Index
Abraham
136, 335–336
Acosta, Uriel
243
Adam (first man)
136, 254–255
fall of
104, 254, 304, 307
sin of
143, 250, 252, 254–255
Adams, Abigail
61
Adams, John
64–65
afterlife
87, 150, 174, 189–190, 209, 240, 248, 254, 329
agnostic
82, 85, 94, 210–212, 216
agnosticism
on substance
238, 251
Al-Farabi, Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad
29
d’Alembert, Jean le Rond
16, 35
Ambrosius Ferrarius
300
Amelius
300
Ancien Régime. Old Regime
106, 131, 134, 152, 156, 198 n. 6
anti-Christianism
188
anti-clericalism
19, 145, 161, 166, 186, 188
anti-religion
188, 319, 325
anti-Trinitarianism
238, 258, 260 n. 94
anti-Trinitarians
253 n. 69, 255, 259–260
antinomianism
242, 246
Aquinas, Thomas
8, 73
archetype
86, 278 n. 36
divine
312
of human being
86, 312
of perfection
278
Arianism
262
Aristotelianism
106, 113
Arminianism
10, 238
Arminians
112, 246, 250
Arminius, Jacob
238
Arnold, Gottfried
5, 299
Artigas-Menant, Geneviève
145
Ascher, Saul
331
Assmann, Jan
329
atheism
5–6, 18, 55, 102, 120, 134–135, 140, 153, 162, 169, 173, 175, 179, 187–188, 198–199, 201, 205, 206 n. 36, 207–210, 215–216, 226, 295 n. 8, 296 n. 12, 306, 314
accusation of
50, 173, 188, 225
agnostic
210, 216
arguments for
199, 207, 210–211
Athenagoras
300
atomism
30
atonement
224, 238, 252–254, 308
Augustine (Saint)
8, 54, 73, 104
Aulard, François-Alphonse
168, 177–178, 184, 186
Bacon, Francis
23, 220, 267–268, 269 n. 9, 270, 276
Bailyn, Bernard
59
Baker, Keith Michael
88, 90
Balling, Pieter
301
Banks, Bryan
37
Barclay, Robert
271–273, 282–283
Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb
267 n. 3
Baumgarten, Siegmund Jacob
337–338
Baxter, Richard
243
Bayle, Pierre
29, 50, 52–54, 105–106, 108, 113–114, 135, 138, 149, 155–156
Beccaria, Cesare
62
Becker, Carl
18, 69
Beiser, Frederick C.
296
Bendavid, Lazarus
328 n. 34
Benedictines
24–25
Benítez, Miguel
30 n. 44
Bergier, Nicolas-Sylvestre
208–209
Berkeley, George
53
Bernard, Jean-Frederick
4
Beverland, Adriaan
104–105
Beverley, Thomas
225
Bible
4, 17, 27, 48–49, 103–104, 145, 242, 245, 260, 269–270, 299, 305, 314, 323
Hebrew
320–322, 327–328, 331, 337, 339, 342
Biddle, John
261
Blount, Charles
243
Bodin, Jean
133–134, 136, 153
Boethius
251
Boileau, Nicolas
75–77
Bonjour, Noé Antoine Abraham
180 n. 90
Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne
75–76, 85
Bossuet’s circle
75–78, 80, 89
Boswell, James
53, 107
Boulding, Kenneth E.
285 n. 54
Boyle, Robert
271
Bradley, Thomas
253 n. 70
Brissot de Warville, Jacques-Pierre
91–93, 95
Brounower, Sylvester
261
Browne, Peter
231–232
Brumlik, Micha
344
Brunet, Pierre
69
Bruno, Giordano
296 n. 12
Brutus
176, 179
Buckley, Michael
199 n. 8, 201
Buffier, Claude G.
25
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de
32, 167 n. 35, 206
Bulman, William J.
21
Burgersdijk, Franco
113
Burke, Edmund
46
Burman, Franciscus
105
Burnet, Thomas
225
Burson, Jeffrey
3, 8, 70 n. 7, 294 n. 4
Bury, Arthur
259
Butterwick, Richard
19
Calas, Jean
178
Calvin, John
104, 255
Calvinists
28, 103
Dutch
113
Cartesianism
109, 135–136, 138, 152, 154
and Enlightenment
152
radical
154
reception of
106
Cartesians
31, 135
radical
113
Casaubon, Isaac
300
Cassirer, Ernst
18
Catholicism
17, 22, 24, 72, 113, 175
Enlightenment
23, 25
French
188
Reform
23–25
revolutionary
70
Cattoi, Thomas
268, 270, 275–276, 278 n. 36, 287–289
cercle Spinoziste (also Spinoza’s circle)
7, 303
Chalier, Marie Joseph
176, 179
Challe, Robert
9, 134, 136–157
Charles II
104
Chartier, Roger
167, 187
Chaussard, Pierre-Jean-Baptiste
173
Chénier, André
183
Chénier, Marie-Joseph
161
Chillingworth, William
238
China
72, 79, 89
Christianity
6–8, 10, 35, 48, 72, 93–94, 101, 103, 111, 120, 145–146, 154, 168 n. 37, 225, 239, 258–260, 298, 300, 302–303, 305–306, 314–315, 319–322, 324–328, 331, 333–335, 337–339, 342–343
critique of
3, 137
dejudaization of
321–322
Eastern
255
fundamentals of
246–247, 258
historical
326
and Judaism
10, 319–320, 325–328, 331–333, 335–337, 338 n. 79, 87, 340
Latin
255
Marcionian
321, 327
as morality
342–343
as natural religion
325, 343
orthodox
302, 310
Protestant
10, 237, 239, 262
reasonable
239
as revealed religion
307
sectarian. see heterodoxy
47
trinitarian
303
universal
309, 323, 335
Church (church(es))
4, 74, 101, 103, 145, 166, 169, 178, 186, 190–191, 232, 266, 287, 289 n. 66, 290 n. 68, 297, 323, 325–326, 343
Anglican (of England, English)
48, 220, 226
Baptist
263
Catholic (Roman)
23, 72, 139, 200, 208, 252, 297
Christian
323, 327
councils
284
critics (critique) of
3, 174, 297, 299
Fathers
73, 103–104, 139, 278 n. 36, 320
Gallican
32
history
47, 340
institutional
156, 300
invisible and visible
343
Lutheran
5, 74, 296, 299
practice
278 n. 35
Protestant
252, 326
Reformed
Dutch
103, 111, 118
Minor, of Poland
238, 253 n. 69
silver
190
and state
74, 101, 103, 232, 289 n. 66, 294–295
true
289
Cicero
136
clandestine
30–31, 131, 132 n. 4, 7, 135–136, 153, 156, 332
literature
3, 132, 198 n. 6
manuscripts
5, 9, 30, 32, 34, 132–135
clandestinity
philosophical
134
Clement of Alexandria
300, 301 n. 35, 305
Cocceians
27–28, 112
Cocceius, Johannes
27
Colardeau, Charles-Pierre
179 n. 87
Coleman, Charly
3, 17, 37
Collegiants
49, 111, 295 n. 8, 301
Collins, Anthony
31, 107, 245
colonialism
81
Community of the Inspired
299
Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis of
82–85, 165 n. 25, 172 n. 56
confessionalization
101
Conrad, Sebastian
35
conscience
49–50, 54–56, 61, 74, 77, 85–86, 89, 146, 181, 183, 252, 271, 283, 297
national
61
natural light of
52
rights of
139
Conway, Anne
271
Corbett, Jim
285 n. 54
cosmopolitanism
115–116, 118
Cranz, August
328
Crébillon, Claude-Prosper Jolyot de
179 n. 87
creedal minimalism
247
Crell, Johann
256, 260
Crell, Samuel
111, 259
Crisp, Samuel
242
Crisp, Tobias
242
Crousaz, Jean-Pierre de
180 n. 90
Cult of Reason
9, 169, 174–175, 179–180, 184, 186–190
Cult of Theophilanthropy
188
Cult of the Supreme Being
9, 79, 169–170, 172–173, 175–178, 180–181, 184, 186–187, 189–190
Curbachius, Adrianus. see Koerbagh, Adriaan
296 n. 12
Danton, Georges Jacques
172 n. 56
Darparens
184–185, 189
Davies, Simon
19
De La Bastays, Lebeschu
173–174, 189
de Neufville, Christina
111
de Pinto, Isaac
108
de Sales, François
3
de Vallone, Yves
134, 151
Decalogue
94, 320, 330
dechristianization
166, 169, 189
Declaration of Independence
46
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
93–94
deism
5–6, 9, 93, 102, 134–135, 139, 151–152, 153, 155–156, 164, 168, 178, 183, 186, 188, 197–201, 207–208, 210–212, 215–217, 242–243, 246
arguments against
201, 207, 215
Cartesian
152
clandestine
135–136, 143, 153
English
338
non-optimistic
211–212, 216
optimist
210–211
philosophical
204
radical
136, 152
reasonable
198, 216
revolutionary
188
Descartes, René
23, 31 n. 46, 53, 113, 135, 148–149, 152, 154–156, 220, 267–268, 270
Desgabets, Robert
154 n. 86
Desmoulin, Camille
174
Diderot, Denis
6–7, 16, 26, 32–35, 77, 81–82, 107, 134, 198–199
Dionysius the Areopagite
300
disenchantment
5, 101
divine law(s)
70–71, 73, 78–79, 81, 87, 90–91, 93–94, 248
divine light
270–271, 272 n. 21, 22, 290
Dominicans
75
du Marsais, César Chesneau
35, 134, 136
Dunn, John
262
Durkheim, Emile
37
Edelmann, Johann Christian
4–5, 10, 296–306, 309–310, 314–315
Edelstein, Dan
3, 20–21, 70
Edwards, John
225, 237–239, 247, 258
empiricism
9, 53, 135, 138, 151
Encyclopédie
32, 34–35, 84, 110
Engelberts, Matthias (Engelbertus)
117
Engelhard, Nicolaus
111
Enlightenment
1–10, 15–23, 24 n. 25, 25–27, 29, 33–37, 46–47, 49, 52–53, 58, 65, 68–72, 76, 90, 101, 116, 134–135, 152, 154, 156, 165, 167, 263, 268–270, 275–276, 279, 290, 294–295, 298, 313, 322, 337, 343
American
19
Catholic
3, 22–24, 70
Counter-
7
Dutch
102, 107–109, 112–113
early
9, 17, 50, 105, 222, 270–271, 274, 282, 337
critique of
273
Dutch
105
German
338 n. 79
European
53, 106
French (also Francophone)
19, 32–33, 35, 37, 68, 74–75, 85
German
10, 296, 314, 319, 331, 336, 343
humble
266
moderate
7, 153, 200, 295, 313
radical
4, 6–7, 9, 16, 21, 26, 28, 33, 105, 107, 112–113, 131, 134–135, 152–153, 295, 298, 313–314, 337 n. 78
and religion
1, 9, 294, 313
religious
2, 10, 22–23, 25, 70, 152–153, 294–295, 298, 313
secular
4, 16, 37, 46, 50–51, 153, 295, 313
and secularization
5, 8–9, 15–17, 21, 28, 30, 34, 71, 94
enlightenment (process)
2 n. 4, 15, 175, 266, 274, 277 n. 35, 278 n. 35, 284, 328, 334
entangled
26, 33
enlightenments
19–20, 26
national
20
religious
22, 25, 36
enthusiasm
272 n. 22, 279 n. 38
philosophical
312
Epicureanism
7 n. 38, 30, 32 n. 46
Epicureans
3, 314
Epicurus
296 n. 12
Erasmus of Rotterdam
103, 119, 260
Erdozain, Dominic
8
Espinoza, Gabriel
19
essences
free creation of
154 n. 86
nominal and real
223
Eugene of Savoy, Prince
134
experience(s)
53, 213, 271–277, 278 n. 35, 279, 282–284, 290, 301, 311
immediate
278, 281–282
inward
271, 284 n. 52, 285, 290
mediate
281
mystical
271, 279, 282, 286, 290
personal
48, 269–271
religious
29, 38, 279, 284 n. 52, 286 n. 57
experimental method
276
experiment(s)
110, 206, 270, 274, 276
faith(s)
3, 8, 26, 33, 48–52, 92, 140, 151, 154, 224–225, 239, 245–247, 249, 259, 266 n. 1, 278 n. 35, 284, 287, 289 n. 68, 296, 302, 310, 314–315, 342
as assent
244, 249
Christian
145, 302
experiential
290
good (bonne foi)
216
and good works
237, 239, 242, 249
historical
277 n. 35, 284, 287, 290 n. 68
in Jesus. Christianity, fundamentals of
246–247, 249, 259
justifying
249
as knowledge
245
Law of
247
moral
278 n. 35, 308
as obedience to reason
301
practical
266
Quaker
274, 286
rational
277 n. 35, 284, 287, 307
religious
1, 46–47, 294, 313
revealed
278 n. 35
salvation by
48, 249
saving
249
spurious
300, 310
true
286 n. 55
fanaticism
162, 174–175, 279 n. 38
Fell, Margaret
48
Fénelon, François
3, 75–77, 80
Ferrone, Vincenzo
21, 36
Ficino, Marsilio
300
fideism
224, 288, 315
Firestone, Christopher
310
Firmin, Thomas
259
Fix, Andrew
49
Fleury, Claude
75
Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de
134
Foucault, Michel
233
Fouché, Joseph
189
Fox, George
10, 48, 269–270, 273, 288
Franklin, Benjamin
179
Frederick William II
306
freedom
58, 80, 117, 266, 275, 285
divine
148
and equality
185
as a feature of true church
289, 297
human
80, 90, 147, 149
of inquiry
339
of the press
85
sense of
144
of speech
339
Freemasonry
157
Freke, John
243
Fréret, Nicolas
134
freethinkers
106, 120, 245, 263, 296 n. 12, 300 n. 24
fundamentalism (religious)
315
Furly, Benjamin
222
Gailhard, Jean
225
Galland, Antoine
75
Gassendi, Pierre
3, 220
Gay, Peter
6–7, 18–19, 53, 69
general will
47, 61, 86, 87 n. 70
German Idealism
115, 298, 343–344
God
9–10, 17, 25, 28, 30, 34, 49, 51–53, 68, 70, 72–73, 77, 86, 88–89, 92–94, 106, 112, 117–118, 139, 141, 144, 146, 149–151, 162–164, 174–175, 177, 180, 182–183, 185, 187–188, 190–191, 197, 199, 203–204, 209–211, 215, 238, 240–242, 244, 247–248, 250, 252–255, 272–274, 281, 297, 299–303, 304, 307, 309–310, 312, 314, 320–321, 328–330, 335–336, 340, 342
attributes of
140, 147, 202
belief in
50, 82, 140, 172 n. 54, 197, 203, 207–208, 210–211, 216, 275
City of
95
commandments of
29, 324
concept (conception) of
148, 154–155, 167, 173–174, 177, 182–183, 202–203, 207, 212, 312, 329
creation of eternal truths
147, 155
deist
197, 202, 207, 210, 212, 215
design argument
197, 201–208, 215, 240
do ut des
183
doctrine of univocity
141, 144, 148
evil
203, 320
existence of
5, 82, 92, 140, 148, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177–178, 185, 188–189, 198–199, 201, 203–205, 207, 209–211, 215–217, 240, 270 n. 14
experience of
48, 282, 284, 290
the Father
254, 259, 304
forgiveness of
248
and French nation
94, 162, 183
goodness of
82, 147, 149, 250
government by
70, 78
idea of
155, 175, 180
in us
297, 301
intervening in the world
153, 183, 188
Jehovah
330, 334
Jewish
319, 321
as judge
147, 155
Kingdom of
50, 254
knowledge of
177, 182, 243, 266
as lawgiver
240, 247, 249
love of
48
mind of
312
non-existence of
150, 201, 207, 209–210
personal
147, 197
of philosophers
53
presence of
283, 289
proof(s) of
175, 182, 187, 332
rational
155
reference to
68, 71, 77, 95, 163
thinkers of
167, 169
transcendent
9, 149
unity with
301
vision in
138, 141–142, 154, 312–313
voice of
50
as watchmaker
183, 188
will of
87 n. 70, 148, 155
word of
48–49, 245
worship of
181–182, 184–185, 189
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang
114
Gomarists
112
Gordon, Thomas
57, 59–60
Gossec, François-Joseph
161, 162 n. 14
Gourdon, Emilie
209–210
grace
247, 250
assisting
238, 250
distribution of
151, 154
fall from
74, 104
salvific
17
Great Awakening
72
Gregory of Nyssa
300
Grossmann, Walter
301, 305
Grotius, Hugo
73, 104, 238, 245, 253
Gut, Przemysław
28
Guyon, Jeanne-Marie
3
Halakha
327, 328 n. 34, 334
Hamann, Johann Georg
335–336
Hamilton, Alexander
63–64
Hampton, Alexander J.B.
37
Hardenberg, Friedrich von
37
Haring, James
323 n. 19, 325 n. 26
Harnack, Adolf von
321, 323, 327, 333, 337, 343
Harris, Robert
253 n. 70
Hämäläinen, Hasse
9, 25
Hébert, Jacques-René
172 n. 56
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
298, 325, 343
Heine, Heinrich
275 n. 30
Heinsius, Daniel
104
Helvétius, Claude-Adrien
7, 167 n. 35, 179 n. 87, 185, 198–199
Hemsterhuis, Frans
108, 114, 118–119
Hemsterhuis, Tiberius
119
Henry IV
54
Herbert of Cherbury, Edward
243
Herder, Johann Gottfried
335–336, 338
Hermeticism
30–31
Herodotus
305
heterodoxy
4–5, 258, 306
Christian
299
religious
5–6, 314
Hill, Christopher
47–49
Hirsi Ali, Ayaan
1
histoire croisée
26
Hobbes, Thomas
50, 60, 113, 135, 296 n. 12
Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry, baron d’
3, 6–7, 9, 112, 134, 138, 140, 197–217
Holy Spirit
48–50, 261–262
Hooft, Pieter C.
104
Houdon, Jean-Antoine
160
Hölderlin, Friedrich
37
Hudson, Wayne
153
Huguenots
139
human nature
18, 47, 56, 58–59, 61, 64, 73, 77, 241, 248, 250, 255, 287, 304, 307, 310, 312–313
humanity
17, 21, 23, 34, 54, 204, 245, 254–255, 303, 308, 324, 332, 334, 336, 342 n. 111
and God
253, 259, 307, 312
happiness of
34
morally perfect
308, 310–311
respect for
286
theology (religion) of
29, 35
Hume, David
6–7, 52–53, 63–64, 134, 215–216, 272–273, 276 n. 32
Hume, Sophia
285 n. 54
Hunt, Lynn
34, 37
Hunter, Graeme
330
Husserl, Edmund
233
Hussites
70, 80
Ignatius of Antioch
300
immanent frame
4, 5 n. 25
immortality
187, 253–256, 266, 275
of the soul
171, 173, 178, 189, 255, 329
Incarnation
8, 151, 286 n. 55, 296, 302–303, 306, 308–310, 313–314
Independents
242
induction
270
intellectual intuition
283
inward (inner) light
48, 56, 269, 272, 274, 278 n. 35, 282–284, 290, 301
irenic (Protestant tradition)
246, 262
irreligion. see atheism
5
Isidor of Pelusium
320
Israel, Jonathan
6–8, 28, 30 n. 44, 50–51, 105–106, 112, 131, 134–135, 152, 199–201, 207, 215, 233, 295
Jachmann, Reinhold Bernhard
280–281
Jacob, Margaret
4, 30 n. 44, 68–69, 71, 74, 131, 294–295
Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich
114
Jacobins
171–172
Jacobites
87
Jacobs, Nathan
310
James II
87
Jansenism
72
Jansenists
24–25, 33, 76–77
Jefferson, Thomas
46, 56, 61–62, 64–65
Jelles, Jarig
5, 303
Jeremiah (prophet)
329
Jerusalem, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm
339
Jesuits
3, 23–24, 31–33, 71–72, 74–76
Jesus Christ
8, 10, 28, 48–50, 86, 145–146, 237, 245–250, 252–254, 259, 261–262, 269, 301–311, 320–322, 324, 327, 329, 331–334, 336, 341, 342 n. 11
divinity (deity) of
286 n. 55, 302, 320, 331
incarnational
258
as messiah
225, 246–247, 249, 259
pre-existence of
261
as second Adam
253, 259
Second Coming
256
as Son of God
253, 303 n. 43, 307, 311
as teacher of morality
308, 323, 329
Johannine Comma
260
John Damascene
300
John Paul II (Pope)
1
Johnson, Erica
37
Johnson, Samuel
53
John the Apostle
305
Judaism
10, 136, 278 n. 35, 319–320, 323–329, 330 n. 42, 331–337, 338 n. 79, 87, 339–343
elimination from Christianity
326–327, 328 n. 33, 34, 335, 339
as immoral
323 n. 19, 325, 331
as political organization
323
three positions on
331
Judgment Day. see Last Judgment
251–252, 255
Jullien, Marc-Antoine
172 n. 54
justification
238–239, 249–250
Justin Martyr
300, 320
Kahle, Ludwig Martin
201, 204
Kant, Immanuel
6, 8, 10, 15, 25, 114–116, 118, 266–269, 270 n. 14, 272, 273 n. 28, 274–290, 296–298, 306–312, 314–315, 319, 322–344
Kantianism
114, 116
Karel, Gijsbert
114
Keiser, Melvin
282 n. 46
Kerrl, Hanns
322
Kinker, Johannes
115
Kloek, Joost
107
Knutzen, Martin
338
Knutzen, Matthias
198, 296 n. 12
Koenig, Samuel
111
Koerbagh, Adriaan
102
Kors, Alan Charles
3, 201, 207, 209–210, 215–216
Koyré, Alexandre
69, 233
Kozyra, Wojciech
10
Kuehn, Manfred
307 n. 61
Kuhn, Thomas
233
La Bruyère, Jean de
75–77
La Mettrie, Julien Offray de
32, 198–199
La Mothe Le Vayer, François de
131
Lamourette, Adrien
2
Last Judgment
146, 237, 239, 251, 255–257
latitudinarians
238, 246
Lau, Theodor Ludwig
313
La Visclède, Antoine-Louis de Chalamont
180 n. 90
La Vopa, Anthony
200 n. 15, 207
law(s) of nature
30, 57, 199, 201, 203–205, 207, 210, 215, 238, 241, 243, 247, 249–250
Leask, Ian
9
Le Barbier, Jean-Jacques François
94
LeBuffe, Michael
209–210
Lechler, Gotthard Victor
337
Le Clerc, Jean
222, 228, 259–260
Lehner, Ulrich
3, 22
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm
29, 271
Le Mercier de la Rivière, Pierre-Paul
80, 82
Lepeletier, Loius Michel
176, 179
Lepelletier, Almire René Jacques
177 n. 76
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim
296, 323–324, 332, 336
Levellers
56
libertinism
76, 131
liberty
52, 58, 63, 149, 162, 165, 186
of fatherland
177
Lilburne, John
56
Lilienthal, Theodore Christoph
338
Limborch, Philipp van
222, 228, 238, 253, 258–259
Lipsius, Justus
103
littérature clandestine. see clandestine, literature
198
Locke, John
8–10, 23, 47, 51–53, 56–58, 65, 106, 114, 135, 151, 219–233, 237–263, 271–273, 282, 295 n. 9
Logos (Λογος )
49–50, 299–300, 303
Louis XIV
137, 152
Love, Brandon
276
Lucci, Diego
10
Lucretius
120, 296 n. 12
lumières naturelles. see natural light
140
Luther, Martin
255, 296 n. 12, 323, 327
Luzac, Elie
108
Łyszczyński, Kazimierz (also Casimir Lyszincki)
5, 296 n. 12
Mabillon, Jean
75
Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de
88–91, 93
Macmurray, John
285 n. 54
Madison, James
63
Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon)
29, 33
Malebranche, Nicolas
23, 29, 53, 135–140, 142–144, 146–148, 151, 154–155, 296 n. 12
Marat, Jean-Paul
176, 179
Marcion
319–322, 331, 338–340, 343–344
Marcionism
319–321, 324, 331, 336–338, 340, 343–344
Marsh, Narcissus
231
materialism
18, 28, 30, 55, 135
Epicurean
33
modern
26
one-substance
28
vitalistic
30–31
Mathiez, Albert
168, 184
Matytsin, Anton
3
McKenna, Antony
132
McMahon, Darrin
21
Mendelssohn, Moses
2, 10, 323, 328, 331, 335
Mércier, Sébastien
165 n. 25
Meslier, Jean
134
Methodism
263
Methuen, John
227–228
Michaelis, Johann David
340
Middle Ages
72, 87, 133, 156, 267
Mijnhardt, Wijnand W.
107–109
Milner, John
225, 237–238
Mirabaud, Jean Baptiste de
31, 199
Mirabeau-Tonneau (André Boniface Louis Riquetti de Mirabeau)
94
Molesworth, Robert
219
Moll, Sebastian
331
Molyneux, William
9, 219–221, 225, 227–233, 242
monotheism
330–331, 334
Montaigne, Michel de
135
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat
32, 106, 135
moral law
153, 240, 309, 312–313, 330
divine
240–241, 246–249, 252
morality
61, 71–72, 77, 147–148, 151, 153–155, 178, 185, 205, 224, 240–242, 246–248, 281 n. 42, 286, 189, 297, 309, 323, 330, 336, 342–343
of Christ
145
demonstrability of
243
as the essence of religion
289
foundations for
155, 240–241
political
177
of reciprocity
54
as religion
277, 289
teacher of
308, 332
Moravian Brethren
111
More, Henry
271
Morgan, Thomas
10, 319, 336–344
mortalism
255, 257
psychopannychism
255
thnetopsychism
255–256
Mortier, Roland
31
Mosaic law. Moses: Law of
327, 330, 341
Moses
308, 324, 329–330, 332, 334, 336, 338, 340–341
Law of
247
Muhammad (prophet)
308
Mulsow, Martin
131, 298
mystery (theological)
224
mysticism
275 n. 30, 278 n. 37, 279–281, 286, 295 n. 8, 301 n. 33
Critical (also Kantian)
276 n. 32, 279, 281
early modern
301
National Convention
169–171, 172 n. 54, 175–176, 190
nationalism
116
Dutch
118
Irish
221
modern
20
natural law
2, 50, 54–55, 57–58, 70, 72–77, 79–80, 83–84, 90–95, 111
divine
75, 78–79, 250
natural light
29, 52, 82, 154, 314
natural philosophy
18, 23, 25 n. 26, 38, 109–110, 115, 217 n. 87
Naudé, Gabriel
131
Needham, John
206
neologians (also neologists)
307 n. 61, 339
neology
338–339
New Testament
28, 55, 103, 139, 145, 245, 256, 320, 332–333, 337, 341–342
Newtonianism
109–110, 113, 115
Newton, Isaac
23, 29, 106, 110–111, 201, 259–260, 267–268
Nieuwentijt, Bernard
110
Norris, John
225
Nuovo, Victor
258
Nye, Stephen
259–260
occasionalism
144, 151, 154
Ockerse, Willem Anthony
117
Old Regime. Ancien Régime
81, 90
Old Testament
245, 247, 320, 327–333, 336–338, 340–342
Origen
300
orthodoxy
49, 328 n. 34
Calvinist
27
Christian
305, 313
Protestant
326
Reformed
28
religious
18
Otto, Rüdiger
305
Overton, Richard
56
Ovid
104
Ozouf, Mona
168, 184
Paganini, Gianni
5, 9
Paine, Thomas
62–63, 112
Palmquist, Stephen
10, 326
pantheism
135, 153, 295
Pantheismusstreit
114
Pascal, Blaise
140–141, 149
passions
61–63, 77, 86, 89
tyranny of
47
patriotism
190
Paul the Apostle
48, 93, 253, 256
Penington, Isaac
273, 283
Penn, William
55, 271, 285 n. 54
Perrault, Charles
75
personal identity
238, 250–251, 257
Pestel, Friedrich Wilhelm
111
Peter the Apostle
304
Petronius
105, 296 n. 12
Petsch, Johannes
111
Philhellenism
114, 119
philosophes
3, 6–7, 9, 19, 21, 24 n. 25, 34–36, 75, 77, 81, 114, 120, 164–165, 167, 172 n. 57, 182, 184–185, 187–188, 190, 199, 209, 263
false
171–172
radical
27
physico-theology
110
physiocracy
78, 81–83, 84 n. 54, 85, 95
physiocrats
78, 81, 83–85, 89–90
Picart, Bernard
4
Pietism
268, 296
Pietist(s)
74–75, 268, 299, 303, 306
radical
4, 299, 306
Plato
119, 302, 305, 312
Pluche, Abbé Noël Antoine
25
Pocock, John Greville Agard
19, 22
Polignac, Melchior de
107
Polish Brethren
238, 259
political liberalism
3, 18 n. 9
Popple, William
259
predestination
146–147, 242
pre-enlightenment
131
Presbyterians
221, 242
Price, Richard
112
Priestley, Joseph
112
prisca theologia
16, 36
probabilism
71
property rights
89, 92
Protestantism
17, 101, 221, 314, 326–327
modern
118
radical
305, 329
Providence
88–89, 155
Pufendorf, Samuel
74
Quakerism
10, 267–269, 273–274, 279, 285, 287–291
Quakers
10, 48, 269–276, 278 n. 35, 279, 281–283, 284 n. 52, 285, 286 n. 55, 290, 301
(Religious) Society of Friends
48, 269, 289 n. 66, 68, 291
Quesnay, François
78–80, 85, 89
Quillet, Cassius
181–184
Racine, Jean
75, 77
radicalism
6, 28, 132, 152, 233
Rambach, Johann Jacob
304
rational spiritualism
301–302, 309
rationalism
52, 111, 135, 140, 154, 157
anti-Christian
136
Cartesian
53, 137–138
Christian
136
dogmatic
142
early Enlightenment
270
rationalists
Christian
50
religious
296
Raynal, Guillaume-Thomas
78, 81
reason
2, 9–10, 23, 34, 47, 49–56, 61–62, 77, 85, 92, 135–136, 138, 140–142, 146–149, 152, 154–155, 186, 211, 216, 243, 266, 270, 272 n. 21, 273, 275–276, 278, 287, 295, 297, 299–302, 307–311, 314, 325, 326
age of
7, 46, 263, 294
authority of
141
bare
277
catechism of
156
and Christian belief
146
contrary to
222
critical
8
critique of
275, 314
cult of. Cult of Reason
46
dictates of
153
divine
142, 155, 302
empirical
18
Enlightenment
277
and faith
3, 8, 49, 151, 224, 314–315
festival (feast) of
174, 179
as God
10, 53, 297, 299, 301
and history
155
human
56, 142, 155–156, 273, 275, 297
ideas of
312
and intuition
223
as legislator
297, 312
limits of
65, 276, 287
natural
10, 16, 28–29, 153, 239–241, 243, 245, 262, 273, 306
natural light of
29
notions of
136
practical
266 n. 1, 273 n. 28, 275, 288, 312
primacy of
138, 141
pure
140, 150, 288
and religion
8, 35, 52, 294, 315
and revelation
135–136, 244, 262, 295, 305
of state
72
theoretical
266, 273 n. 28, 275
truths above
222, 224, 239–240, 245, 307
truths of
139
unassisted
54, 243, 245, 247
universality of
132, 141, 152, 154
univocity of
148
Rediehs, Laura
270–276, 278 n. 35, 282–283, 289
Reformation (reformation)
7 n. 38, 188, 321
political
152
Protestant
6, 296
radical
10, 267
legal
61
reform
2, 65, 76, 81
of beliefs
150
movements
5, 70, 72, 190
physiocratic
81, 83
political
90
religious (of religion)
8–10, 190, 198, 313, 315
of society
77, 80
Régis, Pierre-Sylvain
154 n. 86
Reimarus, Hermann Samuel
8, 307–308, 332–333, 338 n. 87
Reinhold, Karl Leonhard
333–335
religion
1–4, 7–10, 17, 23 n. 24, 27–29, 34–35, 48, 51–52, 56, 69, 101, 116, 118, 145, 150, 152, 155, 161, 164, 166–168, 182–183, 186–188, 190–191, 197–199, 209, 211–214, 226, 232, 236–238, 248, 256, 258, 262–263, 267, 273–275, 277, 284, 286–287, 289–290, 294–295, 298, 300, 305–307, 310, 313, 315, 319, 321–322, 324–326, 333, 336–337, 340–342
artificial
139, 142
Christian
137, 140, 146, 246, 327–328
civil (civic)
87, 156, 170, 187, 190
critique of
6, 106, 133, 168 n. 37, 295, 299, 313
definition of
305 n. 57, 324
enlightened (Enlightenment)
2, 10, 267–269, 277–278, 283–284, 287, 290, 315
historical
137, 139
history of
31, 34, 134, 188
of humanity
29
as imposture
300
moral
156, 290, 325–326, 328 n. 33
and morality
277, 286, 289
national
136
natural
9, 17, 29, 34, 70, 134, 136, 139, 147, 150, 153–154, 164, 174, 187, 325–326, 333–334, 343
of nature
136
notion (concept) of
2, 8, 35, 169, 305
organized (institutional)
3, 50, 243, 299, 304
philosophy of
166, 187, 306
political
69, 168–169
and politics
69, 152, 166, 168, 185, 188
positive
154–155, 164, 181
rational
9, 136, 138, 140, 153, 154 n. 86, 155–156, 214, 267 n. 5, 274, 287, 306–307, 310, 314, 319, 325, 334
of reason
136, 157, 308, 310, 325–326
reasonable
9, 197–198, 212
revealed
6, 8–9, 55, 102, 106, 116, 136, 139, 141, 146, 179, 295, 300, 305–307, 314
state
2
theory of
267 n. 4, 268, 276–279, 280 n. 40, 281, 289, 325
true
30, 35, 162, 183, 277 n. 35, 283–285, 287, 295, 302, 334
universal
8, 30, 289 n. 66, 306, 315
Remonstrants
111, 238
Renaissance
6, 30–31, 73, 133, 135, 156, 269 n. 9, 300
republicanism
70, 85, 95, 176
American
58
classical
88
republicans
84, 90
Resurrection (resurrection)
305
of Jesus
8, 146, 254, 304
of the dead
224, 237, 239, 251, 256–257
revelation
23, 73, 116, 135–136, 153, 155, 179, 244, 271, 282, 286 n. 55, 295, 305, 307
biblical (scriptural)
10, 237, 239–241, 245, 249, 262
Christian
296, 308, 310
critique of
315
divine
244–245, 272, 302, 311, 339
historical
10, 302, 307
moral
324
rational
314
Sinaitic
342 n. 111
suprarational
305
universal
301
revolution
9, 83, 160, 162 n. 15, 163, 165–167, 171 n. 50, 172–173, 176, 178, 182 n. 97, 184–185, 188, 190, 200
American
59, 112
Atlantic
37
Batavian
112–113
Copernican
115, 275 n. 30
cultural
8, 15–16, 36, 38
English
87, 95
French
37, 68–70, 82, 90–91, 95, 102, 112, 120, 164–165, 167–169, 177, 186, 188
of heart
284
religious
37
scientific
8, 33, 69, 269 n. 9
theological
17, 30, 34, 36
revolutionary
21 n. 15, 37, 68, 70, 91, 95, 111–112, 161, 165, 167–169, 184, 188, 290
cult(s)
167–168, 188
elites
168
festive culture
161, 169
government
172 n. 57
martyrs
176, 184
politics
69
societies
163
theater
160
Robespierre, Maximilien
94–95, 163 n. 19, 169–175, 177 n. 76, 178, 184, 186–189
Rock, Johann Friedrich
299
Rockwood, Raymond
160 n. 6, 161
Roman law
72, 75, 93
Rosenberg, Alfred
321–322
Rosenstock, Bruce
326
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
6–7, 46–47, 52, 54–56, 61, 65, 77–78, 82, 85–94, 112, 114, 164–167, 169–179, 181–182, 185–188, 190–191
Ruar, Martin
253
Rufus, Jones
285 n. 54
Rush, Benjamin
65
salvation
25, 48, 146, 153, 224, 237, 239, 242, 246–250, 254, 258–259
Sandrier, Alain
201
Satan
146, 261
Scaliger, Joseph
103–104
Schaper, Annegret
298
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph
344
Schiller, Friedrich
334–335
Schlegel, Friedrich
37
Schleiermacher, Friedrich
343–344
Schlichting, Jonas
253, 256
Schmaltz, Tad
154 n. 86
Schmidt, James
21
Schneider, Eulogius
179
Scholasticism
252, 267
Scholem, Gershom
320
Schröder, Winfried
5, 132, 207, 215, 305
Schulz, Johann Heinrich
4–5
Scripture(s)
2, 4, 10, 48, 70, 73–74, 80, 222, 237, 239–243, 245–247, 249, 255, 259–260, 262, 303, 314
Christian
308, 339
divine origin of
245, 299
interpretation of
239, 277 n. 35, 305
critical-historical
222
as its own interpreter
223
Jewish (Hebrew)
327–328, 335
sect of philosophy. see philosophes
16, 33
secularism
18, 25, 27, 119, 288
secularization
1–2, 8–9, 15–17, 21, 26, 28–30, 34, 37, 50, 65, 68–69, 71, 82, 85, 94, 101–102, 114, 119, 188, 294 n. 1, 2, 298, 315
Seignelay, Jean-Baptiste Colbert
137
Semler, Johann Salomo
338–339
Seok-heon, Ham
286 n. 54
Sergeant, John
225
’s Gravesande, Willem Jacob
109–110, 114
Sheehan, Jonathan
4, 17, 34 n. 50
silence (as a way of worship)
180–182
Quaker
282
simplicity (Quakerism)
274, 287, 289 n. 66
sin
46–48, 53–54, 56, 63, 65, 143–144, 246–249, 252–253
original
54, 73, 77, 138, 143, 151, 154, 225, 250, 252, 254–255
Sirven, Jean-Paul
178
skepticism
53–54, 82, 135, 151, 238
Skinner, Quentin
50
slavery
73, 81, 83, 112, 177
critique of
81 n. 43
Smith, Blake
37
Snobelen, Stephen
263
social contract
46–47, 55, 59, 63, 232
société populaire
171 n. 50, 175–176, 179, 181
Socinianism
10, 111, 225, 238, 248, 262, 295 n. 8
Socinians
239, 246, 250, 253–254, 256, 259–260, 296 n. 12, 304
Socinus, Faustus
238, 245, 248, 253, 255, 259
Socrates
170 n. 48
Sonnleithner, Mathias
9
Sorkin, David
2, 8, 22, 25, 295
soteriology
238
moralist
10, 237, 239, 246, 249–251
Socinian
248
Souverain, Jacques
260
Spallanzani, Lazzaro
206
Sparn, Walter
313
Spinoza, Baruch (Benedict)
3, 5, 7, 9, 26–31, 33, 47, 49–50, 53, 101–102, 105–106, 111–113, 134–135, 151, 156, 204, 222, 223 n. 11, 224, 271, 294 n. 2, 295 n. 8, 296, 299, 303, 305 n. 57, 312–314, 329–330, 332
Spinozism
7 n. 38, 9, 26, 27 n. 33, 33, 106, 109–110, 135, 138, 149, 295 n. 8
Stangneth, Bettina
325
Starck, Johann August
338
state of nature
56–57, 73, 85, 91
Stäudlin, Karl Friedrich
337
Stevenson, Leslie
268, 270 n. 14, 284 n. 52, 285–286, 290
Stillingfleet, Edward
225–227, 237–239, 243, 257–258
Stoicism
136
Stosch, Friedrich Wilhelm
313
Strauss, Leo
6, 135, 295 n. 8, 314–315
Stroumsa, Guy
29
Suárez, Francisco
74–75, 80, 85, 94
substance
238, 251
as nature (in Spinoza)
28–29
as substratum (in Locke)
223, 226, 251
thinking
251, 257
superstition
35, 51–52, 54, 78, 184, 210–212, 214, 295
supra rationem. See reason, truths above
224, 295, 307, 314
Supreme Being
85–87, 89, 92–94, 170, 177, 178 n. 76, 180, 183, 185–186
Festival of
169–170, 175, 181, 184
Swift, Jonathan
228
syncretism
339
Taylor, Barbara
51
Taylor, Charles
1 n. 3, 4–5, 17, 37, 68
Taylor, Jeremy
253 n. 70
Temple, William
107
Temple of Reason
174, 179–180, 183
Terrasson, Jean
134, 136
Terror
163 n. 19, 166, 170 n. 44, 173, 190
Tertullian
320, 331
testimonies (in Quakerism)
274, 286 n. 55
theism
9, 197, 207
theocracy
70, 78, 80–82
absolutist
214
crisis of
9, 233
enlightened
70
theology
16–17, 23, 34–35, 47, 53–54, 104, 116, 237–238, 286 n. 55
anti-modernist
52
Catholic
71
Christian
3, 27, 34 n. 50, 52, 119, 141–143, 146, 151, 154–155
deconfessionalization of
17
dogmatic
54
Greco-Roman
33
historicization of
17
Jewish
33
Lutheran
321
Marcionian
319, 336–338, 340
modernist
118
natural
17, 32, 270 n. 14, 277, 332
philosophical
138, 147, 267, 288
and philosophy
33, 35, 138, 154
political
46, 188
Quaker
274
radical
48
revealed
151
Socinian
238
supersessionist
328, 341
Theophilus
305
Thomasius, Christian
74
Thomism
73, 75, 95
Thomson, Ann
31
Tindal, Matthew
245
Tocqueville, Alexis de
37
Toland, John
9, 30–31, 157, 219–233, 243, 245, 296 n. 12, 300, 313
Tomaszewska, Anna
10, 25
Touber, Jetze
27
Trapman, Hans
102
Trenchard, John
60
Tricoire, Damien
9
Trinitarianism
261
Trinity
8, 49, 146, 226, 258–259, 261–262, 303
Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques
81–85
Tyrell, James
226 n. 27
ultramontanists
24
Unitarianism
263
Unitarians
239, 259
van Bunge, Wiep
9
van Dale, Anthony
222
van den Berg, Jan
337, 344
van der Capellen tot den Poll, Joan Derk
111, 118
van der Marck, Frederick Adolf
111
van der Wyck, Johan
103
van de Wijnpersse, Dionysius
116
van Effen, Justus
108, 117
van Hamelsveld, IJsbrand
117
van Hemert, Paulus
115
van Heusde, Philip Willem
102, 116–117, 119
van Hogendorp, Dirk
114, 118
Vanini, Lucilio
296 n. 12
Van Kley, Dale
16, 23
van Leenhof, Frederik
27
van Musschenbroek, Pieter
109
van Rooden, Peter
101, 103
van Sas, Nicolaas C.F.
107, 109
van Woensel, Pieter
102, 120
van Zuylen, Belle
108
Vartanian, Aram
152
Velema, Wyger
119
Vermij, Rink
27
Vernet, Jacob
2
Virieu, François-Henri de
94
virtu(es)
58–59, 61, 80, 89, 105, 177, 209, 301, 304
burgerlijke
108–109
civic (also social)
76, 156 n. 88
national
65
as obedience to reason
301
religious
156 n. 88
revolutionary
37
Voetians
27, 112
Voetius, Gijsbert
27
Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet)
6–9, 16, 36, 46–47, 52–55, 65, 77–78, 81, 106–107, 110, 134–135, 153, 155, 157, 160–167, 169, 172–183, 185–191, 197–201, 203–209, 211–212, 215–217
voluntarism
154 n. 86, 155
Vossius, Isaac
104
Vyverberg, Henry
199, 201
Wachterus, J.C. (Wachter, Johann Georg)
296 n. 12
Wade, Ira
30 n. 44
Warburton, William
2, 329, 334
Weber, Max
101, 294
Werner, Michael
26
Wielema, Michiel
105, 111
Williams, Daniel
242
William V
112
Wilmans, Carl A.
279–281
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim
114, 119
Winstanley, Gerard
47, 49
Winterer, Caroline
19
Wiszowaty, Andrzej
253
Wiszowaty, Benedykt
253
Wolff, Betje
111
Wolff, Christian
111, 267 n. 3
Wolffianism
111–112
Dutch
113
Wöllner’s edict
339
Wollstonecraft, Mary
51
Wolterstorff, Nicholas
244
Wolzogen, Johann Ludwig von
260
Wood, Allen
268, 289 n. 66, 310
Wood, Gordon
58, 65
worship
150, 179, 181, 183–185, 188– 189
interior (inward)
156, 182
public
156
silent
10, 274
Wyttenbach, Daniel
116
Yvon, Abbé Claude
4, 70 n. 7
Zimmermann, Bénédicte
26
Zoroaster
305