0.1 An alchemist using bellows at a furnace in his laboratory [The Chymist]. Etching by T. Major, after D. Teniers the Younger (1750). Wellcome Collection, London. Public domain 8
0.2 Franz Kessler’s stove, in Kessler, Franz, Holzsparkunst: Das ist, Ein solche new, zuvorn niemahln gemein, noch am Tag gewesen Invention etlicher unterschiedlichere Kunstofen (Frankfurt a. M.: 1618) 11
0.3 [Unknown artist] The Great Fire of London, with Ludgate and Old St. Paul’s (ca. 1670). Yale Centre for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection. Public domain 15
2.1 The thermoscope, as illustrated by Benedetto Castelli in his letter to Ferdinando Cesarini in Rome (September 20, 1638). From: Favaro, Del Lungo, Marchesini (eds.), Opere di Galileo Galilei XVII (1906) 378. Copyright: Library of the Museo Galileo, Florence 55
2.2 Nineteenth century replica of ‘Galileo’s’ thermoscope. Museo Galileo (Florence), Room VII. Unknown maker. Inventory: 2444. Materials: glass, cork. Height: 440 mm. Copyright: Museo Galileo (Florence) 56
2.3 Sanctorius’s pulsilogium and closed-air thermoscope, from his Commentaria in primam Fen primi libri Canonis Avicennae (Venice, Giacomo Sarcina: 1625) 22. Copyright: Wellcome Library, London 60
2.4 Sanctorius’s pulsilogium and closed-air thermoscope (detail), from his Commentaria in primam Fen primi libri Canonis Avicennae (Venice, Giacomo Sarcina: 1625) 22. Copyright: Wellcome Library, London 61
2.5 Sanctorius’s marginalia to col. 406C–D of his own copy of the Commentaria in primam Fen primi libri Canonis Avicennae (Venice, Giacomo Sarcina: 1625) 406. British Library (Sloane Collection), 542.h.11. Image from Bigotti F., ‘A Previously Unknown Path to Corpuscularianism in the Seventeenth Century: Santorio’s Marginalia to the Commentaria in Primam Fen Primi Libri Canonis Avicennae (1625)’, Ambix 64.1 (2017) 33. Copyright: British Library, London 63
2.6 Examples of Florentine thermometers and a hygrometer. Image from Magalotti L., Saggi di naturali esperienze fatte nell’Accademia del Cimento VIII. Copyright: Library of the Museo Galileo, Florence 83
2.7 Mid-seventeenth-century spiral thermometers of the Accademia del Cimento. Museo Galileo (Florence), Room VIII. Unknown maker. Copyright: Museo Galileo, Florence 84
4.1 Nicolas Lémery, Cours de chimie (Paris, Théodore-Hyacinthe Baron: 1757), 790–1. Copyright: Bibliothèque Nationale de France 130
4.2 Nicolas Lémery, Cours de chimie (Paris, Théodore-Hyacinthe Baron: 1757), 790–1. Copyright: Bibliothèque Nationale de France 131
4.3 Michel-Étienne Turgot (patron) and Louis Brétez (designer), “Jardin des apothicaires”, Plan de Paris, (1734–1739), plate 7. Copyright: Wikimedia Commons 133
8.1 Illustration to the French edition of William Watson’s Expériences et observations pour server à l’explication de la nature et des propriétés de l’électricité (Paris, Sébastien Jorry: 1748) plate 3. The friction machine on the right (of the bottom image) charges the horizontal rod (the prime conductor) held by the man on the left, who is holding a sword in his other hand, that he uses to ignite the liquid in the spoon. The man is insulated from the ground so that the charge is transmitted from the prime conductor, across his body and into the sword 229
8.2 The table of results for Smeaton’s experiments on mortars from John Smeaton, A Narrative of the Building and a Description of the Construction of the Edystone Lighthouse with Stone (London, H. Hughs: 1791) 122 232
8.3 A technical drawing of the workings of Smeaton’s waterwheel apparatus from John Smeaton, “An experimental enquiry concerning the natural powers of water and wind to turn mills, and other machines, depending on a circular motion”, Philosophical Transactions (1759) 102, tab V 234
8.4 The table of results for Smeaton’s experiments on windmills from John Smeaton, “An experimental enquiry concerning the natural powers of water and wind to turn mills, and other machines, depending on a circular motion”, Philosophical Transactions (1759) 144, tab. V 236
8.5 Schematic sketch of a Newcomen engine, in Max de Nansouty, Chaudières et machines à vapeur (Paris, Boivin et Cie: 1911) 61 240
8.6 John Smeaton, Chacewater engine, 1775, drawing, 63 × 44.5 cm, Smeaton Collection, vol. 3, fol. 111, Royal Society Archive 246
8.7 Table of fire engine dimensions from John Farey Jr., A Treatise on the Steam Engine, vol. 1 (London, Longman: 1827) 183 250
11.1 Hand drawn view of Löbau in Samuel Grosser, Lausitzische Merkwürdigkeiten Darinnen von beyden Marggrafthümern in fünf verschiedenen Theilen […] (Leipzig – Budissin, David Richter – Immanuel Tietze: 1714) after page 83 in part III. Görlitz, Oberlausitzische Bibliothek der Wissenschaften. Copyright: Oberlausitzische Bibliothek der Wissenschaften Görlitz 306
11.2 Hand drawing of the 1634 fire in Bautzen in Samuel Grosser, Lausitzische Merkwürdigkeiten Darinnen von beyden Marggrafthümern in fünf verschiedenen Theilen […] (Leipzig – Budissin, David Richter – Immanuel Tietze: 1714) between page 250 and 251. Görlitz, Oberlausitzische Bibliothek der Wissenschaften. Copyright: Oberlausitzische Bibliothek der Wissenschaften, Görlitz 307
11.3 Fire ordinances of Bautzen, Görlitz and Löbau in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, own illustration 309
11.4 Scope of the fire ordinances with a share on the topic of firefighting, own illustration 310
11.5 Section of the plan of the town of Görlitz from 1790. The draughtsman Liebsch has marked the various quarters within the town walls here: Dark the Frauenviertel, above it the Reichenbach quarter, to the right of the Frauenviertel the Neisse quarter and finally slightly above the Reichenbach and Neisse quarters the Nicolai quarter. See Liebsch “Plan der Churfürstlich Sächsischen Sechs Stadt Görliz”, copper engraving from 1790, Görlitz, Oberlausitzische Bibliothek der Wissenschaften. Copyright: Oberlausitzische Bibliothek der Wissenschaften Görlitz 313
11.6 Map of Löbau, 1843, Löbau municipal Archive; Own processing. Legend: Blue: Zittau Quarter, Yellow: Görlitz Quarter, Green: Budissin (aka Bautzen) quarter 314
11.7 Section of the ground plan of Bautzen drawn by Johann Gottlob Krause, Grund-Riss der im Marggrafthum Oberlausitz gelegene Haupt Sechs-Stadt Budissin nebst der umher liegente Gegend, Handdrawing from 1781. Own adaptation of the map: Sächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB) / Deutsche Fotothek. Copyright: SLUB / Deutsche Fotothek 315
11.8 Willow fire bucket from the 19th century, Bautzen municipal Museum, Inventory no. L Opp. 333/I. Copyright: Municipal Museum of Bautzen. These buckets had been made watertight on the inside with pitch 318
11.9 Public buildings such as schools or churches should also keep extinguishers on site. This is an example from Angermünde with a leather fire extinguisher bucket from the 1830s, Angermünde municipal Museum, Inventory No. 271. Copyright: Municipal Museum of Angermünde 319
11.10 2 wooden hand sprayers from the first half of the 19th century, left in front the tip of a fire hook, municipal museum of Bautzen, Inventory no. 11196 a & b. Copyright: Municipal Museum of Bautzen 320
12.1 Anon, The Grand Whim For Posterity To Laugh At, 1749, etching and letterpress printing, 469 × 351 mm, British Museum Department of Prints and Drawings. Copyright: The Trustees of the British Museum 330