104
Ibn Rushd-Goethe Mosque 144, 150
Ibn Saud, King Abdallah 348, 364
Ibn Taymiyya 156, 218, 275, 283, 352
Idea of an Anthropology of Islam (Asad) 154
identity. see religious identity
identity debates 3843. see also religious identity
Iftikhar, Asif 112
ijtihad 190, 215n30, 216217, 223, 224, 228
India
under British rule 66, 67, 68, 69, 121122, 133, 399n3
Islamic revival in 4
Unani Medicine in 6468
Indian National Congress (inc) 122, 122n3
Indleeb, Nabeera 388
al-insan al-kamil 273, 281
Institute for Practical Idealism 298
Institute of Search for Truth (ist) 297
inter-religious initiatives 347348, 364365, 376
intersectionality 149151
intra-faith coherency 6
Iqbal, Muhammad 121, 125127
islahi 44, 5657
Islahi, Amin Ahsan 112
“Islam and Human Rights” (Der Islam und die Menschenrechte, Hofmann) 189
Islamic Awakening 363
Islamic democracy 360363
Islamic law 205212, 230
Islamic mysticism. see Sufism
Islamic normativity. see also social normativity and law
formation of 212219
in modern times 219229
shariʿa and 7
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (isis) 187
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (isil) 229
Islamic University in Medina (ium) 364
Islamic University International 386
Islam in South Asia (Malik) 4, 12, 236237
“Islam in the West” event (2002) 376
Islamisation policy (Zia) 373, 374
Islamisierung in Pakistan 1977–84 (Malik) 373
Islamism, defined 28n30, 9596, 154
ithbat 272
Jabir ibn ʿAbd Allah 281
Jahangir 135
jahiliyya 213, 226227, 269
Jaish-e-Mohammad 102103
Jalal, Ayesha 94
Jalandhari, Hanif 379, 385
Jamaʿat-i Islami 121, 371, 375, 378, 399, 401
James, William 295
Jamiʿa al-Kauthar 387, 391
Jamiʿa Binoria Al-Aalmia 386, 388390, 392
Jamiʿa Dar al-ʿUlum 376, 378
Jamiʿa Khair al-Madaris 385
Jamiʿa Naeemia Sirajia 385, 386, 388, 391
Jamiʿa Nizamia Rizvia 392
Jamiʿa Salfia 385, 386, 391
Jamʿiyyat al-ʿUlamaʾ-i Hind 126
Janan, Mirza Mazhar Jan-i 269
Al-Jawziyya, Ibn Qayyim 274275
jihad 114117
Ayesha Jalal on Quranic interpretations of 9495
militant Quranic interpretations on 98108
modernist Quranic interpretations on 108114, 350
peaceful Quranic interpretations on 6, 9798, 109111
tawhid and 157
as term 93
Al-Jihad fi al-Islam (Mawdudi) 98
Juan Carlos i (king) 364
Judaism 2728, 99100, 351353, 361363, 365
Al-Jundi, Anwar 4950
Jung, Dietrich 39, 40
kalam 4849, 383
Karamustafa, Ahmet T. 293n3
Kashani, Rukn al-Din 273
Kashmir 101103
Kelek, Necla 195, 196
Keller, Nuh Ha Mim 296
Kelly, George 239
Kepel, Gilles 158159, 168
Al-Khair Free Tibbi Hospital 8283
Khaksar Movement 11, 121
khalifat Allah 273274, 286287
khalq 274
Khan, Inayat 295, 317, 328
Khan, Muhammad Saʿid 300
Khan, Sayyid Ahmed 108111
Khawarij sect 351
Khomeini, Ayatollah 360, 361, 362
King Abdulaziz Center for National Dialogue (kacnd) 364
King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz International Center for Interfaith and Intercultural Dialogue (kaiciid) 364, 365
Klawe, Willy 145
Kleine, Christoph 23
Koehler, Daniel 160
Koselleck, Reinhard 4041
Kubra, Najm al-Din 281
Kulturkampf 20, 22, 25n21, 2627
Kurds 359
la dini 24n20
laïcité 26, 121
Lashkar-e-Tayyaba 98
Lassen, Søren Christian 329
lataʾif 301302, 305307, 309, 311, 313314
Lau, Sven 162
Lauzière, Henri 155, 168
La Vie de Mahomed (de Boulainvilliers) 267
Legacy International 298300
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim 142
Lewis, Samuel 335
LGBT*IQ Competence Centre 150
LGBTQ+ 149
LivingSidebySide program 299
Luhayy, ʿAmr bin 269
Luhmann, Niklas 19n5, 20, 210n15
Madani, Husayn Ahmad 122, 126128
madhhab (pl. madhahib) 215219, 221222, 225
madrasa culture 10, 380392
of Barelwi Sunnis 380, 386, 389391, 398, 399, 401402, 405
of Deobandi Sunnis 371, 372, 375, 378, 385, 386, 389391, 398, 399
in Pakistan 372375
Madrasas in South Asia (ed. Malik) 11, 93
Mahall, Farangi 383
Mahmood, Saba 246, 258
Makki, Abul Kalam. see Azad (Abul Kalam Makki)
Al-Makki, Abu Talib 275
Malik, Charles 177n2
Malik, Jamal
about 1012, 398405
Colonialization of Islam 114, 398
on dialogues of life 260
“The Dream of a Madrasa” (with Bushra Iqbal) 385386
Islam in South Asia 4, 12, 236237
Islamisierung in Pakistan 1977–84 373
on madrasas in Pakistan 371, 373, 375, 392
Madrasas in South Asia (ed.) 11, 93
on post-Aurangzeb India 270n19
“Religious Pluralism and Religious Plurality” project 371, 398
on Sufism in East and West 323
marriage 163, 181182, 186189, 192, 194, 197n68, 200, 245, 269
Al-Mashriqi (ʿInayatullah Khan) 121
Massignon, Louis 155
Masʾala-yi Khilafat va Jazira-yi ʿArab (Azad) 127
Masʿud Azhar, Mawlana 95, 102108
Mawdudi, Syed Abul Aʿla 98, 112, 121, 125128, 131, 133
Al-Mawrid 112
McGuire, Meredith 236, 247
Mein Streit mit den Wächtern des Islam (Kelek) 196
Merton, Robert 160
Mescoli, Elsa 250
Metcalf, Barbara 122, 373
militancy and Islam 98108, 116117
Mirza, Hakim Arshad 6970
modernist, defined 96
modernity 5, 3843
Moon, Ban-Ki 364
Muaammar, Faisal bin 365
Al-Mubarak, ʿAbd Allah bin 103
Mughal Empire 66, 135, 270, 293, 373, 383
Muhammadan Way 270
mujtahid 217218
Müller, Friedrich 223
Multani, Sabir
about 5, 64, 6870
on dynamic processes 7782
Simple Organ Theory of 69, 7077, 8184
Muqaddima (Ibn Khaldun) 46
muraqaba 307308, 310, 313315
Muridiyya 330332
Musharraf, Pervez 374375
Muslim Brotherhood 149, 225, 352353
Muslim League (ml) 121
Muslim modernity 3843
Muslim World League (mwl) 364
Muslim Youth in Germany (mjd; organization) 149, 153, 167
Muslim youth in Germany and Salafism 67, 141142, 162167
Muttahida Qawmiyyat awr Islam (Madani) 122
mystical practices 64, 307310
mystical union 284285
Nadwat al-ʿUlamaʾ 67
Naeem, Farhan 392
Naeem, Mufti Muhammad 386, 390391
Naeemi, Raghib 391, 392
Naeemi, Sarfaraz Ahmed 391
Napoleon Bonaparte 268
Naqshbandiyya 269, 296297, 315316, 332, 338, 357
Naqshbandiyya Foundation for Islamic Education 337
Naqshbandiyya-Mujaddidiyya 297, 332
naskh 96
National Socialist Underground (nsu) 144
Nedza, Justyna 156, 157
Nehru, Jawaharlal 122
Neo-Muslima 152
neo-Sufism 293n6, 317
Neumann, Peter 165
Nigerian Islamic Association Center 329
Nizam al-Din, Mulla 371, 383
Nizami, Baba 336, 337, 339
Nizami, Fayyazuddin 335
Nizami, K.A. 384
Nizami, Khwaja Hasan 334335
Nizami, Mazharuddin 336
Nordau, Max 28
Nurani, Shah Ahmed 401, 402
objectification, defined 115
Organization of the Islamic Conference (oic) 363364
Orientalism 23, 108, 227, 294, 356
othering 141, 144150, 159
Ottoman empire 40, 142, 222, 293, 352
Özsoy, Ömer 5354
Pakistan. see also madrasa culture
religious pluralism in 371380
Unani Medicine in 6468
Pakistani-Canadian Muslim community 240257
Palestine-Israel conflict 101102
Parliament of World’s Religions 347
Parsons, Talcot 18, 27, 209
Pastoret, Immanuel 267, 286
peace 6, 76, 94, 9799, 101, 106111, 115, 135, 310, 314, 347, 356, 358359, 365, 371, 383385, 389393, 399n3
pegida (Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamization of the Occident) 151
Piraino, Francesco 330, 331
political activism 67, 4851
Political Islam (ed. Volpi) 95
pop Islam movement 149
positivity bias 205206
postcolonial theory 148
post-secularism 2022
Prema Dharmasala 298
“Prevent-Strategy” (U.K.) 147
Priorities of the Islamic Movement in the Next Stage (Qaradawi) 355356
prisoners and religious worship 142143
Progressive Writers’ Association (pwa) 401
Prophet Muhammad 8, 267287
Prussian empire 142. see also Germany
“pure Muhammadness” 89, 272, 279280
Qadiriyya 297, 337
Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf 910, 201, 349, 353357, 359, 362, 366367
Qasimi, Ahmad Nadim 400401
Qawwali 333, 335336, 339, 389
queer Muslim community 149, 150151
Quranic hermeneutics 4849, 5354, 93117, 349351
Quraysh 99, 283
Qureshi, Regula 333334
Qutb, Sayyid 47, 4950, 158
radical Islamism 6
defined 93, 95
radicalization 158162
Radtke, Bernd 317
Rahman, Fazlur 43n25, 52, 97, 317
Rash, J.E. see Abdur Rashid, Ahmed
Rashid Rida, Muhammad 47, 111, 127, 155, 352
Rasool, Azad 297298, 300315
Razi, Najm al-Din 281
reconciliatory paradigm 193195
Rehman, Mufti Munibur 379380, 389
rejectionist paradigm 195198
Religions for Peace 347
religiosity 151153, 238242, 245260
religious identity 5. see also identity debates
dietary practice and 248250
dress and 250253
ritual practice and 245248
workplace experiences and 254257
“Religious Pluralism and Religious Plurality” project 371, 398
religious pluralism in Pakistan 371380
ridda 191, 350351, 355, 358360, 366
right-wing extremism 144, 151
ritual practice 245248. see also religious identity
Rosati, Massimo 20
Roy, Olivier 158159, 168
Rückert, Friedrich 294
Rumi 293, 294n12, 361
Rustin, Michael 30
Rytter, Mikkel 332
sabr 274277
saddle time, as concept 4041, 57
Saeed-ur-Rahman 385
Safavid empire 293
Said, Edward 23, 227
Saʿid, Hafiz Muhammad 95, 98102, 106
Salafi and Salafism
German Muslim youth and 67, 141142, 162167
as movement 157162
as term and concept 154156, 167
Salafiyya Bookstore 155
Saleem, Jauhar 384
Sallam, Abu ʿUbayd al-Qasim ibn 96
Sami ul-Haq, Maulana 390
Sanaʾi 276
Sattelzeit. see saddle time
Saudi Arabia 98, 157, 182, 187n39, 199, 363367
Savarkar, “Vir” Vinayak Damodar 121
Saʿid, Hafiz Mohammad 95, 9899
Schimmel, Annemarie 12, 317n115, 404
Schleiermacher, Friedrich 218
Schluchter, Wolfgang 2829
Scholem, Gershom 2728
School of Sufi Teaching (sost) 300
Schulze, Reinhard 45, 317
Schuon, Frithjof 317, 328, 330
secular historiographies 5157
secularism, as term 18, 22, 25
secularity
as concept 1820
Islam and 45, 1934
secularization, as term 18, 34
seculum 31
Sedgwick, Mark 317n115, 328
Shadhiliyya 296, 297, 338
al-Shafiʿi, Abu ʿAbd Allah ibn Idris 96, 218
Shah, Ghazi Hafiz Pir Muhammad 386387
Shah, Idries 295, 317
Shah, Muhammad Amin Ul Hasnat 387
Shah, ʿAbd al-Bari 296, 300, 307
Shahin, Rafiq 84
“Sharia and Life” (tv program) 353
Sharif, Nawaz 99
shariʿa 50, 58, 74, 76, 105, 178179, 192197, 208, 216n33, 219220, 229, 269, 278, 280, 284, 287, 308, 334, 352, 354, 364, 367, 383
defined 186188
human rights and 180182, 184186, 198202
Islamic normativity and 7
Unani Medicine and 64
Shariʿati, ʿAli 4950
Al-Sharkawi, Mahmud 4950
shaykh 278, 287, 296297, 301, 303, 306, 310315, 330, 334, 335340, 357
Shiʿa
in Germany 144
history of 50, 363
madrasas of 371, 374, 375, 378379, 387, 391
rituals of 389
shukr 274277
Siddha medicine 63. see also Unani Medicine
Sikhism 121, 164, 386, 387
Simple Organ Theory (Multani) 69, 7077, 8184
Singh, Tara 121
Sirhindi, Ahmad 269270, 307, 315, 332
slavery 180
social normativity and law 208212. see also Islamic normativity
Soroush, Abdolkarim 349, 360363, 366367
space of resonance 404
Spengler, Oswald 49
Speziale, Fabrizio 84
strategic essentialism 148. see also essentialism
street-daʿwa 141, 163164
Striving in the Path of God (Afsaruddin) 94
Sufism 89, 307310. see also Sufi transplants
Applied Sufism 89, 299301, 303, 307, 316317, 404
development of 292297
medicine and 66, 69, 84
on patience and gratitude 274277
prophetology and 272
Soroush on 361
transplanted Sufism, as category 9, 323325
Wahhabism and 363
Sufism East and West (ed. Malik and Zarrabi-Zadeh) 404
Sufi transplants 326340. see also transplanted Sufism, as category
Sufi Vision and Initiation (Lewis) 335
Suhrawardi, Shahab al-Din Yahya 275
Sultan, Wafa 195196
sunnat Allah 45
Sura al-Muhammad 108
Surat al-Hajj 112
Surat al-Maʾida 99
Surat al-Tawba 95, 100101
surveillance 149
taʿassub 356
tadniya 34
tafsir 127
Tafsir al-Manar (Rida) 127
Tafsir-e Surat-e Yusuf (Saʿid) 102
taghut 105106
Taha, Mahmoud Mohammed 193194, 224
takfir 100, 107, 158, 355, 363
Taoism 297
Tariqa Muhammadiyya Khalisa (Dard) 270, 271272, 280, 282
tariqa 64, 74, 76, 293, 296, 303, 325, 329, 335, 337, 339340, 402
Tarjuman al-Qurʾan (Azad) 121, 124, 128129, 131, 136, 137
Taylor, Charles 24, 30, 34
tibb. see Unani Medicine
tibbiyya colleges 67, 68
Tibi, Bassam 146
Tijaniyya 329331, 338
Al-Tirmidhi 280
tolerance and dialogue
as concept 347349
Gülen movement on 357360
in Islamic scriptures and history 910, 349357
in Saudi Arabia 363366
Soroush on 360363
Toward an Islamic Reformation (An-Naʿim) 193
“Towards an Ethics of Peace” project 377, 378, 385, 388392
Toynbee, Arnold 49
transplanted Sufism, as category 9, 323325. see also Sufi transplants
travel bans on Muslim-majority countries by U.S. 147
Troeltsch, Ernst 34
The True Jihad (Khan) 110
Trump, Donald 147
Al-Tustari, Sahl 281
Two-Nation-Theory 121
ʿUddat al-Sabirin wa Dhakhirat al-Shakirin (Ibn Taymiyya) 275
Unani, Ayurvedic and Homeopathic Practitioners Act (1965) 67
Unani Medicine 5
doctrine of 6568
on dynamic processes 7782
history of 6465
Simple Organ Theory 69, 7077, 8184
United States
Applied Sufism in 89, 299301, 303, 307, 316317
discriminatory legislation in 146147
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (udhr; 1948) 177, 180, 183184, 193
Usmani, Rafi 376, 378
Usmani, Zubair 376
usul al-fiqh 206, 219, 223, 224
vahdat-i din 129, 132, 135136
Vatican Council ii 347
Verlockender Fundamentalismus (Heitmeyer et al.) 151152
vilayat-i faqih 362, 367
Violence Prevention Network 166
violent extremism 144, 151, 164, 166
Vogel, Pierre 162, 164
Von Foerster, Heinz 211
Wafaq al-Madaris Ahl-i Sunnat 391
Wafaq al-Madaris al-ʿArabiyya 385
Wahhabism 156, 363366. see also Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab, Muhammad
Wahiduddin Khan, Maulana 94, 108110
wasatiyya 353354
Webb, Gisela 327328
Weber, Max 25, 2829, 207n6, 387
Western Islamic Studies, as discipline 48
Westoxication 362
who Medical Atlas 68
Wiedl, Nina 157
Wiktorowicz, Quintan 157158
Wohlrab-Sahr, Monika 23
women’s rights 42, 180181, 196, 199200, 363. see also female madrasa students ; gender issues in Muslim modernity ; human rights
workplace and religious identity 254257. see also religious identity
World Community Education Center (wcec) 298299, 300, 311
World War ii 143
Yasmeen, Samina 99100
Yaʿqub, Mawlavi Muhammad 123
Yemen 338
Yoga 297, 298
youth and Salafism 67, 141142, 162167
Yunani Tibb. see Unani Medicine
Zafar, Yasin 392
zawiya 329, 331, 339
Zemmin, Florian 27
Zia ul-Haq 373, 374
Zionism 2728, 353
Zoroastre, Confucius et Mahomet (Pastoret) 267
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