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Index

XXI Epistres d’Ovide 55, 57, 62
Abbaye des Conards (carnival society, Rouen) 87, 276–277, 283–284
Les Abus et superfluitez du monde (Sireulde) 278
Academia los Nocturnos (Valencia) 227
Académie française 22, 101, 104
Académie des Jeux Floraux (Toulouse) 174 Consistory of Joyful Knowledge
Académie des Parfaits Amants 197
Académie de peinture et de sculpture (Paris) 182
academies 2, 104, 180–181, 184–186
Dutch 173, 178–179
emergence of 100–102, 175–180, 183–184, 252
French 173
Italian 3, 6, 20, 22, 71–72, 100–102, 175–177, 179–180
influence of 189, 253, 262
performative literary culture of 172, 173–174
Spanish 6, 131, 139, 227, 326–328, 339
specialization and professionalization of 186–194
learned societies
Accademia degli Alterati (Florence) 96n107
Accademia delle Arti del Disegno (Florence) 181, 186
Accademia della Crusca (Florence) 189
Accademia Fiorentina (Florence) 101, 174, 176
creation of 176–177, 178, 180
Accademia dei Lincei (Rome) 22, 120
Accademia degli Umidi (Florence) 176–177, 178 Accademia Fiorentina
acrostics, use of 36, 44–46, 48, 244, 246, 261
for signatures 269, 270
actors 282n27
amateur 260–262
authors as 143, 238–239, 267–268, 272, 277
Agricola, Rodolphus 248, 254
Albert (archduke) 317–318
Albus, Johannes 251
Álvarez, Francisco J. x, xv, 24
Amaranthes (Siegmund Gottlieb Corvinus) 344
amateur status of literary performers 15, 18, 84, 141, 223
actors 260–262
careers of 150–151, 154–155
Amiens, Puy in 152–153, 160, 166
Amsterdam
chambers of rhetoric in 178–179, 191n49
konstgenootschappen in 187
Andronicus, Lucius Livius 145–146
L’Ane a l’anon (Sireulde) 279
Anne of Brittany (duchess of Brittany and queen of France) 55, 60, 61–62
antiquarians, in Low Countries 293
Antiquity, poetic careers in 145–146
Antoine of Lorraine 263, 264, 265, 268, 273
Antwerp
art academy in 181–182
chambers of rhetoric in 174n7, 181, 182, 306
literary contests in 50–51, 53, 54, 89, 304
Antwerps Liedboek 50
Apollo 111
Aquinas, Thomas 114, 123
La Arcadia (Lope de Vega) 336
Arcadia (Sidney) 193
archives, of performative literary institutions 151, 163
aristocracy/aristocrats
Dutch 297
education of 222, 225, 322–323
in learned societies 101, 197
patronage of literature by 145–146, 263, 327
in performative literary institutions 190, 196, 327
women 341
as role models 346–347, 353
aristocratic courts, literary performers at 156–157, 158, 203–205, 211, 214, 222, 223–224, 226, 264–265, 268
Aristotle 112–113, 114, 123, 124
Armstrong, Adrian xv, 23, 74n19, 84n60, 85, 86, 90, 93, 102n126, 148
Arras, performative literary institutions in 74, 84n60, 85, 98n113, 156
Ars Poetica (Horace) 114
Ars versificandi et carminum (Celtis) 116–117, 248, 250
art academies 181–183, 186
Art de dictier (Deschamps) 83, 108, 127, 163–164, 168, 203, 206
Art de rhétorique (Molinet) 39, 217
Arte nuevo de hacer comedias en este tiempo (Lope de Vega) 327, 337
Arthur (prince of Wales) 219
arts, patronage of 223
arts de seconde rhétorique manuals 39
associations . see learned societies; performative literary institutions; urban corporations/associations
audience
first-person voice requirement of 36
interpellations of 40
of literary performances 98, 99n117, 312–313
Aulcun character 40, 41–42
aurality 5
Aurelius, Cornelius 294
authorities
control over performative literary institutions by 97–98
control over urban associations by 97–98, 101, 102
recognition of guilds/associations by 76, 97
authors
careers of . see literary careers
dedications by 53, 56, 266, 307, 329n18
images of 46, 53, 54
lists of 223
professional 83n57, 146, 326, 339
roles of
actors 143, 238–239, 267–268, 272, 277
booksellers 271
publishers 270–271, 272
voice of, in marginal notes 51–52
women 144, 194–195, 340–341
Bakhtin, Mikhail 105n2, 107
Balbi, Girolamo 255
Baldzuhn, Michael 7n13, 76n25, 78n34
Ball, Gabriele ix, xv, 24–25
Balladen van Doornicke (De Castelein) 43
ballads
of Deschamps 203–206, 207n8, 209n12, 212n20, 213
song/poetry type 38, 207
Balsam Flower Sovereign Chamber 178
banquets/banqueting culture 5, 118, 172
Barlandus, Adrian 317
Barnaud, Nicholas 307
Barry, John 90
Barston, John 90–91, 96n108
Basoche law clerks culture 2, 5, 70, 133, 176, 280
carnavalesque spirit/comedy in 16, 94, 134–136, 139
Beeckman, Isaac 179
La Belle Dame sans mercy (Chartier) 35
Bennassar, Bartolomé 329n16
Bernardus, Jasper 308
Beschreibung der Stadt Amsterdam (Zesen) 191
Bible texts
paraphrasing of 283
on rejection of joy and humor 105
versifications of 299, 302, 305, 306, 307, 310–311
Bibliotheca Belgica (Lenger ed.) 319
Bijns, Anna 144, 194–195
biographies
of literary performers 156–159
Celtis 247–262
Deschamps 203–213
Fruytiers 293–311
Gringore 263–273
Jansz 285–292
Lope de Vega 324–339
Milán 222–227
Molinet 214–221
Puteanus 159–160, 174n7, 190, 315–323
Sireulde 274–284
Smeken 228–246
Von Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 341–354
Biondo, Flavio 262
births, royal 234
Black, Antony 65n1, 73n17, 76n27, 79–80, 89, 95
La Blazon des hérétiques (Gringore) 265
Blockmans, Wim 231n17, 232n21
Bloemendal, Jan 79n39, 92n92
Boccaccio, Giovanni 57
Bodel, Jean 156
Boele, Anita xvi
Bonaventura 114
Bonomo, Francesco and Pietro 256
Bonomus, Petrus 260
Bontius, Reinerius 315
Book of Customs (Puy of London) 118
booksellers 271
Bor, Pieter 296
Borreman, Jan 236
Borromeo, Federigo 317
Boscán, Juan 226
Bossy, John 80
Bouhaïk-Gironès, Marie 94n100, 263, 280
Bourdichon, Jean 55
Bourdieu, Pierre 149
bourgeois culture 199
Le Boursier 282n27
Bouza, Fernando 1, 2
Bracciolini, Poggio 123
Bréart, Romain 282
Breda, literary performances at 239–240
Briefgespräche 172
Britnell, Jennifer 264n4
brotherhood ideal of urban associations/ societies 79–80, 192
performative literary institutions 66, 80, 88–89
Brown, Cynthia J. xvi, 23
Brussels 231–233
chambers of rhetoric in 158, 228, 238, 301–302
city rhetoricians of 228–229, 230–231, 233–234, 236
confraternities in 236–237
guilds in 229–230, 234–235
performative literary events in 238–239
snowmen festivals in 245–246
Bruyne, Jan de 304
Burgundian-Habsburg empire 243
Burgundy 216
House of 45–46
Burke, Peter 90n87
burlesque spirit, in Deschamps’ poems 208–209, 211
Busleyden, Jeronimus 315
Caillart, Jacques 282n27
Caillieu, Colijn 228–229, 292
Camer van Pictura (art academy, Antwerp) 182
Canin, Jan 307, 308
Canter, Jacob 256
careers
of humanists 140–141, 159–160
literary . see literary careers
Carmelite House (Rouen) 275
carnival celebrations/processions 71, 82, 85, 87, 276–277, 330
carnivalesque spirit, in performative literary culture 15–16, 133–136, 139
Carscallen, James 69n9, 83n57
Castiglione, Baldassare 121–122, 226
Castilian language use 226, 335
Catalan language use 226–227
Cathedral of Our Lady (Amiens) 152–153
Catherine of Aragon (queen of England) 219
Catholicism, Reformation attacks on 123–124
Cato, Dionysius 114
Catullus, Gaius Valerius 120
celebrations
of carnival 71, 85, 276–277
of royal births and christenings 234
Celosse, Jacob 308
Celtis, Konrad 116–117, 130–131, 159, 247–262
Les Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles 310
Cento Novellino antiche 344
chambers of rhetoric, Dutch xiii, 3, 6, 71, 84n60, 97, 131–132, 174, 177
atmosphere of
celebration of harmony 88–89
joyfulness 116, 127–128, 132, 139
contests by and competitions between 89, 234, 300–302, 301
decline of 182, 183–184, 187, 188, 296
emergence of 177–178
factors of (principal poets) 228, 230
frictions in 177–179
funding of 300–301
international influence of 191–192
leadership of 78n34, 160, 300, 301
membership of 300
and painters/art academies 181, 182
performances by 31, 288–289, 290
statutes of 99, 127–128
training offered by 95, 230
women members of 19, 144
writings of 167
theatre plays 288, 290, 291
chant royal song/poetry type 38–39, 85, 126n78, 207, 275–276
Amiens tradition of 152–153
characters in performative literary texts 35, 41–42
devils/negative 240–242
fools 267
narrators 40
‘poet-secretaries’ 325
charitable work
by literary performers 286
by performative literary institutions 87, 282–283
by urban associations 76–77
writings on 292
Charles V (Holy Roman emperor, Charles I of Spain) 140, 222, 234, 238n59, 242, 243
Charles V (king of France) 48, 204, 206n7
Charles VI (king of France) 204, 205, 212
Charles VIII (king of France) 44–45, 57, 216
Charles the Bold (duke of Burgundy) 177, 214, 216, 219n22
Charles d’Orléans 38
Charles of Valois acrostics 45, 46, 47
Chartier, Alain 35, 217
Le Chasteau d’amours (Gringore) 269
Le Chasteau de labour (Gringore) 269, 270, 272
Chastelain, George 37, 214, 217
Chevalier délibéré (De la Marche) 58, 233n30
christenings, royal 234
Christus, Petrus 58, 59
chronicles/chronicle writing
of the Low Countries 294, 308
by Molinet 214, 215, 216, 218
professional 326
Die Chronyk van Hollandt, Zeelandt ende Vriesland (Aurelius) 294
Cicero 95, 113, 124, 125n71
citational behaviour 32
cities
corporations/associations in 65–67, 73–74, 90–91
medieval expansion of 72
representation/prestige of 96–100
rhetoricians of 228–229, 230–231, 233–234
urban culture/urban life; urbanity
citizenship 95
civility
benefits of joyfulness to 121–124
ideals, of performative literary culture 23–24, 66, 80, 91–96, 100, 171
urban roots of 90–91
classical dramas, performances at medieval universities of 314–315
Claude de France (queen of France) 264, 266
Cloth Guild of Brussels, membership of Smeken 229–230
coat of arms, of Smeken 232–233
Cockx-Indestege, Elly 244n81
Coigneau, Dirk 310
Collège de Rhétorique (Toulouse) . Consistory of Joyful Knowledge
Collegium Mechanicorum (Rotterdam) 179
Collegium Poetarum et Mathematicorum (Vienna) 252–253, 256
Collegium Trilingue (Leuven) 160, 315–317, 319, 321, 323
colophons 58–60
Coloquios y Diálogos (Mexía) 140
comedies 117, 209, 210–211, 241–242, 325–326, 337–338
joyfulness created by 131
performances 130–131, 260
as training tool in rhetoric 94–95
comic monologues 35–36
comic poetry 276, 278
communities, conflicts between 98
compagnies joyeuses (joyful companies) 2, 5, 157
carnivalesque inversion of everyday life in 15, 134, 136, 139
criticism on culture of 176
joyfulness promoted by 133
in Paris 267
participants 163, 164, 218
competitions . see contests, literary
La Complainte de la cité cretienne (Gringore) 265, 272
Complainte du Trop Tard Marié (Gringore) 57, 270
Comvs (Puteanus) 319
Concertatio virtutis cum voluptate (Locher) 131
conflicts
between communities 98
in performative literary institutions 174, 178
confraternities 72, 76
in Brussels 236–238
emergence of 74, 75
Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception (Rouen) 80
Confraternity of the Passion (Paris) 71
Confraternity of the Seven Sorrows of the Virgin (Brussels) 158
Confrérie des jongleurs et bourgeois d’Arras 156
Confrérie du Puy Notre-Dame (Amiens) 152–153
Confrerie van Pictura (art academie, The Hague) 182
Conradi Celtis proseuticum ad diuum Fridericum tercium pro laurea Appollinari 250
Consistories 71, 74, 155
Consistory of Joyful Knowledge (Consistory del Gay Saber, Consistory of Toulouse) 1, 2, 18, 69, 74, 76n25, 97, 99
contests of 131
joyfulness promoted by 110, 125, 126, 133, 139
leadership of 77n34
peer review process of 83
poetry by 85, 87
Académie des Jeux Floraux; Collège de rhétorique
Const van Rhetoriken (De Castelein) 39, 51–52, 129
contests, literary
Dutch 6, 289–290
landjuweel contests 50–51, 53, 54, 89, 234–235
organization of 89, 234, 330, 334–335
between performative literary institutions 82–83, 300–302
of poetry 1–2, 85, 131, 152–153, 191, 274, 275, 281
career impact of 148, 152–153, 275, 276, 330–335
of songs and music 71n11, 132–133, 192
Spanish 1–2, 4
theatre 50–51, 53, 234
training for 92–93
university debates 312–313
winners of 2, 281, 301–302
Conti, Lotario dei 105–106
contrafacta songs 50
conversation
by letters 172
witty 115, 118, 172, 319
conversazione civile 172
conviviality
humanist 256
performative literary spirit of 139, 173
Coornhert, Dirck Volckertsz 158, 189, 286–288, 291–292
Coornhert, Frans 303
Coornhert-Van Zuren Press 303, 306
De Corenbloem (chamber of rhetoric, Brussels) 301–302
corporate tradition, medieval 65n1, 67, 101–103
of performative literary institutions 65, 72–80, 85–89, 103
correspondence
of academies 184–185
of Celtis 251, 254
literature 172
of Lope de Vega 327
of Puteanus 319
of Von Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 345
Corte Beschrijvinghe of the Flood of 1570 (Fruytiers) 295, 305, 306, 308, 310
Corte Beschrijvinghe of the Siege and Relief of Leiden (Fruytiers) 303, 305, 307, 308
Il Cortegiano (Castiglione) 121–122, 226, 227
El Cortesano (Milán) 222, 223–224, 225, 226, 227
Corvinus (Matthias I, king of Hungary) 250, 251
Cour amoureuse (Paris) 164
court cases
comic 210
involvement of literary performers in 279–280, 293, 297, 298
court chroniclers 140
court culture 122–123
performative literary culture rooted in 85, 155, 190
courts
aristocratic/royal, literary performers at 156–157, 158, 159, 203–205, 211, 214, 222, 223–224, 226, 248, 264–265, 268
of law, ushers at 274–275
craft, and learning 86n68
craft guilds, and performative literary culture 70
creativity of performative literary institutions 66, 81–89
Cretin, Guillaume 215
crossbow contests 234–235
Cusanus, Nicholas/Nicolaus 119, 255, 256
Cuspianus, Johannes 257
Dambruyne, Johan 78
databases, of songs 50n61
dating
of plays 268n19
of poetry 207–208
De anima et vita (Vives) 112, 126
De Bavière, Isabeau 53
De Beaurepaire, Charles 280n22
De Beer, Susanna xvi, 24
De Bie, Cornelis 182n29
De Castelein, Matthijs 39, 43, 51–52, 129
De Cervantes, Miguel 335n34
De Clamanges, Nicolas 207n8
De conviventia (Pontano) 118
De Corbie, Arnaud 164, 211–212
De Damhoudere, Joos de 117
De Dene, Eduard 45–46, 52
De Góngora, Luis 334
De Harduwijn, Justus 319
De Heredia, Juan Fernández 223, 224
De humana physiognomia (Della Porta) 120–121
De Jode, Pieter 316
De La Halle, Adam 156
De la Marche, Olivier 58, 158, 233n30
De La Vigne, André 40, 45, 57, 61, 263
De Landa, Mathieu 282
De Leeuw, Rick 245n83
De Lichte, Henrick 233–234, 235, 236
De Machaut, Guillaume 57, 156–157, 203, 213
De Mézières, Philippe 212
De Milán, Luis 157, 222–227
De miseria humanae conditionis (Dei Conti) 105–106
De Montaigne, Michel Eyquem 323
De Montalbán, Juan Pérez 338
De nocte et Hasilinae: erotice (Celtis) 258
De oratore (Cicero) 113, 124
De Pizan, Christine 53, 55n75
De regimine principum (Romanus) 123
De remediis utriusque fortunae (Petrarch) 106
De Ridder-Symoens, Hilde ix, xi–xiii, xv–xvi
De ridiculis (Madius) 112, 125
De Robertis, Dominico 140
De Ronsard, Pierre 176
De Roovere, Anthonis 58, 64, 229n5
De Saint-Gelais, Octovien 55, 62
De Sandoval y Rojas, Francisco Gómez 329n16
De sermone (Pontano) 114–115, 122
De Zúñiga, Catalina 329n18
Le Debat de l’aigle, du harenc et du lyon (Molinet) 220–221
Le Debat des deux fortunés d’amours (Chartier) 35
Debat du viel gendarme et du viel amoureux (Molinet) 33–34
debate poems 34, 35, 219, 220–221
debates
contests at universities 312–313
didactic 42
and theatre plays 34
dedications by authors 53, 56, 266, 307, 329n18
deixis, use of 42
Della Porta, Giambattista 120–121
Della Torre, Maria Magdalena Catherina 318
Democritus 291
depression
intellectual susceptibility to 115–116
treatment of 110–111
Der Weduwen, Claes 236
Deschamps, Eustache 83, 108, 127, 156–157, 163–164, 168, 203–213
ballads of 203–206, 207n8, 209n12, 212n20, 213
Deutsche Gesellschaft (Göttingen) 197
Deutsche Gesellschaft (Leipzig) 197
Deutschgesinnete Gesellschaft (Hamburg) 190, 191–192
women in 196
Les Deux soupiers de Monville (Rouen) 277
devil characters, theatrical 240–242
d’Heere, Lucas 302
d’Héricault, Charles 264n4
Dialogo entre el prudente rey y el sabio aldeano 33
dialogues
use of 33–36, 209, 211, 225
virtual 36
Dictionnaire des arrests (Brillon) 135–136
didactic texts 33–34, 42
poetry 212, 244–245
theatre plays 313–314, 315
Didascalicon de studio legendi (Hugh of Saint-Victor) 107
Dietl, Cora 261n48
digital copies, of performative literary texts 309
Dijon, compagnie joyeuse in 133
disputatios/disputations 312, 321–322
disputes, playful 172
Disticha Catonis 114
Dólleman, Michiel Thierry de Bye 285n2
La Dorotea (Lope de Vega) 337
Dorpius, Martin 317
Double Lay on Human Frailty (Deschamps) 203, 212
Douza, Janus 293
Du Bellay, Joachim 176
Du vostre un peu luy est grand chose (Sireulde) 281
Dufour, Antoine 55n75
Dutch literary culture 30
Dutch Republic
academies in 173, 178–179
konstgenootschappen in 186, 187, 188
natural philosophy societies in 188, 197–198
Duverger, Jozef 228n3, 229n7, 234n32
Dyalogue de Vertu militaire et de Jeunesse françoise (Lemaire de Belges) 43
Ecclesiasticus, Fruytiers’ versification of 299, 302, 305, 310–311
Eckstein, Nicholas 82
Eco, Umberto 105
education
of aristocrats 222, 225, 322–323
humanist 314, 315
of literary performers 156, 157
reform 345–347
of women 340
De Eglantier (chamber of rhetoric, Amsterdam) 178
Elckerlijc (morality play) 51
elevated speech 9, 17
elite culture 172n4, 186, 192
emblem books 64
Emden 303
Enfants Sans Souci (Paris) 157, 267
Engelbert of Nassau 215
England, civility concept in 91
entertainers, professional 81n47, 84
Entreprises de Venise (Gringore) 272
Epigramm IV.43 (Celtis) 247n1
epigrams 256
by Celtis 252, 257, 258
epiphonema, use of 43
Epistolarum compendium (Celtis) 251
Epitaphes d’Hector (Chastelain) 37
Epitaphia Ioco-Seria (Sweertius) 123
epitaphs 249, 252, 295
equals, associations of 77, 79
Erasmus of Rotterdam 140, 189, 222, 297, 315
Eröffnetes Cabinet Deβ Gelehrten Frauen-Zimmers (Eberti) 344–345
erotic poetry 258
Espinel, Vicente 325
Essays (De Montaigne) 323
ethics, books on 346–347
Europe . see Western/North-Western Europe
events . see literary performances/events
Everaert, Cornelis 51
everyday life, inversion in performative literary culture of 15, 133–134, 136
Evreux, Puys in 132–133
Fabri, Pierre 93, 95–96
facetiae (witticism, witty speech) 113, 115, 122, 123
Fama póstuma (De Montalbán) 338
Famous Women (Boccaccio) 57
Farce de Maistre Pathelin 53, 57, 86
Farce de Maistre Trubert et d’Antrongnart (Deschamps) 210
farces 131, 264, 277, 291
Farrell, Joseph 145–146
Fastnachtspiele (Shrove Tuesday Plays) 259, 260
feasts 5, 141
Fenollet, Francisco 223
Ferdinand of Aragon (duke of Calabria) 222, 223, 226, 227
festivals
of rhetoric 230
in Vienna 259
festive societies, decline in 103
festive spirit of performative literary culture 5, 16, 85, 94, 134–136, 139, 208–209
rejection of 176, 180, 187
carnivalesque spirit; joyfulness; playfulness
Ficino, Marsilio 110–111, 115–116, 121, 179, 250, 253
Fiestas de Denia (Lope de Vega) 329n18
Findlen, Paula 125–126n74
first-person voice 36, 37, 57
Flecha, Mateo (the Elder) 223
Florence
academies in 96n107, 101, 174, 176, 179, 181, 253
creation of 176–177, 178, 180
confraternities in 70
folklorization, of performative literary culture 172, 199
Folles Entreprises (Gringore) 267, 271–272
fool characters, theatrical 267
formulaic language use 42–43
Le Franc Archier de Baignollet 36
France
academies in 173
carnivalesque genres in 134
literary performances in 31
publishing industry in 278
Francis I (king of France) 264, 265n10, 316
Der Francoysen ende haerder nagebueren morghenwecker (Barnaud (author), Fruytiers (trans.)) 307, 308
Frankfurter Buchmesse 255
Frederick III (Holy Roman emperor) 250
Frederick the Wise (Elector of Saxony) 250
French language
culture 30, 199
use 206n7, 217
Froissart, Jean 164, 207
Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft (Germany) 22, 101, 172, 189, 190, 341
correspondence network of 184–185
influence of 191–192, 196
names for members of 348
women-only societies inspired from 196, 344, 345
Fruytier, Jacob de 304n37
Fruytier, Jacob Jansz. 298n16
Fruytier, Jacobus 298
Fruytier, Jan 298
Fruytiers, Johannes/Johan/Jan 158, 160, 165, 293–311
Fuchsmagen, Johannes 256
functionalist approaches, to benefits of joyfulness 106–107
Gaiges retrenchiés (Molinet) 215
Gailliart, Willem 305
Galbert of Bruges 91, 92
Gally, Michèle 88
García Aguilar, Ignacio x, xvii, 24
Garcilaso de la Vega 226
Gásser, Luis 227n20
Germaine of Foix 222, 223, 224, 226
German language
depreciation of 262
use 190, 193, 344, 347
Germania Illustrata (Celtis) 262
Germany 262
Gerytszoon, Symon 297, 298
Geta et Amphitrion (comedy, Deschamps) 209
Geta (Vitalis of Blois) 209
Geuzenliedboek 305, 306
Ghent, chamber of rhetoric in 127
gift-motifs 243
Gillis, Marcus Antonius 302
Ginés de Sepúlveda, Juan 140
Gingerick, Virginia 259, 261n50
Goebens, Goossen 303, 305, 306
Goliards 312
Goltzius, Hubert 293
Goodts Ordonancij (Jansz) 291
Gottsched, Johann Christoph 193, 197
De Goudsblom (chamber of rhetoric, Antwerp) 306
Grand et vrai art de pleine rhetorique (Fabri) 93, 95–96
’s-Gravenpolder, chamber of rhetoric in 167
Grieninger, Heinrich 130
Grijp, Louis Peter 50n61
Gringore, Pierre 57, 157, 163, 165, 263–273
Grosseteste, Robert 114
Grote Gilde van de Voetboog (Brussels) 231
Grünpeck, Joseph 260
guidebooks
on joyfulness/laughter 118–130
on mental health 108–109, 112–116
guilds 70, 76, 89
in Brussels 229–230, 234–235
emergence of 72, 73n17
Den Gulden ABC (Fruytiers) 304, 307
Haarlem
chambers of rhetoric in 167, 184, 285, 287, 288, 290
literary performances/events in 288–289, 290
Häger, Georg 137–138
Hamburg
chamber of rhetoric in 191
learned societies in 191–192
Hankins, Jeremy 179
Hargen, Splinter van 299
Harsdörffer, Georg Philipp 190, 192–193
health, mental 108–111, 112–116
Heidelberg, sodalitate in 254–255, 256
Heinsius, Daniel 190
Hendricksz, Aelbrecht 307
Henne, Alexandre 235n43
Henry II (king of France) 281
Heraclitus 291
Heroïdes (Ovid) 55
Herz, Andreas ix
Heures de Nostre Dame (Gringore) 265
Heyns, Peter 306
hierarchies, in urban associations 77
Historia del emperador Carlos V (Mexía) 140
Historia imperial y cesárea (Mexía) 140
historians, official (indiciaires) 214
historical research
on art academies 181–182
on authors’ careers 142, 145–146, 165–166, 309
women 340–341
on guilds 89
on literary culture 149–150
on performative literary culture 20, 21–22, 161–162, 178–179
institutions of 18, 20–21, 23
sources 6–8, 10, 12–14, 31–32, 162–163
historiography
of Italian academies 179, 181
by rhetoricians 148
Hollaar, Henk 310
Hollandsche Maatschappij 197
Holy Roman Empire 257–258
Hölzl, Blasius 257
honour
of cities 66
of participants in performative literary culture 17
Horace 113–114
Hüe, Denis 86
Hue Mars en Venus tsaemen bueleerden (Smeken) 241–242
Hugh of Orléans 210
Hugh of Saint-Victor 107
humanism
educational ideals of 314, 315
influence on performative literary culture of 250, 251, 253, 281, 287, 291
in Low Countries 189–190
theories of laughter of 112, 120–123
vernacular culture promoted by 319
humanists
books on jokes/humour 122
careers of 140–141, 159–160
conviviality/gatherings of 256, 257
as literary performers 159
networks o0f 159–160, 286–288, 292, 293–294
humour
medieval attitudes 105, 107–112
rhetorical use of 113–114, 122–123
theories on 123, 124
humanist 112, 120–123
as weapon 117, 123–124
comedy; laughter
ideals
of performative literary culture 23–24, 66, 80, 91–96, 100, 122–123, 171
of performative literary institutions 66, 80, 88–96, 100, 192
of urban corporations 66–67, 79–80
Iglau (Jihlava), Meistersingers in 138
Ignatius, Willem 195
illustrations
and text combinations 64, 270, 271
use of 49, 52–62, 244–245, 266n15, 269–270, 271–272
impresa 347–348
of Fruitbearing Society 348
of Virtous Society 349–352
of Von Schwarzberg-Rudolstadt 343
In the Name of the Rose (Eco) 105
Incarnationes (Van Aecken) 295–296
indiciaires (official historians) 214
individuality, literary 339
informal associations/groups 68–69, 76
Ingolstadt, university of 251
Innocence III (pope) 106
Inns of Court (London) 3
carnivalesque spirit in 16
civic ideology of 89n84
performative literary culture of 70
theatre productions by 82n49
training in rhetoric by 94n100
‘Institutions of Knowledge and Civility in Europe (1300–1700)’ (meeting, 2012, Ghent) xi
intellectual associations . see learned societies
intellectual banquets 118
intellectuals, susceptibility to depression 115–116
intermediality 7–8
interpellation of audiences 40
invitations, for competitions 89, 235
irony, use of 209
Isabella of Castile (queen of Spain) 232, 243
Isabelle of France (countess of Vertus) 203–204
Italy
academies in 2, 3, 6, 189
emergence of 100–101, 175–176
as alleged birthplace of modern culture and society 179
cultural influences of 227
Jan van Beverley (prose novel) 49
Janse, Antheun 231n17
Jansz, Floris 285n2
Jansz, Louris 158, 160, 165, 167, 285–292
Jardin de Plaisance 57
Jean de Liège 215
Jesuits 315
Jeu du Prince des Sotz et Mere Sotte (Gringore) 264, 267
Jeux Floraux of Toulouse 88n79
Joanna (queen of Castile) 231–233, 243
John III (João III, king of Portugal) 222, 226
John of Salisbury 95
jongleurs confraternities 68n7
in Arras 84n60, 85, 98n113
Jorge of Burgos 105
Joubert, Laurent 112, 126
Joy (Bliscap) of Mary (series of plays) 49
joyful culture 131, 139, 220
of learned societies 258, 262
performative literary 109–110, 115–118, 126–130, 131–139, 208–209, 211, 218, 220, 247
abandonment of 172, 198
joyfulness
benefits of 24, 105–107, 262
medical theories on 107–112
rhetorical and pedagogical theories on 112–117, 126–129
for sociability and civility 118–124
sources of 124–130
Jubal (biblical character) 232
judgment emphasis, in performative literary institutions 82–83
Judith et Holofernés (Molinet) 218, 220
Julius II (pope) 267
Junius, Hadrianus 286, 293
Junius, Henrick 293, 294
justa culture 2, 4, 70, 85, 131, 139, 167
in Seville 1–2, 4, 140
Kapelle, chamber of rhetoric in 128
Kay, Sarah 74n19, 84n60, 85, 86, 93, 96, 102n126
Kendrick, Laura xvii, 77n34, 88n79, 164
Kerricx, Willem 182n29, 195
Kies, Pieter Jansz 287
Klaj (Klajus), Johann 190, 193
knowledge
joyful 116–117, 125–126
theories of 119
Koninklijke Academie voor Nederlandse Taal en Letteren (Royal Academy for Dutch Language and Literature) xi
Konst wordt door arbeid verkreegen (konstgenootschap, Leiden) 187
konstgenootschappen (societies of the arts, Dutch Republic) 183, 186, 187–188, 197
De Koopman (Coornhert) 291
Lakeman, Marietje Jacobsdr 285
landjuweel contests 50–51, 53, 54, 89, 234–235
Lane, Pamela 86n68
Lang, Vincenz 260
Langendijk, Pieter 298
Lassus, Orlando 132
Latin learning, opposition against 178, 179, 199
Laude confraternities (Italy) 71
laughter 105, 106
humanist theories of 112, 120–123
comedy; humour
Laurie, I.S. 207, 209n12
Lavéant, Katell x, 77n34, 86, 94n100
law clerks associations, performative literary culture of 2, 5, 16, 70, 280
law courts, ushers at 274–275
Laws of Love . see Leys d’Amors
lawyers
associations of 70
training of 313–314
layout of printed performative texts 58, 62
Le Dru, Pierre 269
Le Mégissier, Martin 282
Le Noir, Michel 270
Le Tabourin, Monmain 282n27
leadership
of performative literary institutions 78n34, 133, 160, 281, 300, 301
of urban associations 77
learned societies 101–102, 104
founding of 252
members of
aristocrats 101, 197
women 196, 197
performative literary culture in 253
rejection of 193, 198, 199
playfulness in 190–191192–3, 254
sociability of 22, 184–185
academies
learning 17, 18–19
and craft 86n68
cultures of
European 189
Latin 178, 179, 199
and performative literary culture 18–19, 20, 22–23
vernacular 20–21, 178, 179, 189, 198, 206
Het Leenhof der Gilden (Van den Berghe (author)/Fruytiers (ed.)) 303
legacy, of authors 165–166
Leiden
chambers of rhetoric in 187, 300
humanists in 293–294
literary performances/events in 290n32
university 178, 179, 294, 314–315
De Lelie (chamber of rhetoric, Brussels) 158, 228, 230, 236
Lemaire de Belges, Jean 43, 157, 217, 263
Leto, Giulio Pomponio 179, 250, 252, 255
Leuven
imperial castle 318
university (Collegium Trilingue) 160, 315–317, 319
Het Leven der roomsche … keyseren int cort (Fruytiers) 306
Levet, Pierre 49
Leys d’Amors (Molinier) 109–110, 125, 126
liberal arts
performative literary culture as expression of 4, 17, 18–19, 181
training in/study of 17, 92, 168, 169, 182, 184, 203
vernacular cultures of 20–21
Libri Odarum Quattuor (Celtis) 251, 258
Libro de motes de damas y caballeros intitulado El juego de mandar (Milán) 224, 225
Libro de música de vihuela de mano intitulado El maestro (Milán) 224, 225–226
Lieblehr der Christlichen Schule (Ratke) 346
Lieft boven Al (chamber of rhetoric, Haarlem) 285, 286, 288–289
lieux de mémoire, of performative literary events 14
life
negative and positive sides of 106
performative literary culture as way of 15, 19
lifestyles, literary 143
Lipsius, Justus 190, 315, 317, 320
literary careers 141, 141–143, 145, 146–147, 161, 168, 326, 339
historical research on 142, 145–146, 165–166
non-professional 150–151
literary performers, careers of
literary culture
historical research on 149–150
late medieval/early modern ix, x, 2–4
performative literary culture
‘literary field’ concept (Bourdieu) 149–150, 151
literary performances/events 5, 6–7, 8, 9, 29, 31, 32–33, 79, 81–82, 98
at royal entries 70, 233
audiences of 98, 99n117, 312–313
corporate ideals reflected in 66, 90–96
decline of 161
joyfulness promoted by 110, 132–133
literary careers shaped through x, 9, 23, 24, 141, 143–144, 146, 147–149, 153–154, 161–165, 284, 288–289, 326–327, 329, 330–335, 339
locations/spaces of 13–14, 239
organization of 51, 83–84, 160, 218, 330, 334–335
reputation of 151
written accounts of 1–2, 50–51, 230–232, 264, 266, 276–277, 302, 328, 329n18, 332, 334
theatrical performances
literary performers 154, 169–170, 267–268
at aristocratic courts 156–157, 158, 159, 203–205, 211, 214, 222, 223–224, 226
careers of x, 9, 23, 24, 140–141, 153–154, 156–165, 169–170
Celtis 247–262
Deschamps 203–213
Fruytiers 293–311
Gringore 263–273
historical research on 142, 145–146, 165–166, 309, 340–341
Jansz 285–292
Lope de Vega 324–339
Milán 222–227
Molinet 214–221
Puteanus 315–323
role of performance in 141, 142–144, 143–144, 146, 147–149, 153–154, 161–165, 275–277
Sireulde 274–284
Smeken 228–246
Von Schwarzburg-Rodulstadt 341–354
humanist 159–160, 286–288, 292, 293–294
and printing/printing industry 267, 269, 283, 302
status of 17, 19, 148
as amateurs 15, 18, 84, 141, 150–151, 154–155, 223, 260–262
as literati 151–152, 169
women 144, 194–195, 341–354
literary societies . see performative literary institutions
literary spheres 150, 152
literary texts 149–150 performative literary texts
literati
participation in performative literary culture by 19, 154–155, 157–160
role of performance in careers of 140–141, 143, 147
status of literary performers as 151–152, 169
Le Livre des quatre dames (Chartier) 35
Livre du Coeur d’amour épris (René d’Anjou) 40
locations, for performative literary events 13–14, 239
Locher, Jacob (Philomosus) 130–131
Lof van den heijlighen Sacramente (De Roovere) 58, 64
Longtin, Mario 277n12
Lope de Vega 157–158, 227n19, 324–339
Lopspruch (Häger) 138
Louis XI (king of France) 216, 221
Louis XII (king of France) 43, 55, 216, 264, 273
Louis of Orléans 204, 209
love
brotherly
ideal of performative literary institutions 66, 80, 88–89
ideal of urban associations 79–80, 192
poetry 42, 87–88
themes in theatre plays 88–89
Low Countries
art academies in 181–183
chronicles of 308
humanist tradition in 189–190, 286–288
natural philosophy societies in 179
performative literary culture in 31, 35, 99–100 chambers of rhetoric, Dutch
performative literary institutions in 70, 74–75, 177–178
De Ludo globi (Cusanus) 119
Ludus Dianae (Celtis) 258–262
Luillier, Etienne 279, 280n22
Lyon, compagnie joyeuse in 134
lyrical culture, performative 5–6, 10, 31
Madius, Vincentius 112, 125
Madrid
performative literary culture of 328
poetic contests in 332–335
mandement genre (summons) 218
Mantovani, Thierry 79
manuals
of literary performances 51
of poetry 83, 93, 95–96, 108, 163–164, 168, 203, 206
of rhetoric 39, 93, 95–96, 129
of theatre play writing 337
of versification, French 39
of witty conversation 319
manuscripts
availability of 216
illumination of 44–45, 46
of performative literary texts 29, 31, 51, 63, 167, 211–212, 216–217, 243–244, 266, 272, 304–305
illustrations in 53, 55n74–77, 56–57, 60, 61, 266n15
March, Ausiàs 223
Marchand, Jean 266, 268n19
Mareel, Samuel xvii, 23, 231n13, 234
Margaret of Austria (queen of Spain) 227n19, 329
Margaret of York, royal entry into Douai by 232n22
marginal notes, in performative literary texts 50–51
‘t Mariacranske (chamber of rhetoric, Brussels) 158, 238
Mariken van Nieumeghen 49, 57
Mary I Tudor (queen of England and Ireland) 264, 266
masculinity, performative literary culture as cultivation of 19
Mathias I (Holy Roman emperor) 346
Maurice (Prince of Orange) 294
Maximilian I (Holy Roman emperor) 214, 231, 233, 238n59, 248, 256, 258
Mayer, Wolfgang 261
McClelland, John 274n1
medical theories, on benefits of joyfulness 107–112
Meistergesang (Spangenberg) 129
Meistersänger tradition/culture 11, 188–189, 190
Meistersingers/Meistersinger circles 3, 11, 71, 99, 131, 136, 259
competitions 83
Freisingen 136
joyfulness promoted by 129–130, 133, 136–138, 262
leadership of 78n34
poetry by 85
Singschulen 136, 137
theatrical activities by 188–189n43
theological focus of 87
Melanchthon, Philip 124, 314
melodies of songs, reconstruction of 50
Memorial (Ratke) 346
memory
impact of performative literary culture on 9–10
and verse 37
men of letters . see literati
Mencía de Mendoza (duke of Calabria) 222
Mensa philosophica 118
mental health
guidebooks on 108–109, 112–116
treatments 110–111
Mercader, Gaspar 227n19
metaphors, use of 86, 291
meter, use of 162
Meuris, Aert 308
Mexía, Pero 2, 140, 141, 152, 159
Middelburg
chamber of rhetoric in 167
natural philosophy societies in 197–198
Middle Ages
attitudes to joy and humour in 105–106, 107–112
corporate tradition in 65n1, 67, 72–74, 79, 101–103
and performative literary institutions 65, 72–80, 103
urban corporations/ associations
Le Mistere de Saint Quentin (Molinet) 218, 220
mnemonic rhyme 37, 220
Molinet, Jean 34, 39, 55n74, 156–157, 163, 164–165, 214–221
Molinier, Guilhem 109–110, 125, 126
monologues
comic 35–36
staging of 57
Montpellier Parchment (painting) 218
Moralité à six personnages 40, 41–42
morality plays 34, 51, 218, 241n69, 265, 271
allegorical 290, 291
Morel, Eustache 212
motes (commands and answers) interchanges 225, 227
Mother Folly illustrations/roles 267, 271–272
multimodality, in books 64
music
contests 132–133
healing powers of 108, 111
instruction 225
joyfulness created by 129–130
origins of verse in 38–39
reference in performative literary texts to 49–50
Spanish 223
mystery plays 85, 103, 218, 267–268
myths 98
Nagel, Bert 188–189n43
Nantes, performative literary institutions in 74
narrative, use in performative texts of 39–40
natural philosophy societies 176, 179, 186
in Dutch Republic 188, 197–198
nature, interests in 175
Natuurkundig Gezelschap (Middelburg) 198
Natuurkundig Gezelschap der Dames (Middelburg) 197–198
Le Naufrage de la Pucelle (Molinet) 219n22
Nederduytsche Academie de Byencorf (chamber of rhetoric, Amsterdam) 178, 179, 180
Den Nederduytschen Helicon (poetry collection) 308
neighbourhood associations 76
Netherlands . see Dutch Republic; Low Countries
Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (NIAS) x
networks
of academies 184–186
of antiquarians 293
of humanists 286–288, 292
of oral communication 8
of rhetoricians 307
of urban associations 77
vernacular 76
Nève, Félix 317
nicknames, of literary performers 276
Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle) 112–113, 114
Nil Volentibus Arduum (konstgenootschap, Amsterdam) 187
nobility . see aristocracy/aristocrats
Noble Académie des Loyales 196
non-professionals . see amateurs
Normandy, theatrical culture in 266
North-Western Europe . see Western/ North-Western Europe
Nuremberg
learned societies in 190, 192–193
school for poets in 130
Nutzbares, galantes und curiöses Frauenzimmer-Lexicon (Amaranthes) 344–345
objects, personifications of 41
O’Callaghan, Michelle 89n84
Occitan Consistories 71, 74
Ode IV.3 (Celtis) 251
odes 296
by Celtis 251, 254, 257, 258
to Fruytiers 302
praise poetry
Ogier, Barbara 182n29, 194
De Olijftak (chamber of rhetoric, Antwerp) 182, 195
Ong, Walter 9–10
Ons Liefs Heren Minnevaer (Jansz) 291
Opitz, Martin 193, 348–349
oral communication 8
oral residue 30n2
in performative literary culture 6, 9–10
oral societies, publicity in 8–9
Order of the Golden Fleece (Brussels), Smeken’s poem for 246
Orléans, university 209
Orlers, Jan Jansz 296, 308
Ortelius, Abraham 293, 306
Osuna, Inmaculada x, xviii, 24
Oudenbosch, chamber of rhetoric in 127
Oulmont, Charles 268n19
Our Lady of the Seven Sorrows (confraternity, Brussels) 236–238
Ovid 55
Paets, Jan 307
painters
culture of, and rhetoricians 182
training of 181
paintings as part of performances 218
Amiens Puys 152–153, 166
processions 238
royal entries 231–234, 287, 289
Palaestra Bonae Mentis (Leuven) 160, 321–322
palestras (contests of wits) 1, 321
Pantagrueline prognostication (Rabelais) 278, 279n17
Papen-Apen-spel (Fruytiers/Anon.) 308
paratextual elements in performative literary texts 23, 30, 43–52, 63–64
Paris
Basoche in 134–135, 280n21
joyful companies in 267
Puys in 207
Passe Temps (Taillevent) 43
La Passion en rime franchoise (Molinet et al.) 218
Pastores de Belén (Lope de Vega) 336–337
patronage
of intellectual associations 101
of literature 97, 154–155, 306
in Antiquity 145–146
by aristocrats 145–146, 263, 327
in Valencia 223
by women 144
pedagogic literature 212, 222
pedagogic theatrical performances 313–314, 315
pedagogical theories, on benefits of joyfulness 112–117, 126–127
peers
associations of 77
review by 82, 83, 93
supervision by 78
Pegnesische Blumenorden (Nuremberg) 190, 192–193
women in 196–197
El Peregrino en su patria (Lope de Vega) 336
performative literary culture ix–x, 4, 5–6, 21, 68, 151, 169, 171, 173
decline of 20, 174–175, 188
festive spirit of 5, 16, 94, 134–136, 139
carnivalesque 15–16, 133–136, 139
joyfulness 109–110, 115–116, 118, 126–130, 131–139, 247, 258, 262
playfulness 15, 17, 172, 190–191, 192–193
rejection of 176, 180
historical research on 20, 21–22, 161–162, 178–179
sources 6–8, 10, 12–14, 31–32, 162–163
humanist influences on 250, 251, 253, 287, 291
ideals of 23–24, 66, 80, 91–96, 100, 122–123, 171
memory impact of 9–10, 37
new forms of 24–25, 173–174, 183–185, 188–189, 193, 198–200
emergence of 172, 175–179
participants . see literary performers
printing press impact on 7–8, 22, 165, 174–175
roots of
in court culture 85, 155, 159, 190
in troubadours/trouvères culture 155–156
in schools and universities 314
urbanity of 22, 23–24, 85, 86–87, 155, 162, 173
vernacular character of 2–3, 74n19, 99, 173, 198–199, 206
as way of life 15, 19
Performative Literary Culture (PLC) network xi, 21
performative literary events . see literary performances/events
performative literary institutions 5–6, 9, 11–13, 18, 21–22, 23, 31, 67–72, 151, 162, 171
academies/learned societies 171–172, 173–174, 180–181, 184–186
emergence of 100–102, 175–180, 183–184
playfulness in 190–191, 192–193
specialization and professionalization of 186–194
ad-hoc groups/associations 68–69
aristocrats in 190, 196, 327
cities represented by 96–100
competitions between 82–83, 300–302
corporate tradition in 65, 72–80, 85–89, 103
creative production of 66, 81–89
decline of 171, 183–184, 194, 198, 296
emergence of 65–66, 74–75
frictions in 174, 178
historical research on 18, 20–21, 23
ideals of 66, 80, 90–96, 100, 192
of civility 23–24, 66, 80, 91–96, 100, 171
joyfulness promoted by 131–132, 139
leadership of
humanist 281
inversion principle applied to 133
office holders 160
religious 31, 70, 72
reputation of 150–151
royal protection granted to 238n59
rules of 78–79, 87
sociability of 5, 22, 106, 169, 172, 176–177
structure of 77–78, 92
survival of 16–17
training of speech skills/rhetoric in 91–96
wealth and status of 16, 17
women members of 194–198, 341–354
exclusion of 19, 77–78, 144
performative literary texts 11, 29, 31–33, 63–64, 143, 150, 162, 216
dialogues in 33–36, 209, 211, 225
digital copies of 309
illustrations in 49, 52–62, 244–245, 266n15, 269–270, 271–272
manuscripts of 29, 31, 51, 63, 167, 211–212, 216–217, 266, 272, 304–305
paratextual elements in 23, 30, 43–52, 63
performative features in 30, 63–64
preservation of 166–167
printing of 194–195, 260–261, 289–290, 328–329
accounts of literary events 1–2, 50–51, 167–168, 302, 332
impact of 7, 13, 296
involvement of literary performers in 215, 244, 267, 269, 283, 302–304, 305–308, 338–339
production of 66, 84–89
prose 37, 39–40, 172
as research source 6, 10, 12, 14, 31–32, 162–163
textual features of 33–43, 63–64
performativity 5, 23, 42, 63, 329
personifications 41, 43
Pertcheval, Jan 233–234, 236
Petrarch, Francesco 106, 115
Pétremol, Louis 282
Peutinger, Konrad 252, 257
Philip II (king of Spain and Portugal) 222, 287, 289, 324
Philip III (king of Spain) 227n19, 329, 333
Philip IV (king of Spain) 318
Philip of Cleves 215
Philip the Good (duke of Burgundy) 133, 214, 219, 233n29
Philip the Handsome (king of Castile) 178, 214, 215, 231, 233, 243
Philip of Orléans 204
Philippe de Croÿ 214, 215
Picot, Émile 268n20
Pietershof (Haarlem) 286, 287
Pigouchet, Philippe 269
Pindar 296
Plantin, Christophe 303, 305
Platonic Academy (Florence) 179, 253
playfulness
benefits of 107–108, 119–120
in learned societies 190–191, 192–193, 254
in performative literary culture 15, 17, 172, 190–191, 192–193
in university life 312
plays . see theatre plays
playwrights 156, 157, 218
women 195
Pléaide poets 176
Pleij, Herman 53, 86, 88n80, 107, 240, 245n84
Poemata (Douza) 293
Poemata (Rouxel) 166
poetry
comic 276, 278
contests 1–2, 85, 131, 152–153, 191, 274, 275–276, 281
career impact of 148, 152–153, 275, 276, 330–335
dating of 207–208
debate 34, 35, 219, 220–221
devotional/religious 42
dialogues in 209, 211, 225
didactic 212, 244–245
erotic 258
joyfulness created by 131
love 42, 87–88
manuals/rules for writing of 83, 92, 93, 95–96, 108, 163–164
mixed with prose 336–337
performative 87, 206, 208, 210–211, 213, 218, 219, 221, 233–234, 243–246, 254, 327, 328–329, 332, 334
praise 275–276, 330
and rhetoric 92–93
stanzaic 39
teaching of 210
poets
careers of
in Antiquity 145–146
impact of contests on 148, 152–153, 275, 276, 330–335
performers 81, 156–157, 207
schools for 130
women 194–195
poets laureate 250
polemical texts 42
Polo, Gaspar Gil 223
Pomponio Leto, confraternity of (Rome) 69, 99, 100, 179
Pontano, Giovanni 114–115, 118, 122
poor relief . see charitable work
popular culture 172n4
performative literary culture as part of 18, 172, 199
Portrait of a Young Man (painting, Petrus Christus) 58, 59
El Prado de Valencia (Mercader) 227n19
pragmatic elements in performative literary texts 40–42
praise poetry 275–276, 330
preservation, of performative literary texts 166–167
Prevenier, Walter 74n19
printing
of acrostics 44, 47
impact of invention of 7–8, 22, 165, 174–175
of performative literary texts 194–195, 260–261, 289–290, 328–329
accounts of literary events 1–2, 50–51, 167–168, 302, 332
illustrations 53, 57–60, 244–245, 269–270, 271–272
impact of 7, 13, 148, 296
involvement of literary performers in 215, 244, 267, 269, 283, 302–304, 305–308, 338–339
private collections of performative literary texts 13
prize questions 173–174
prizes at literary contests 234
processions 238, 239
of carnival . see carnival celebrations/ processions
professional entertainers 81n47, 84
professionalization of academies 186–194
prognostications joyeuses tradition 279n17
prognostications by Sireulde 278–279
propagandist texts 42
props, use of 41
prose 102, 168
mixed with poetry 336–337
for performative texts 37, 39–40, 172
prosimetrum texts 34–35, 40, 64, 219
proverbs, use of 42–43
Prudentius 262
Psalms 265, 266
pseudonyms, use of 332, 334
public events, presentation of associations at 78
public space, performative literary events in 29, 78–79
publicity, in oral societies 8–9
publishers, authors as 270–271, 272
publishing industry, in France 278
purity of Virgin Mary, praise poetry for 275–276
Puteanus, Erycius 159–160, 174n7, 190, 315–323
Puy of the Immaculate Conception (Rouen) 274, 275–276, 283
Puy of the Poor (Rouen) 281, 282
Puys 2, 18, 39, 71, 80, 206, 283
audiences of 98
city representation by 98–99
criticism on literary culture of 176
emergence of 74, 75
joyfulness promoted by 131, 132–133, 139
leadership of 77n34, 281
in London 71n11, 75, 99
statutes of 118, 126n78
northern 76n25
origins of 155, 156
participants 163–164, 166, 219
Deschamps 207
Molinet 218–219
Sireulde 274, 275–276, 281–282
performances by 79, 86
poetry produced by 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 93
themes of 160
turning into academies 174
La Quenouille spirituelle (Gringore) 265
Quintilian 117, 124, 130
Rabelais, François 131, 278, 279n17, 284
Ramakers, Bart xviii, 23
Ratke, Wolfgang 196, 345–347
Raynaud, Gaston 206n5
The Reach of the Republic of Letters (Van Dixhoorn and Speakman Sutch eds.) ix, xiii, 21, 71
reading 14
and acrostics use 44
silent 194
recognition, of guilds/associations by authorities 76, 97
reconstructionist approaches, to literary performances 33
Rederijkers . see rhetoricians, Dutch
Reformation, humour used in anti-Catholic texts in 123–124
refrains, use of
in music/songs 38–39
in poetry 275–276
by rhetoricians 132, 243, 304
refrein contests 301–302
Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum 108–109
Les Registres-matricules de la nation germanique de l’ancienne Université d’Orléans, 1602–1689 (De Ridder-Symoens and Ridderikhoff) xii
Reid, Dylan xviii, 23–24, 77n34
relaxation, importance to mental health of 112, 114–115
religion, and laughter/humour 123–124
religious associations/institutions
confraternities 72, 74, 75, 76, 236–238
involvement in performative literary culture 31, 70
religious poetry 42
religious tolerance, as literary theme 291
Renaissance, centrality of Italy in culture of 179
Renaud, Mahieu 212n20
René II (duke of Lorraine) 267n16
René d’Anjou 40
Renée de Bourbon (duchess of Lorraine) 265
reputation
of cities 99
of Milán 223
of Molinet 216, 217
of performative literary institutions and events 150–151
res publica 147
res publica literaria, role of performance in careers in 147–148
Ressource de la Chrestienté (De la Vigne) 40, 44–45
Reuchlin, Johannes 255
rhetoric
benefits of joyfulness from 112–117, 126–129
humour in 113–114, 122–123
and poetry 92–93
training in/teaching of 210, 321–322
by performative literary institutions 91–96, 168–169
at universities 312, 321–322
vernacular tradition of 2–3, 19, 39, 93, 133, 168
chambers of rhetoric
rhetorician culture 311
Dutch 188, 191–192, 309–310
rhetoricians
of cities 228–229, 230–231, 233–234, 236
Dutch 75, 99 see chambers of rhetoric, Dutch
humanist influences on 287, 291
peer review by 82
pleasure/joyfulness promoted by 116, 127–128
poetry by 39, 58, 85, 87, 243–244
social background of 158
tafelspel genre by 41
texts by
printing of 289–290
on urban life 87
women 144, 194–195
festivals 230
French 263
networks of 307
Rhétoriqueurs 43
rhyme 206n5
mnemonic 37, 220
use of 162
Richard of Poitiers 210
Ridderikhoff, Corrie xii
Rijnsburg
abbey in 299, 300–301
chamber of rhetoric in 300–301
rituals, of urban associations 78
Roccox, Niclaes 306
Roma Illustrata (Biondo) 262
Roman de la Rose 19, 215
Roman de la Rose moralisé (Molinet) 215, 217
Romanus, Aegidius 123
Rome, informal literary groups in 69
rondeau/rondeel song type 38
De Roode Angieren (chamber of rhetoric, Rijnsburg) 300–301
Rotterdam
literary contests in 289, 300, 301, 304
natural philosophy societies in 179
Rouen
Basoche in 280
carnival celebrations in 276–277
printing industry in 274, 284
Puys in 98, 99, 166, 274, 275–276, 281
Rousse, Michel 277n12
Rouxel, Jean 159, 166
royal births 234
Royal College (Paris) 315–316
royal courts, literary performers at 248, 264
royal entries 85, 86, 103
accounts of 230–232, 264, 266
performative literary events at 70, 233
staging/organizing of 82, 230–233, 266, 281, 289
tableaux vivants presented at 231–234, 287
royal protection, granting to performative literary institutions of 238n59
royal weddings 329–330
rubrics, use of 46–49, 209n12, 211
rules
of learned societies 190, 192, 255
for Meistergesang 138–139
for palaestra 321
of performative literary culture 15
of performative literary institutes 78–79, 87
academies 185
for contests/competition 83, 85
for poetry writing 83, 85, 89, 92
of urban corporations/associations 78
Runnalls, Graham A. 81–82n49, 99n117
rural associations 73
Sachs, Hans 137, 165, 189n43
The Safeguard of Society (Barston) 91, 96n108
St Augustine 311
St Cecilia, confraternities of 68n7, 71, 84n60, 132
St Isidore, literary performances in honour of 332–333, 339
St Luke, guilds of 181, 182, 232n21
St Michael (Archangel) 231
St Paul’s Letter to the Romans, versification of 307
St Peter’s Church (Leiden) 294
St Veronica 58
Salinator, Marcus Livius 145
Salmon, Gabriel 265n12
Sandoval y Rojas, Bernardo 330n21
Sannazaro, Jacopo 336
Sant’Agnese confraternity (Florence) 70
Santing, Catrien ix, xiii, xviii, 24
satire
anti-clerical 124
use of 279, 280n22, 284, 303
virtues of 117
Schäfferey Von der Nimfen Hercinie (Opitz) 348–349
Scheurleer, D.F. 303–304, 310
scholars, exchanges between 184
schools, performative literary culture in 314, 315
Een Schoon gedicht opten name Jesus (Smeken) 243–244
seconde rhétorique tradition (vernacular rhetoric) 2–3, 19, 39, 93, 133, 168
secretaries 325
Sedan, principality of 303
Seneca 315
sermons, joyful 218
Seven Sorrows plays/processions 236–237, 238–239
Seville, justas in 1–2, 4, 140
shooting associations 70
Sidney, Philip 193
Siecten der broosscer nature 52–53
Siena, trumpeter corps of 98n113
signatures, acrostic 269, 270
silent reading 194
Silva de varia lección (Mexía) 140
Silvius, Willem 54, 302, 304, 305, 306, 307
Singschulen (Meistersinger) 136, 137
sinnekens (negative) characters in plays 241–242
Sireulde, Jacques 157, 165, 274–284
Sittenlehr der Christlichen Schule (Ratke) 346–347
Sleiderink, Remco 231, 232, 233n26, 237, 238n57, 239, 241n66, 244
Smeken, Jan (Jan de Baertmakere) 158, 228–246, 292
sociability
benefits of joyfulness to 118–124
learned 176–177, 198
of academies/learned societies 22, 184–185
performative literary 5, 22, 172, 176–177
joyfulness of participating in 106, 169
social events, performative literary culture at 5, 6–7, 8, 9
social harmony ideals, of performative literary institutions 88–89, 95
Sodalitas Litteraria Danubiana 256, 257, 260
Sodalitas Rhenana 248, 257
sodalitates 252, 253–258, 262 academies
Sommelsdijk, chamber of rhetoric in 128
songbooks 49–50
songs 38–39
contests of 71n11, 192
performance of 310
reconstruction of melodies of 50
sources
for historical research, on performative literary culture 6–8, 10, 12–14, 31–32, 162–163
of joyfulness 124–130
Souterliedekens (Psalm Songs) 49–50
Sovereign Chamber (Burgundian Low Countries) 178
Spain
academies in 6, 131, 139, 227, 326–328, 339
justa culture in 2, 131
Spangenberg, Cyprianus 116n37, 129–130
speech 5
elevated 9, 17
training in skills of 91–96
witty 113, 115, 122, 123
Spel op hertoghe Karle, ons Keyser nu es (Smeken) 242–243
Het Spel vanden heilighen sacramente vander Nyeuwervaert (Smeken) 239–241
Spieghel der behoudenessen (Smeken) 244–245
Spieghel der werelt (Heyns) 306
Spies, Marijke xiii
spirituality, of Meistersingers 138
Sponheim, abbey of 251, 255
standards, of performative literary institutions 83
Stankiewicz, Florine 263, 265n12, 268n19–20
stanzaic poetry forms 39
status of literary performers 17, 19, 148, 151–152, 154–155, 223, 260–262
as amateurs 15, 18, 84, 141, 223
as literati 151–152, 169
Steenbrugge, Charlotte 241n69
Stephansdom (Vienna), Celtis’ grave in 248, 249
stoicism 291
Strietman, Elsa 79n39, 94
Studentes, comedia de vita studiorum (Stymmel) 314
Studio of Florence 179
Stymmel, Christoph 314
subsidies, municipal 97
Supposts du Seigneur de la Coquille (compagnie joyeuse, Lyon) 134
Sutch, Susie Speakman ix, xix, 65, 96n107
Sweertius, Franciscus 123
symbols
of urban associations 78
use of 98
Symes, Carol 86, 92n93, 93–94, 98n113
tableaux vivants
for processions 238
for royal entries 231–234, 287, 289
Tabulatur (rules for Meistergesang) 138–139
Tacuinum sanitatis 109
tafelspel genre 41
Taillevent, Michault 43
Tainguy, Raoul 211, 212n19
Talesius, Erasmus Quirinius 286
Tammen, Björn 232
Teniers, David (the Younger) 182
Terentius 314, 317
Testament Rhetoricael (De Dene) 45–46, 52
Testament (Villon) 36, 64
textile industry 285
texts
didactic 33–34, 42, 212, 244–245, 313–314, 315
literary 149–150 performative literary texts
reading of 14
transmission of 36
Thasaleiren Bloemken (chamber of rhetoric, Hamburg) 191
theatre contests 50–51, 53, 234
theatre plays 5, 6
comic . see comedies
and debates 34
farces 131, 264
of morality 34, 51, 218, 241n69, 265, 271
allegorical 290, 291
musical references in 49–50
mystery 85, 103, 218, 267–268
by performative literary institutions 81–82, 85–86, 288, 290, 291
of Seven Sorrows 236–237, 238–239
of Shrove Tuesday 259–260
themes in
love 88–89
urban life 86
as training tool for civic life 93–94
verse used in 37
theatres, emergence of 187
theatrical culture
in Normandy 266
in Paris 267
performative literary 5, 6, 10
carnivalesque spirit in 15–16
shifts in 186–188
spread of 18
at universities 312, 313–317
theatrical performances 2, 9, 82
authors as actors in 143, 238–239, 267–268, 272, 277
of classical dramas 314–315
didactic and pedagogical value of 313–314, 315
and text illustrations 49, 57
theatrum-mundi metaphor 291
Therence (Vérard) 57
Thiry, Claude 34
title pages 58–60
Toledo, poetic contests in 330–332
tolerance, religious 291
Tolhopf, Johannes 251
Toulouse, performative literary institutions in 97
Tournai, performative literary institutions in 69
trade, and spread of performative literary institutions 75
trading zones 86n68
Traité du ris (Joubert) 112, 126
travesty roles in theatre plays 262, 267
Treaty of Paris (1498) 234n35
Le Tresor immortel trouvé et tiré de l’Escripture saincte (Sireulde) 283
Les Triomphes de l’abbaye des Conards 276–277
Trithemius, Johannes 251, 255
Tritonius, Petrus 259
Le Trosne d’Honneur (Molinet) 219
Trou moet blycken (chamber of rhetoric, Haarlem) 290
troubadours/trouvères tradition, roots of performative literary culture in 155–156
trumpeter corps (Siena) 98n113
Tubalcain (biblical character) 232
Tucher, Sixtus 247, 253
Tugendliche Gesellschaft . see Virtuous Society
Ulsenius, Theodericus 257, 260, 261
Universidad Complutense de Madrid x–xi
universities 18, 73
performative literary culture of 159
debate contests 312–313
theatrical culture 312, 313–317
salaries of professors 329n16
teaching of rhetoric at 312, 321–322
urban corporations/associations 65–66, 72, 73–74, 76–77, 90–91
governmental control of 97–98, 101, 102
ideals of 66–67, 79–80
rules of 78
urban culture/life 84–85, 103
civility concept rooted in 90–91, 95
corporate 65, 72–75, 79, 101–103
of performative literary institutions 65, 72–80, 85–89, 100
theatrical nature of 93–94
urbanity 90n87
of performative literary culture 22, 23–24, 85, 86–87, 155, 162, 173
Ure vander doot (Van den Dale) 57
ushers 274–275
Valencia
academies in 2
kingdom of 222, 223
Valenciennes
literary performances/events in 164, 218
performative literary institutions in 157, 215
Valkema Blouw, Paul 303
Valla, Lorenzo 121
Valladolid
Spanish royal court at 333
university 329n16
Valls, Teresa Ferrer 223–224
values, urban 86
Van Aecken, Cornelis 293–295, 297, 300, 306
Van Berchem, Hendrick 306
Van Berendrecht, Jan Jansz 294
Van Bruaene, Anne-Laure 99, 230n11
Van Coulster, Abel 297
Van Coulster, Johanna 297, 300
Van Coulster family 298
Van Crenenborch, Mathys 307, 308, 395
Van den Berghe, Jan 302, 303, 305
Van den Dale, Jan 57, 158, 307
Van den Vondel, Joost 191n49
Van der Boetselaer, Elburch 299, 300
Van der Laen, Nicolaes 287
Van der Lith, Cornelis Rutghers 191n48
Van der Noot, Thomas 52, 55n74, 60–61n87, 244, 245, 246
Van Dixhoorn, Arjan ix, x, xix, 24–25, 65, 77–78n34, 79n39, 92n92, 96n107
Van Dompselaer, Johan/Jan 297, 300
Van Haecht, Godevaert 308
Van Heemskerck, Maarten 286, 287, 291
Van Hout, Jan 294
Van Linthout, Janne 235
Van Mathenesse, Johan 297n11
Van Meestal die om Paijs roepen (Jansz) 288
Van Merwen, Symon Fransz 294
Van Styevoort, Jan 243
Van Wyngaerden, Jacob 294
Van Zutphen, Hendrik 298n16
Van Zuylen van Nyevelt, Willem 50
Veere, chamber of rhetoric in 167, 183
La Vega del Parnaso (poetry collection) 335
Veltman, Lenny 293n1, 303n36, 309n57
Vérard, Antoine/Anthoine 53, 57, 215
Vergier d’Honneur (anthology) 57
vernacular culture 18–19
humanist promotion of 319
joyfulness promoted in 116
of learning 20–21, 178, 179, 189, 198, 206
literary 157, 212
institutions of 198–199
performative 2–3, 74n19, 99, 173, 198–199, 206
vernacular networks 76
Vernulaeus, Nicolaus 323
verse
formats used in literary competitions 85
use of 36–39, 71, 126
Vie Monseigneur sainct Loys, roy de France par personnaiges (Gringore) 267–268
Vienna
sodalitates in 252–253, 255–256
university 251, 255, 256
wine-festival in 259
Vies des femmes célèbres (Dufour) 56
Villon, François 36, 64
De Violieren (chamber of rhetoric, Antwerp) 181, 303, 306
vir facetus ideal (witty and civilized man) 122–123
Virgin Mary, praise poetry for 275–276
virtue
of performative literary institutions 16–17
Ratke’s ideas on 347, 353
virtuosity, performative literary promotion of 148, 151
Virtuous Society (Tugendliche Gesellschaft, Germany) 144, 185, 196–197, 341, 341–344, 353
book by Von Schwarzberg-Rudolstadt of 347–348, 349–353, 354
Visconti, Jean Galéas (count of Vertus) 203–204
Visconti, Valentine 209
visual culture, familiarity of literary performers with 271, 273
De Vita triplici (Ficino) 110–111, 115–116
Vitalis of Blois 209
Vitéz, Johannes 255, 256
Vives, Juan Luis 112, 126, 140, 222
Vlasman, Pieter 286, 287
Voir Dit (De Machaut) 57, 213
Von Anhalt, Anna Sophia . see Von Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Anna Sophia
Von Anhalt, Joachim Ernst 345
Von Anhalt-Bernburg, Anna 196
Von Anhalt-Köthen, Ludwig 189, 190, 341, 344, 345, 346, 347
Von Birken, Sigmund 193, 196–197
Von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, Sophia Elisabeth 196n58
Von Bünau, Heinrich 255
Von Dalberg, Johann 248, 254
Von der Musica (Spangenberg) 129
Von Gandersheim, Roswitha 253–254
Von Greiffenberg, Catharina Regina 340
Von Kuntsch, Susanna 340
Von Sachsen-Weimar, Johann Ernst (the Younger) 346
Von Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Anna Sophia 144, 196, 341–354
Von Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Carl Günther 345, 347
Von Teutleben, Caspar 345
Von Württemberg, Eleanora 345
Von Ziegler, Christiana Mariana 197
Vossius, G.J. 117n42
Vosterman, Willem 235n40
Vostre, Simon 269
Voyage de Naples (De la Vigne) 57
Wacker (Vigilius), Johannes 255
Waractighe legende van Jan de Witte/Ware legende van Ian de Witte (Fruytiers) 307, 308
Wauters, Alphonse 235n43
way of life, performative literary culture as 15, 19
Ways of Communication: Literary and Learned Societies in Early Modern Europe (meeting, 2008, Wolfenbüttel) ix, x
wealth, of performative literary institutions 16, 17
weddings, royal 329–330
Western/North-Western Europe
learning culture of 189
literary culture of 3–4
literary performances in 31, 98
Wierix, Johannes 293
Wij, Dirck Claesz 285–286
De Wijngaertrancken . see Lieft boven Al
William of Orange 289
Wimpheling, Jakob 255
wine-festival of Vienna 259
winners of contests 2, 132, 281, 301–302
Winston, Jessica 82n49
De Wissel (inn/wine house, Leiden) 293
Withington, Phil 65n1, 90–91, 94n100, 95, 96n108
wits
contests of 1, 321
gatherings of (England) 69n9
De Witte Ackoleijen (chamber of rhetoric, Leiden) 300
witty conversation/speech 113, 115, 122, 123, 172, 319
women
aristocrats 341
as role models 346–347, 353
education of 340
literary performers 144, 194–195, 341–354
members of learned societies 196–197
women-only 197–198
members of performative literary institutions 194–198, 341–354
exclusion of 19, 77–78, 144
women-only 196, 341–342
membership of associations, exclusion of 76
Dwonder dat in die stat van bruesel ghemaect was / Van claren ijse en snee die wel gheraect was (Smeken) 245–246
Worthen, W.B. 32
writers . see authors
Wynbeek, Abraham 187–188
Ypres, chamber of rhetoric in 127
Ysenbaert, Henrick 235
Zeeuwsch Genootschap 197, 198
Zesen, Philipp 190, 191–192
zinnespelen (allegorical morality plays) 290, 291
Zumthor, Paul 29
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Performative Literary Culture

Literary Associations and the World of Learning, 1200-1700

Series:  Brill's Studies in Intellectual History, Volume: 347

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