Index
academies (shuyuan 書院)
124, 181, 259, 277, 314, 355, 607
Ailan 愛蘭 (Wuniulan 烏牛欄)
611
ancestors
2, 39, 42, 103, 255n3, 430, 474, 512n68, 515n70, 577
ancestor tablets (zuxian paiwei 祖先牌位)
577
Anxin shantang 安心善堂 (Charitable Hall of Peaceful Mind)
551
aphorisms (ge yan 格言)
104, 275
apocalypse
11, 19n64, 27, 71, 77–78, 86, 103, 109, 150, 447, 449, 451, 459–60, 475, 487, 489, 492, 494–97, 504–5, 510, 513–14, 519, 521–22, 524, 545, 554. See also jie 劫, and kalpa
Apostle John
13
Aristotle (384–322 bc)
13
ascriptive communities
601, 615, 620
ash-table (huitan 灰壇)
49–50
automatic writing
7, 13, 216, 226, 235
bade 八德 (eight virtues)
126, 472
bagu wen 八股文 (eight-legged essays)
9, 187, 188
Baguajiao 八卦教 (the Eight Trigrams Sect)
453
Bai Yuchan 白玉蟾 (1134/1194–1229)
81, 113, 326–27
Baiyun Temple (Baiyun guan 白雲觀)
360n23, 582
ban/prohibitions on spirit-writing
21–22, 80, 83, 94, 113–21, 125, 181, 186, 240, 241, 280, 295, 344, 391, 404, 409, 436, 510, 515, 547, 552, 566. See also criticism of spirit-writing
Daming huidian 大明會典 (Collected statutes of the Great Ming)
186
Daming lü 大明律 (Code of the Great Ming)
114
Daqing lüli 大清律例 (Codes and cases of the Great Qing)
186
licentious shrines (yinci 淫祠)
94
Tongzhi tiaoge 通制條格 (Articles from the comprehensive regulations)
113
Baode tang 報德堂 (Hall for Rewarding Benevolence)
547
baogao 寶誥 (precious invocation)
329, 588–89, 617
baojuan 寶卷 (precious scrolls)
152, 158–59, 366, 405, 520
Baosong baohe ji 寶松抱鶴記 (The history of the Precious Pine and Crane Temple)
567
baoying 報應 (divine responses, retribution)
27, 41, 48–51, 61, 66, 68, 72, 220, 378–79, 378n114, 383, 388, 388n150, 410, 495, 539
baxian 八仙 (Eight Transcendents)
118, 124, 557
Beijing 北京
21, 117, 151, 210, 220, 264, 311, 315, 317, 318–19, 320, 335n48, 357, 359–60, 359n19, 360n23, 410, 411, 416n51, 459, 580, 582
Beiyang 北洋 period (1916–1927)
16, 22, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 385, 388
benevolence (ren 仁)
277, 370, 372, 383n129, 387, 390n154, 410, 428–30, 540
biji xiaoshuo 筆記小說 (brush notes and small talks)
172
biji 筆記 (brush notes)
40, 60, 91n5, 92, 172, 292–94, 304
bilu 筆籙 (brush register)
9, 43, 52, 174, 187–89, 587, 602
bilusheng 筆錄生 (copyist)
587–91
Bing she 冰社 (Ice Club)
318
Bixia gong 碧霞宮
620
Bixia yuanjun 碧霞元君
151, 162
British Society for Psychical Research
225–26
bu 卜
185, 298. See also divination
Buddha
39, 42, 74, 103, 110, 122, 217, 219, 227, 247, 307, 375, 377n104, 402, 414, 430, 433, 447, 449, 454, 462–63, 465–66, 488n5, 498, 544–45, 589, 607, 610. See also Dasheng fozu 大聖佛祖
Buddhism
19–20, 23, 24, 44–45, 69, 83, 92, 102, 103, 122, 126, 144, 145, 147, 197, 199, 218, 243, 255n3, 256, 263, 268, 313, 335, 336n51, 356n8, 359n20, 362, 366n53, 387n145, 402, 407, 408, 409, 414–15, 420n65, 429–31, 433, 454, 465, 470, 474, 494, 524, 538, 542, 546n61, 564, 567, 568–69, 572n33, 574, 577–79, 602, 603, 604
Buddhist clerics
19–20, 336n51, 453, 542, 615
Buddhist temples
95, 97, 536, 556
Buddhist values
19
Chan 禪
256n3, 280, 386n140
lay Buddhist
19, 124, 242, 548, 615
Pure Land
243, 245, 256n3
tantric
41, 44–45, 62, 239
Bushel Lantern Festival (Lidou qi’an fahui 禮斗祈安法會)
614–15
calligraphy
58, 233, 303–4, 621
canonization
14, 57, 272, 302, 367
Canzan tang 參贊堂
609–10, 612, 617, 623
Caodai/ Đạo Cao Đài 道高臺 (Way of the High Terrace)
476
celebratory rhymed couples
619
Changzhou 長洲
148, 264, 268, 269, 284, 361n28
chanting
9, 10, 17, 193, 197, 214, 239, 549, 567, 579, 588
scripture chanting
329, 508, 512–13, 522–23, 569, 602, 608, 616, 620
Chaoan 潮安
551
Chaozhou 潮州
12, 27, 180n31, 532–56
charitable hall. See shantang 善堂
charity
3, 9–10, 9–10, 17, 19, 23, 26, 27, 86, 171, 281, 347, 358, 360, 362, 383, 391, 393, 403–4, 406, 410–11, 413–15, 417, 419, 425, 427–33, 435–37, 489, 493, 515–16, 524, 533, 550, 532–56, 565–66, 565–66, 574n40, 585, 595, 600–3, 605, 607–8, 608–9, 612, 620–21
emergency relief (jizhen 急賑)
360, 615
food for the indigent
3
philanthropic society (shanshe 善社)
359, 532, 536–38, 543, 547, 549–51, 554, 556, 605. See also shantang 善堂, and shanhui 善會
relief work
356, 360, 403–4, 432, 540, 544
support for widows
3, 432, 436, 540
The Affiliated Institute for Poor Widows and Pregnant Women (Chipin lichan jiujisuo 赤贫嫠产救济所)
432
Chen Chien-hung 陳建宏
606, 614
Chen Danran 陳澹然 (1859–1930)
343
Chen Huanzhang 陳換章 (1880–1933)
355
Chen Jiangshan 陳江山 (1899–1976)
621
Chen Jinggu 陳靖姑
325
Chen Jitang 陳濟棠 (1890–1954)
391, 509
Chen Lanyun 陳蘭雲 (no dates)
147
Chen Weiming 陳微明 (1881–1958)
604
Chen Wenshu 陳文述 (1774–1845)
146, 147
Chen Yingning 陳攖寧 (1880–1969)
407
Chen Yongbin 陳用賓 (1550–1617)
104
Chen Zhong 陳伀 (fl. 1236)
62, 64, 70, 71, 74, 77, 78n97
Cheng Hao 程顥 (1032–1085)
320, 367
Cheng Minzheng 程敏 (1446–1499)
115
Cheng Yi 程頤 (1033–1107)
25, 257, 259, 261n20, 262, 270, 271, 284, 320, 367, 368n64
Chengdu 成都
11, 63, 162, 581–82
Chengjing she 誠敬社 (Society of Sincerity and Reverence)
547, 551
Cheng-Zhu Learning
257–60, 258n10, 262–63, 267–68, 271, 280–81
Chiang Chao-chan 江趙展
607, 615
Chiang Kai-shek 蔣介石 (1887–1975)
239, 240, 391, 392, 460
China Daoism Institute (Zhonghua Daojiao xueyuan 中華道教學院)
614
Ching Chung Koon 青松觀
567–69, 572–73, 575–77, 579
Chiu Yen-chou 邱廷州
607, 608, 613, 614
Chongyang 重陽 Festival
427
chopsticks
25, 92–93, 136, 138, 178–79
Chosŏn
13. See also Korea
Christianity
20, 256, 299–300, 355–56, 356n8, 362, 387n146, 402–3, 402n3, 407, 409, 412, 419, 451–52
Cihui tang 慈惠堂
463, 614
Ciji huitang 慈濟會堂 (Hall of the Benevolent Association)
537
City gods
71, 553, 619, 623
Clart, Philip
5, 8, 365n50
classical learning (jingxue 經學)
355, 358, 360, 364, 389, 393, 395
communal welfare
539–40, 555, 615
community activism
16–17, 28, 393, 535, 601, 620
Confucianism
26, 103, 126, 126n150, 199, 255–57, 260, 281, 344, 355–56, 355n4, 356n8, 358, 362–63, 367, 369–70, 371n79, 377, 380, 384–95, 387n146, 389n152, 402, 415, 424–25, 425n78, 509, 511, 523, 523n85
Confucian classics
23, 26, 126, 257–58, 266, 276, 298, 355–95, 462
Confucius
78, 258–59, 269–70, 274, 280, 282, 295, 301, 357–58, 363–67, 363n35, 369–71, 373–78, 375n99, 376n101, 376n103, 376n104, 380, 382, 385, 389n153, 391, 393–94, 402, 414, 452, 510, 514, 516–17, 623
popular Confucianism
281, 356, 356n12, 394
Rujiao 儒教 (Confucian religion)
282, 343, 355, 356, 510–11, 601, 605
Cong Liangbi 叢良弼 (1868–1945)
427, 427n86
Cong Wanying 叢婉英
427
Cong Zhaohuan 叢兆桓 (1931–)
416n51, 427
Congshan tang 從善堂 (Hall of Following Virtue)
494–95
criticism of spirit-writing
21, 45, 59, 72, 80–83, 113, 139, 210, 227, 238–39, 279, 294, 386, 391, 542–43. See also ban/prohibitions on spirit-writing
cultivating life (yangsheng 養生)
603
Cunxin shantang 存心善堂
545, 546–47
Dafeng zushi 大峰祖師
488–89, 536, 542–47, 544n53, 549, 550, 554–55, 557
Dahei tianshen 大黑天神 (Great God of the Black Heaven)
101
Dahu 大湖
610
Daiquan tang 代勸堂
607, 610, 621
danshui 丹水 (elixir water/cinnabar water)
544, 619
Dao
71, 82, 155, 364, 366–76, 378, 380, 382–84, 390, 412, 414, 428, 452, 454, 458, 465
Daode xueshe 道德學社 (Morality Society)
356n9, 357n14
Daode yuekan 道德月刊 (Morality monthly)
406
Daode zazhi 道德雜誌 (Morality magazine)
406, 433
daohao 道號 (ordination names)
568, 576. See also faming 法名 (initiation names)
Daohua tang 導化堂
618–19, 624
Daoism
2, 45, 65, 71, 81–82, 92, 101–2, 113–25, 145, 147, 197–99, 207, 255n3, 256, 313, 356n8, 361n30, 362, 373n87, 402, 415, 433, 533n3, 538, 542, 564–96, 614–15. See also Zhengyi School
daofa 道法 (Daoist ritual). See ritual
daoguan 道觀 (Daoist monastery/temple)
3, 10, 19, 24, 63, 95, 97, 125, 180n31, 208, 497n29, 514, 550, 564n1, 568, 574n40, 580, 582, 584–85
Daoist Offering Ceremonies (jianjiao fahui 建醮法會)
48, 608, 613
Daoist priests
2, 8, 18, 24–25, 45, 47–48, 51, 54, 60–61, 71, 79, 86, 98, 102, 272–73, 326, 542
daotan 道壇 (Daoist altar)
9, 533, 548, 553, 564–65, 564–81, 585–87, 591, 593, 595–96
daotang 道堂 (Daoist hall)
9, 533, 536–37, 543, 548, 553, 554, 564–65, 569n24
fu 符. See talisman
Daoist Canon (Daozang 道藏)
23, 41, 48, 50, 55, 62, 69, 79–80, 82, 82n109, 105, 139, 175, 180, 182, 360n23
Daozang jinghua 道藏精華 (Essence of the Daoist canon)
621
Daozang xubian 道藏續編 (Sequel to the Daoist canon)
148n45
Zhengtong Daozang 正統道藏 (Daoist canon of the Zhengtong reign)
111
Daomen dingzhi 道門定制 (Fixed institutions for Daoism)
80, 113. See also criticism of spirit-writing
daotong 道統 (genealogy of the way)
264, 271–72, 280, 357, 366–72, 366n53, 376–77, 393, 472
Daoxue 道學. See Neo-Confucianism
Daoyuan 道院 (School of the Way)
13n44, 26, 158, 243n82, 346, 357, 359, 361–62, 361n31, 376, 391, 393, 402–37, 445, 451, 455, 603. See also redemptive scieties
Daozang jiyao 道藏輯要 (Essentials of the Daoist canon)
3–4, 154, 195, 487, 621n80
Chongkan Daozang jiyao 重刊道藏輯要 (Reprint of the Essentials of the Daoist canon)
11
Dasheng fozu 大聖佛祖
550, 557. See also Buddha
Daxue 大學 (Great learning)
258, 358, 365, 367, 370–71, 370n73, 370n75, 376, 378, 383–87, 457, 463
Daxue zhengshi 大學證釋 (The Great Learning, verified and explicated)
365, 368–70, 374–75, 384–87, 389–90, 394, 394n168
deGlopper, Donald
600
Dejiao 德教 (Virtuous Teaching)
533. See also redemptive societies
demons
45, 67, 77–78, 81, 94, 105, 113, 144, 162, 192, 195, 240, 292–94, 339–40, 459, 474, 578
Deng Bingquan 鄧秉佺 (1924–1999)
329, 331, 332
Deng tianjun xuanling bamen baoying neizhi 鄧天君玄靈八門報應內旨 (Inner instructions on obtaining a divine response through the eight gates of the dark spirits, [revealed by] Heavenly Lord Deng)
51
Deng tianjun xuanling bamen baoying neizhi 鄧天君玄靈八門報應內旨 (Inner instructions on obtaining a divine response through the eight gates of the dark spirits, [revealed by] Heavenly Lord Deng)
72
Deng Zhenwen 鄧貞文 (born 1961)
329
dianchuanshi 點傳師 (Yiguandao initiator)
456–57, 466
Dianshizhai huabao 點石齋畫報 (Illustrated news of the lithographic studio)
140
diexian 碟仙 (Transcendent of the Plate)
25, 206–48
Ding Fubao 丁福保 (1874–1952)
19, 225
Ding Richang 丁日昌 (1823–1882)
539, 540
Dingyuan 定遠
11
Dipper Bushel Ceremonies (lidou fahui 禮斗法會)
608
disciples (dizi 弟子)
16, 46, 49, 57–59, 67–70, 73, 78, 81, 84–85, 121, 144, 195, 258–59, 261, 261n19, 265, 269–70, 274, 279–80, 319, 327, 339, 359, 366, 369, 402, 494, 501, 511, 515n70, 525, 546, 549–50, 552–53, 567–68, 571, 573–93, 601, 603, 608
divination
7n20, 9–10, 40, 42, 44, 47n8, 48, 53, 52–55, 59–60, 71–72, 79, 81, 82n108, 92, 96, 113, 116, 136, 140, 173–75, 177, 179–80, 182–89, 192–93, 198, 206, 226, 248, 258, 296, 301, 303, 304, 306–7, 313, 329, 331, 334–35, 339, 347, 404–5, 428, 455, 462, 467, 571, 590, 593n70, 607, 618–19. See also prediction
bazi 八字 (eight characters)
230, 296, 297
dissecting of characters (cezi 測字)
304
fortune telling
238, 247, 292, 571
jibu 箕卜 (sieve divination)
138, 189
mantic arts (shushu 術數)
26, 291–92, 294–95, 297, 302–8, 311
divining blocks (bubei 卜杯)
572, 576, 593–94, 613
Diyu youji 地獄遊記 (A journey to earth prison)
605
dizi 弟子. See disciples
Dong Suhuang 董素皇
97–98
Dong zhenjun jiangbi shilu 董真君降筆實錄 (Authentic records of the Transcendent Master Dong descending into the brush)
98, 98n32. See also Jiangbi shilu 降筆實錄, and Xuandi shilu 玄帝實錄
Donggang 東港
621
Donglin Academy
265. See also academies
Dongling xiaozhi 洞靈小志 (Anecdotes of observing anomalies)
313
Dōtoku kaikan 道徳会館 (Morality Association)
466, 475–77
Doumu 斗母
3, 147, 159, 261, 261n20, 272n47, 282
Doutang 斗堂 (Dipper Shrine)
325–26, 328
dreams
47n8, 47–50, 55, 58, 63–64, 66, 69, 93, 124, 146, 155, 177, 236, 292, 544, 583, 607
du mojie 度末劫 (to escape the coming apocalypse)
71
Du Qiaolin 杜喬林 (1571–1638)
261n20, 262, 270
Duan Qirui 段祺瑞 (1865–1936)
360, 377, 383n131, 384–86, 387, 387n143, 387n145, 388n150, 390n153
Duan Zhengyuan 段正元 (1864–1940)
357
Duara, Prasenjit
5n14, 356, 402, 408, 409, 414, 425, 426, 428, 444, 516n72
Duke of Zhou 周公
369
Dushu Pei xianren 督署裴真人 (Immortal Pei the Governor)
336
Earth gods
71, 219
education
3, 26, 73, 134, 209, 234, 324, 346, 387n146, 390, 404, 413, 420–21, 432, 540, 540n33, 587, 607, 609, 620
emperors
15, 24, 43, 54, 83, 314, 474
Ming Chengzu 成祖, Emperor Zhu Di 朱棣
112, 343
Ming Emperor Chongzhen 崇禎
145, 305
Ming Emperor Jianwen 建文, Zhu Yunwen 朱允炆
343
Ming Shizong 世宗, Emperor Jiajing 嘉靖
14, 105n61, 117–21, 126, 270, 320n19
Ming Taizu 太祖, Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang 朱元璋
21n71, 76, 104, 105n60, 114
Ming Xianzong 憲宗, Emperor Chenghua 成化
116–18, 126
Ming Xiaozong 孝宗, Emperor Hongzhi 弘治
115
Qing Emperor Puyi 溥儀
318, 335n48
Qing Gaozong 高宗, Emperor Qianlong 乾隆
273, 280, 292, 492
Qing Renzong 仁宗, Emperor Jiaqing 嘉慶
134, 161, 302n20, 535
Qing Shengzu 聖祖, Emperor Kangxi 康熙
119, 258–59, 263, 302, 452, 539n27
Qing Shizong 世宗, Emperor Yongzheng 雍正
295–96, 539n27
Qing Shizu 世祖, Emperor Shunzhi 順治
258, 452
Song Duzong 度宗
110
Song Guangzong 光宗
95
Song Huizong 徽宗
94
Song Lizong 理宗
105–6
Song Renzong 仁宗
93
Song Shenzong 神宗
93
Tang Taizong 太宗, Emperor Li Shimin 李世民
452
Yuan Mingzong 明宗
270
Yuan Shizu 世祖, Emperor Kublai
102n46
end of the world
3, 150, 475
Erxiang she 二香社 (Double Incense Club)
327
eschatology
3, 11, 13–14, 27, 43, 68, 76–77, 84–86, 143, 150, 153, 195, 302, 312, 359, 384, 393, 446, 463, 487–95, 501, 504–8, 510–11, 513–14, 521–25, 533, 535, 539, 556. See also apocalypse
examinations
2, 9, 11, 43, 59–60, 108, 115, 138–41, 149–50, 178, 187–90, 209, 227, 230, 256, 258, 260, 261–64, 268, 281, 291, 302, 308, 313–14, 337, 355–56, 367, 393, 474, 498n32, 509, 540n30
exorcism
24, 41, 45, 47, 50, 52, 59, 62–64, 66, 70–73, 78–79, 84, 160, 198n75, 256, 302, 325, 339, 524, 593. See also fashi 法師
faming 法名 (initiation names)
326, 327, 333, 339, 359, 360, 364. See also daohao 道號
fandong huidaomen 反動會道門 (reactionary sects and secret societies)
23, 457, 515, 552
fangshi 方士 (master of techniques)
60, 119
fangzhi 方志. See local gazetteers
fashi 法師
24, 41, 44–46, 48, 50, 56–57, 70–72, 84–85, 85n115, 134, 160. See also ritual, and exorcism
fashu 法術 (ritual techniques)
40–41, 44–45, 49–51, 55, 60–61, 80, 86, 256, 339, 613
fazhi 法職 (ordination grade)
326
Fei Ngan Tung Daoism and Buddhism Society 飛雁洞佛道社
564–96
Feifeng shan 飛鳳山
607
feiluan xuanhua 飛鸞宣化 (transformation through the flying phoenix)
111, 454, 468
female alchemy
158, 159–62, 188, 406. See also inner alchemy
female disciples
576–77, 579, 608
female immortals
53, 93, 140, 144–46, 148–49, 155–56, 158–62, 196–97, 406
Fengshan 鳳山
607, 608, 613, 614
fenxiang 分香 (division of incense)
97, 97n31, 512n68, 609–10, 609n43
Feuchtwang, Stephan
600, 601
five teachings (wujiao 五教)
256, 402, 414–15, 433
flying phoenix. See spirit-writing
fotang (Buddhist hall)
457, 462, 536, 543
Four Books (sishu 四書)
257, 258, 276, 367, 370, 386, 457
Fu she 復社 (Revival Society)
197
Fu Yuantian 傅圓天 (1925–1997)
582, 582n56
fuji daotan 扶乩道壇. See spirit-writing
Fuji mixin di yanjiu 扶乩迷信底研究 (An investigation of the superstition of spirit-writing)
22, 173, 176
fuji tuanti 扶乩團體 (spirit-writing groups). See spirit-writing
Fujian 福建
79, 97, 122, 143, 210n9, 262, 263, 320, 322n26, 336, 522n83, 534n11, 620
Fuma Susumu 夫馬進
535
Fung Ying Seen Koon 蓬瀛仙館
566–69, 574n40, 577, 596
Furen shantang 輔仁善堂 (Charitable Hall for Supporting Benevolence)
540, 541, 542
futi 附體/ fushen 附身. See spirit-possession
Fuxi 伏羲
369
Fuyou Dijun 孚佑帝君
359, 365n49, 497, 503, 554, 572n31. See also Lü Dongbin 呂洞賓/ Lüzu 呂祖
Fuzhou 福州
9, 26, 79, 112, 43–45, 361n28
Gao Chuiwan 高吹萬 (1879–1958)
241, 242, 243, 247, 604
Gao Panlong 高攀龍 (1562–1626)
259, 280
Gaoshang dadong Wenchang silu ziyang baolu 高上大洞文昌司祿紫陽寶籙 (Precious purple yang register of the Wenchang Office for Official Careers, of the Most High Great Cavern)
65, 70, 111
gender
14, 17, 25–26, 133–62, 179, 404–10, 414, 417–27, 437, 457, 489–90, 514, 525, 551, 600, 608, 617–18
concubines
117, 135, 143, 147, 150, 176, 188, 404, 412, 423, 425–27
Gengsi bian 庚巳編 (A compilation from the year gengsi)
115, 123
ghost
53, 103, 178, 189–90, 194, 196–97, 207, 214, 226–28, 236–37, 241, 244–45, 247, 275–76, 292–94, 296, 298–302, 306, 308, 537, 546, 549, 578n47
Goddess of the Privy. See Zigu 紫姑
god-welcoming team (yingsheng zu 迎聖組)
588
Gonghuang miao 宮皇廟 (Temple of the Jade Princess)
497–98, 497n30, 516, 518–21
Gonghuang sanshiliu shou jishi 宮皇三十六首乩詩 (Thirty-six spirit-written poems by the Jade Princess)
519
gongsang 降生 (spirit medium)
513
gongzhu 宮主 (court lady)
503, 518n77, 520–21
Goossaert, Vincent
1n1, 2, 2n4, 5, 14, 17, 18, 24, 133, 134, 139, 150, 160, 161, 174, 174n16, 175, 190, 199, 255, 283, 299, 327, 376n101, 409, 523, 601
great unity (datong 大同)
362, 391
Gu meihua guan 古梅花觀 (Venerable Plum Flower Temple)
603
Gu Xiancheng 顧憲誠 (1550–1612)
259
Guandi 關帝 (Lord Guan)
3, 5, 11, 13–14, 121–22, 126, 134, 141, 153, 161, 256n5, 447, 462, 487, 492–93, 496, 498, 500n34, 501n38, 504–6, 508–17, 513n69, 519, 522–23, 535, 551, 572n31, 606–7, 611, 623
Guangdong 廣東
3, 6, 12, 16, 27, 95, 212, 237, 391, 454, 476, 487–525, 532–56, 565–67, 567, 578n46, 579n49, 584, 585, 593n70
Guangshan tan 廣善壇 (Altar for Spreading Goodness)
359
Guansheng dijun jiujie zhenjing 關聖帝君救劫真經 (True scripture of Lord Guan to save humanity from the apocalypse)
513
Guansheng dijun mingsheng jing 關聖帝君明聖經 (The scripture of the Imperial Lord Guan on illuminating saintliness)
493, 498–501, 508, 510, 513, 522
Guanyin miaodao lianhua jing 觀音妙道蓮華經 (Guanyin’s Lotus Sutra of the marvelous Dao)
606
Guanyin 觀音
19, 151–52, 161–62, 415n50, 487, 507, 512, 514, 519, 554, 558, 606, 624
Guigendao 歸根道 (The Way of Returning to the Origin)
447, 516. See also redemptive societies
Guigong 桂宮 (The Osmanthus Palace)
325
Guizhou 貴州
11, 65, 159, 490, 492n13
Guo Baicang 郭柏蒼 (1815–1890)
314
Guo Baiyin 郭柏蔭 (1807–1884)
314
Guo Fuzhong 郭輔衷 (1872–)
315
Guo Jiesan 郭階三 (1778–1856)
314
Guo Zebi 郭則泌 (1880–?)
317
Guo Zengxin 郭曾炘 (1855–1928)
311, 313, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 327, 332, 334n48, 337, 347
Guo Zeshou 郭則壽 (1883–1943)
311, 317, 334, 340, 341
Guo Zesu 郭則涑 (1886–?)
317
Guo Zeyun 郭則澐 (1882–1947)
313, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 334n48, 335, 337, 346
guocui 國粹. See national essence
Guomindang 國民黨
22, 239, 242, 391, 543. See also Nationalist Party
Gyokkōzan Mirokutera 玉皇山弥勒寺
467, 469, 473–74
Haimen 海門
231, 488, 549
Hakka
28, 150, 467, 577n46, 605, 607, 609–12, 617
Hakka cult of the Heroes (Yiminye 義民爺)
610
Hakka ritual associations (changhui 嘗會)
610
Han Yu 韓愈 (768–824)
261n20, 366n53, 369
Han Zhongli 漢鍾離
557
Hangzhou 杭州
56, 61, 83, 147, 148, 178, 238, 239
Hanlin Academy (Hanlin yuan 翰林院)
181, 314
Hanxue 漢學 (Han Learning)
368
Hanyi kexue dagang 漢譯科學大綱 (Chinese translation of The Outline of Science)
225
He Hongren 何弘仁 (no dates)
322, 322n25
He Longxiang 賀龍驤 (ca. 1900)
162
He Qizhong 何啟忠 (1916–1968)
567, 568, 568n19
He Xiangu xunnei wen 何仙姑訓內文 (He Xiangu instructs the inner chambers)
157
He Xiangu 何仙姑
154–55, 154–55, 157, 159
He Ziyun 何紫雲
148
healing
1, 9–10, 50, 61, 66, 71, 71n79, 79, 134, 458, 489, 516n72, 521, 573, 586, 592–95, 607, 611, 615, 617–20. See also medicine
Heavenly Master Daoism. See Tianshidao 天師道
Heavenly Master Zhang (Zhang Tianshi 張天師)
56, 81, 113, 118, 583–85, 589–90, 614, 621
Hebei 河北
291, 402, 459
Helong 鶴隴
551
Henan 河南
182, 259, 359, 497n28
Hengji gong 恒吉宮
613–14
heterodoxy
21, 82, 118, 277, 296, 341, 346, 366, 394, 516
Hong Kong
3, 6, 12, 20, 27, 171, 172, 179, 180, 193, 213, 214, 293n4, 311n2, 312n5, 323, 324, 324n29, 325, 326, 332, 333, 335, 335n49, 348, 407, 454, 455, 456, 494–96, 495n24, 503, 507, 520n80, 532, 533, 536n21, 537n23, 564–96
Hongjiao zhenjun 宏教真君 (Perfected Ruler Hongjiao)
329
Hongwanzi hui 紅卍字會 (Red Swastika Society)
23n84, 402–3, 410, 414, 417, 427n86, 431–33. See also redemptive societies
Hongyi 弘一 (1880–1942)
336n51
Hou Baoyuan 侯寶垣 (1914–1999)
568, 575, 579n49
Hsieh Tsung-hui 謝聰輝
52, 60, 64, 65, 108, 109, 139, 173, 181–82, 208
Hsinchu 新竹
607, 610
Hu Binxia 胡彬夏 (1888–1931)
424, 424n75
Hu She 護社 (The Protection Society)
334
Hu Shi 胡適 (1891–1962)
240, 423n74
Huaishan tang 懷善堂
609, 613, 623
Huang Daozhou 黃道周 (1585–1646)
197, 198, 261n20, 262–63, 268, 270, 273–80, 285, 344
Huang Maosheng 黃茂盛 (1901–1978)
621
Huanglian shengmu 黃蓮聖母
150
Huashan she 化善社 (Society of Transformation and Goodness)
549
huashu 化書 (Book of transformations)
70, 78, 180. See also Wenchang huashu 文昌化書, and Zitong dijun huashu 梓潼帝君化書
Huaxia zheyi chanwei she 華夏哲義闡微社 (Chinese Society for Occult Philosophy)
212
Hubei 湖北
10, 24, 85, 182, 211n19, 314, 337, 449, 512
huiguan 會館 (guildhalls)
3, 502, 504n47, 541
human nature (xing 性)
367, 371, 370–75, 383–84, 418
Hunan 湖南
153, 182, 212, 245, 314, 337, 492, 512
Huoluo lingguan 豁落靈官
554
hypnosis (cuimianshu 催眠術)
225–27. See also mesmerism (chuanqishu 傳氣術)
Immortal He Yeyun 何野雲
536, 554, 557–58
Immortal Master Pei (Pei Xianshi 裴仙師)
328, 336–37
Immortal White Cloud (Baiyun xiangu 白雲仙姑)
545
incantations
43–44, 49, 60n48, 63, 95–96, 95n21, 123, 174, 207, 209, 212, 216–17, 219, 238, 245, 296, 594. See also ritual
initiation
41, 46, 61, 68, 458, 520, 608, 616
inner alchemy (neidan 内丹)
11, 15n50, 17n56, 67, 75, 76, 135, 141, 149, 153–54, 153–62, 188, 263, 405–6, 435, 497n27, 523n85, 548n67, 603
Inoue Enryō 井上圓了 (1858–1919)
216
Islam
20, 256, 356n8, 362, 433
Jade Emperor (Yudi 玉帝)
48, 52, 59, 65, 71, 77, 85, 102, 105, 152, 197, 262, 269, 487, 489, 492, 495–96, 503–6, 510–12, 517–19, 522, 524, 545, 606
Japan
210n9, 225, 238, 239, 240, 245, 266, 314, 323, 360, 364, 391, 403, 405, 409, 423, 425, 444–45, 449n25, 452, 459, 466–77, 476n150, 542n45, 604, 613, 620
Jesus
13, 363n35, 375n99, 376, 377n104, 402, 414, 451, 452, 461
Ji Rongshu 紀容舒 (1685–1764)
291
Ji Yun 紀昀 (1724–1805, Ji Xiaolan 紀曉嵐)
14n47, 15, 25, 194, 199, 291–308
Jiang Chaozong 江朝宗 (1861–1943)
360, 361n31, 364, 365, 379, 383, 388n150, 392
Jiang Zonglu 蔣宗魯 (1521–1588)
104
jiangbi 降筆 (causing gods to descend into a brush)
8, 50–52, 56, 58, 61, 64, 66, 69, 70–71, 72, 73, 76, 92, 97–105, 107, 114, 181n37
Jiangbi shilu 降筆實錄 (Authentic records [obtained through the practice of] descending into the brush)
64, 98, 98n32. See also Xuandi shilu 玄帝實錄, and Dong zhenjun jiangbi shilu 董真君降筆實錄
jiangji 降乩 (descending into the stylus)
5, 122–25, 126, 378, 542
jiangluan 降鸞 (descent of the phoenix)
172
Jiangnan 江南
11, 19n65, 76, 85, 101, 135, 141, 148, 149, 150, 196, 307, 603, 620
Jiangxi 江西
54, 60, 66, 85, 117, 121n127, 491n11, 578n46
Jiangxi lu 講習錄 (Record of discussion and study)
258, 274, 278, 280, 282
jiangxue 講學 (learning-through-discussion)
271n46, 273, 278
Jianjiang River 鑒江
490, 503, 522
jiao 醮 (offerings)
55, 59, 113, 113n96, 238, 511, 549, 613. See also offerings
jibi 乩筆 (stylus-brush)
447–48, 586, 617. See also luanbi 鸞筆
jibi 箕筆 (sieve-brush)
51, 54–55, 79, 210
jie 劫
27, 71, 78, 102–3, 105, 127, 150, 321, 325, 487, 495–97, 504–6, 510, 513, 521, 533, 545, 549, 553. See also apocalypse, and kalpa
Jieyang 揭陽
534, 534n10, 539, 553
Jieyang shantang 揭陽善堂
539–40
jifang 乩方 (spirit-written prescription)
93, 329, 334n48, 521, 593, 594. See also medicine
Jigong 濟公
19, 415n50, 433, 450, 456, 460, 462, 590–91, 593–94, 602–3
Ji’nan 濟南
12, 361n28, 393, 402, 410, 411, 412, 416, 427, 430, 431, 432
Jin Shengtan 金聖嘆 (1608–1661)
144, 145
Jingming zhongxiao fa 淨明忠孝法 (Pure and bright, loyal and filial liturgy)
66, 67–69, 73, 86, 318
Jingshen lu 精神錄 (Records of the essence and spirit)
621
jingsheng 經生 (scripture-reciter)
508, 569n25, 575, 579, 579n49, 587–89
jingtang 經堂 (scripture hall)
506, 508–13, 522–23
Jingxiu jingtang 敬修經堂
508–12
jingxue 經學. See classical learning
jingzuo 靜坐. See meditation
Jinsi lu 近思錄 (Reflections on things at hand)
265
jiujie jing 救劫經 (scriptures to save humanity from the apocalypse)
27, 487, 488, 488n5, 491–97, 493n17, 504n47, 505, 505n49, 507, 513, 521, 522–23, 545
Jiuqionglin 九芎林
607
Jiushi xinjiao 救世新教 (New Religion to Save the World)
26, 256, 357, 365, 463. See also New Religion to Save the World
Jiushisi huashu 九十四化書 (The book of 94 transformations)
106
jixian 箕/乩仙 (transcendents of the stylus)
97, 121, 124, 319
Jo Kinsen 徐錦泉 (Ch. Xu Jinquan
1921–2018), 466–67, 468, 472–73, 473
Jordan, David K.
28n86, 601, 616n65
Jueshan tang 覺善堂 (Hall for Awakening Goodness)
548, 548n72
kaifa 開筏 (sailing the raft)
9, 325, 332
Kaifeng 開封
21n71, 83, 93, 94, 125, 126
kaisha 開沙 (opening the sand)
9, 415
Kālacakra Dharma Society (Shilun jingang fahui 時輪金剛法會)
238–39
kalpa
77, 102–3, 105, 127, 150, 267, 325, 366, 533, 549. See also apocalypse, and jie 劫
Kamlan Koon 金蘭觀
180
Kang Youwei 康有為 (1858–1927)
282, 355, 367, 370n75, 376, 387n146
Kaohsiung
449n25, 463, 464, 607
kaozheng xue 考證學 (evidential learning)
281
Karl Marx
13
kexue lingji 科學靈乩 (Scientific Numinous Stylus)
25, 210–11, 212–14, 214–22, 231, 236, 233–41, 244, 247–48
King Wen 文王
368
King Wu 武王
368
kokkurisan (狐狗貍さん or コックリさん)
216, 468
Kongjiao hui 孔教會 (Confucian Religion Association)
355. See also Confucianism
Korea
13, 43, 477. See also Chosŏn
Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong 鄭成功
1624–1662), 322, 322n26, 323
Kuai yuan 獪園 (Garden of mischief)
121, 124
Kuang Fu 匡阜
326–27
Kunning miaojing 坤寧妙經 (Wondrous scripture on Kun’s peace)
157, 159, 188
Kwun Tong 觀塘
572, 572n33, 586–87
Lady Xian 洗夫人
490, 509, 518n77, 520
Lai Chi-tim 黎志添
4n8, 18, 142
Lan Daoxing 藍道行 (no dates)
117, 118–21
Lanji Bookstore 蘭記書局
621
Laozi 老子
262, 363n35, 371, 377n104, 402, 414, 452, 510, 583n60, 614
Laozi 老子
371n79
Laozu 老祖 (Venerable Patriarch)
243n82, 362n31, 414–15, 428, 430, 433, 557
latrine
135–36, 173, 176–77, 405. See also Zigu 紫姑
law
22, 20–24, 42, 45, 94, 103, 104, 114, 113–14, 116, 120, 126, 184, 186, 209, 211n19, 280, 296, 324, 331, 344, 391, 423n74, 426, 543, 547, 574n40, 575, 580. See also ban/prohibitions on spirit-writing
lay communities
2–4, 10, 18, 134–35, 197
Le’an Dashi 泐庵大師
144–46
Lei Shizhong 雷時中 (Mo’an 默庵
1221–1295), 57–58
leifa 雷法. See ritual
Leshan she 樂善社 (Society for Enjoying Good Deeds)
547, 557
Li Bai 李白 (701–762)
101n44, 197, 261n20, 553, 554, 557, 558
Li Shibin 李士彬 (1835–1913)
540
Li Tieguai 李鐵拐
554, 557
Li Yuhong 李玉鋐 (1661–?)
187, 197
Li Zisheng 李孜省 (?-1487)
117, 118, 126
Lian’an shantang 練安善堂
549
Liang Qichao 梁啟超 (1873–1929)
433
Liang Shuming 梁漱溟 (1893–1988)
390n154
Lianhua shanmai 蓮花山脈 (Lotus Mountains)
534
Liantaisheng 蓮台聖 (Lotus Sage)
413, 415–16, 418, 420, 425, 427–31, 434–35
Liao Shenxiu 廖慎修 (fl. 1884–1894)
548
Liaozhai zhiyi 聊齋誌異 (Strange tales from the Liaozhai studio)
292
Libu youshilang 禮部右侍郎 (Ministry of Rites)
314
Lidou 禮斗 (Worshipping Dipper)
326
Liji 禮記 (Book of rites)
258, 386n140
Lin Chunxiu 林淳修 (no dates)
159
Ling hui 靈薈 (Numinous collection)
124
ling 靈 (efficacy)
5, 26, 46, 60, 75, 94, 100, 162, 194, 210n12, 219, 224–25, 228, 234, 236, 244, 303, 304, 334, 339, 374, 406, 574–75, 578n46, 586, 592–93. See also numinous
Lingdong ribao 嶺東日報 (Lingdong daily news)
542–43, 543n50, 552
Lingxue hui 靈學會 (Spiritualist Society)
7n22, 21n67, 210, 212n21, 225–27, 248, 347, 459. See also redemptive societies, and spiritualism
Lingxue yaozhi 靈學要誌 (Spiritualist magazine)
225, 227, 378n114
Lingying Dadi huashu shishi 靈應大帝化書事實 (Circumstances of the book of transformations of the Great Emperor of Numinous Response)
110, 181
Lingying guan 靈應觀 (Monastery of the Numinous Response)
102
literary societies
318, 324, 605
literati
2, 11–12, 14, 16, 18, 24–26, 41, 43, 53–54, 60–61, 73, 80, 93, 101n46, 116, 124–26, 137–41, 143–49, 160, 173, 178–79, 179n27, 186, 194–95, 197, 199, 207, 209, 213, 247, 260, 263, 295, 304, 311–48, 386, 405, 487, 490, 523–25, 523n85, 607, 611. See also Confucianism
Liu Ansheng 劉安勝 (late twelfth century)
57, 71n79, 106, 181
Liu Danming 劉瞻明 (no dates)
241, 242–47
Liu Qiao 劉樵 (fl. 1727–1749)
188, 268
Liu Shouyuan 柳守元
330, 330n40
Liu Songfei 劉松飛 (1930–2021)
571–79, 581, 583–85, 588, 589, 590, 592–94, 595
Liudui 六堆
607, 608
Liu-han Altar 了閑壇
26, 311–48
lixue 理學 (Learning of the principle)
266–67, 271, 279n80
local gazetteers
59, 140, 153, 261n16, 274, 322, 501, 503, 518, 534, 537
Lodge, Sir Oliver (1851–1940)
226
Longhu shan 龍虎山
81, 113, 582, 620
Longhua Troupe (Longhua zu 龍華組)
615
Longmen Lineage 龍門派
147, 567–69, 603
Longnü si 龍女寺 (Temple of the Dragon Maiden)
11, 14, 487, 491–92, 497
Longtian gong Xuanhua tang 龍天宮宣化堂
610
Lord Xin 辛天君
57–58, 69–70, 76, 78, 82
Lord Xu 許真君 (Xu Xun 許遜)
39, 62, 66–68, 70, 71, 74, 84–85, 178
Lou Dexian 婁德先
320–22, 323, 325, 331–32, 340, 342, 345, 347n70
Loushi gong 婁師宮 (Master Lou Palace)
334, 347
Lu Can 陸粲 (1494–1552)
115
Lü Dongbin 呂洞賓/ Lüzu 呂祖
3–5, 14, 20, 27, 75, 121–22, 124, 124n142, 126, 134, 141, 147, 152–55, 159n77, 160–61, 171n1, 180n31, 191, 193, 195, 197, 219, 261n20, 268, 302, 302n20, 326–32, 358–66, 363n39, 370–72, 370n74, 377n106, 386n140, 393–94, 447, 449, 487–88, 497, 502–6, 510, 517, 522, 533, 551, 554, 557–58, 564n1, 565, 567–68, 570–76, 579–84, 588, 590–91, 603, 609, 611. See also Fuyou dijun
Lu Jiuyuan 陸九淵 (Xiangshan 象山
1139–1193), 259, 271, 284, 369n73
Lu Longqi 陸隴其 (1630–1692)
271, 279
Lu Xun 魯迅 (1881–1936)
238
Lu You 陸遊 (1125–1209)
138, 180, 189, 190, 197
Lü Yuansu 呂元素 (no dates)
59, 80–81, 82, 113
Lu Zongyu 陸宗輿 (1876–1941)
360, 364, 365n47, 368, 388n150
luanbi 鸞筆 (phoenix brush)
8, 51, 113, 175, 186, 586, 588–91
luanshou 鸞手 (phoenix hand)
98, 190n58
luantan 鸞壇 (phoenix altar)
9, 111, 182, 454, 565
luantang 鸞堂 (phoenix hall)
346, 463, 536, 536n20, 543, 554, 556, 565, 600–2, 604–22
Lufei Kui 陸費逵 (1886–1941)
225, 227
Lufeng 陸豐
551
Lüjing ting yezuo 綠靜亭夜座 (Night in the bright green pavilion)
315
Lunyu 論語 (The analects)
256n5, 258, 266, 274, 295, 367
Luo Hongxian 羅洪先 (1504–1564)
261n20, 262, 266, 284
Lüshan 閭山
325
Lüzu qingwei sanpin zhenjing 呂祖清微三品真經 (Lüzu’s Qingwei veritable scripture in three chapters)
327
Lüzu quanshu 呂祖全書 (Complete collection of Patriarch Lü)
4, 121n131, 153–55, 153–55, 153n63, 191–93, 487
Lüzu xianshi baogao 呂祖仙師寶誥 (Precious admonitions of Patriarch Lü)
588
magic pendulum (mobai 魔擺)
231–32
magnetism
224–25
Magu 麻姑
147, 159
Mahākāla. See Dahei tianshen 大黑天神
Maitreya Buddha (Mile Fo 彌勒佛)
19, 447, 449, 464, 607, 610
Manchukuo
238, 425
Marshal Temple 元帥廟
328
Marshal Tian 田公元帥
326–28
Master Bao 包宗師
326, 327
Master Lou (Lou zhenren 婁真人)
311–17, 319–22, 324–48
May Fourth
210, 231, 240, 248, 364, 385, 395, 421, 423n74
Mazu 馬祖
161, 454, 613
medicine
93, 144, 155, 209, 320, 329, 331, 334–35, 347, 458, 512–13, 516, 519, 521–23, 535n13, 538, 540, 544, 550, 574, 587, 591–95, 618–19. See also healing
medical divination slips
334, 618
prescriptions
40, 108, 112, 329, 339, 370, 509, 521, 618
spirit-written prescription. See jifang 乩方
meditation
4, 9–10, 20, 43, 73, 383, 402–3, 411, 431, 456, 458, 523n85
mediumism
7, 21, 60, 71, 126, 190n58, 448, 450, 521n82. See also spirit-possession
Meinong 美濃
607
Mengxi bitan 夢溪筆談 (Brush talks from the dream brook)
93, 177
Mengzi 孟子 (372?–289? bce)
256n3, 258, 271, 280, 358, 366–69, 394, 414, 452
Mengzi 孟子 (also Mencius)
258, 275n66, 279, 367, 458
merchants
16, 41, 326, 346, 403–4, 411, 427n86, 490, 492–93, 501–3, 506, 519, 539–40, 550–51, 611
mesmerism (chuanqishu 傳氣術)
225. See also hypnosis (cuimianshu 催眠術)
messages of condolence
619
messianic cosmology
76, 366
Mian’an shantang 棉安善堂 (Mian’an Charitable Hall)
543n50, 544, 547
Miaoli 苗栗
610
Miaoshan 妙善
152, 156. See also Guanyin 觀音
millenarianism
11, 489, 533
Min Yide 閩一得 (1758–1836)
147, 148n45, 603
Mingming Shangdi 明明上帝 (The Brightest God on High)
446n6, 451
Ministry of the Interior
364, 466, 547
Mohammed
13, 376, 377n104
moral conduct
305, 472, 603
moral edification
601, 619
moral exhortations from the gods
376, 617
moral sermons (xuanhua 宣化, xuanjiang 宣講)
9, 126, 267, 454, 468, 543
moral transformation (hua 化)
66, 105–9, 112, 387, 387n146, 488n2
morality books (shanshu 善書)
4, 27, 47, 78, 86, 103–4, 157–58, 161, 209, 233, 282, 302, 305, 379, 383, 417, 421, 453n45, 493–94, 501–3, 506–7, 510, 538–39, 541, 545–46, 550, 553, 565, 601, 610, 613, 617, 620–22
Mount Baoping 寶屏
107, 108
Mount Fenghuang 鳳凰
105, 106, 109, 113
Mount Heming 鶴鳴山
582–85, 595, 596
Mount Jin’gai 金蓋
17n56, 603
Mount Xuanwu 玄武
551
Mudao xianguan 慕道仙館 (Celestial Hall for People Worshipping the Dao)
497, 507, 553
Nancun chuogeng lu 南村輟耕錄 (Nancun’s records from resting from ploughing)
96, 101, 186
Nanhai Dashi 南海大士
415. See also Guanyin 觀音
Nanjing 南京
56, 68, 73, 239, 240, 343, 361n28, 517n75, 566
Nanmolao 喃嘸佬
569n25
Nantou 南投
600, 611
Nanyan 南岩
99
national essence (guocui 國粹)
355, 358, 369n71, 389
national learning (guoxue 國學)
355, 357, 357n13, 369, 389–90, 389n152, 390n153, 395
Nationalist Party
6, 22, 239, 359, 426. See also Guomindang 國民黨
neidan 内丹. See inner alchemy
Neo-Confucianism
25, 126, 197, 320, 367, 369n71, 374, 420n65
networks
3, 5, 8, 10–13, 16–20, 27–28, 64, 231, 333, 411, 413n43, 444, 446–47, 453, 493, 503, 524, 536, 539, 555, 605, 607–14
networks of mutual assistance
551, 612–13
New Culture Movement
356, 395, 424, 437
New Life Movement (Xin shenghuo yundong 新生活運動)
240, 391–92
New Religion to Save the World
264, 355–95. See also Jiushi xinjiao 救世新教, and redemptive societies
newspapers
7n20, 211–12, 235–36, 238, 241, 313, 471, 534, 541, 543, 548n72, 551, 578n47, 605, 621. See also periodicals
Nianfo she 念佛社 (Society for Reciting Buddha’s Name)
544–45
North China Famine
238, 360, 459, 475
Nü jie 女誡 (Lessons for women)
422
Nüdan hebian 女丹合編 (Collection of female alchemy)
162
Nüdan shiji houbian 女丹詩集後編 (Collection of poems on female alchemy, second section)
155
Nüdan shiji qianbian 女丹詩集前編 (Collection of poems on female alchemy, first section)
155
nüdan 女丹. See female alchemy
Nüdaode she 女道德社 (Women’s Morality Society)
410–16, 417–18, 421, 424, 425, 427, 428, 432
Nüjindan fayao 女金丹法要 (Essential methods for the female golden elixir)
155, 159
nüluan 女鸞 (female disciples)
608, 616. See also disciples
numinous
5, 102, 124, 210n12, 236, 544, 581. See also ling 靈
oath
46, 261–63, 271, 447, 458, 520
offerings
8, 46, 56, 59, 61, 71–72, 79, 113n96, 243, 336, 414, 457, 474, 535n13, 538, 544, 546n61, 550–51, 580, 586, 602, 615, 617–18. See also jiao 醮
officials
2, 13–16, 20–21, 41, 53–54, 58, 60–61, 65, 67, 73, 76–77, 83–84, 93, 107, 112–21, 151, 178, 181–82, 196–97, 211n18, 242, 258–59, 262, 269, 272–73, 277, 280, 292, 295–96, 298, 305–6, 311–22, 324, 329–33, 336–37, 340n60, 341, 343–47, 360, 364, 403, 436, 501, 509, 539–40
oracles (lingqian 靈籤)
55, 207, 209, 302–3, 314, 405n15, 571, 586, 595
oral spirit-writing (kaikou ji 開口乩)
591
ordination
49, 52, 56, 58–60, 65–66, 70, 73, 81, 326, 329, 422, 568, 576
orthodoxy
14, 15n52, 25, 28, 59, 151, 222, 243, 256–58, 264, 269–71, 273, 275, 277, 281, 295, 344, 357, 367, 370, 377, 382n127, 394, 464, 466, 472, 489, 565, 568, 569n25, 578–85, 595–96
Ouija board
13, 25, 211, 216, 216n25. See also spiritualism
Overmyer, Daniel L. (1935–2021)
28n86, 139, 405, 601, 616n65, 622
Palmer, David A.
12, 409, 444, 489, 490, 523
Panchen Lama
238, 239
Patriarch Great Peak. See Dafeng zushi 大峰祖師
Patriarch Song Chaoyue 宋超月
536
Peixian Palace 裴仙宮
328
Peng Dingqiu 彭定求 (1645–1719)
255–83, 344, 377, 382n127, 406
Peng Long 彭瓏 (1613–1689)
264, 268
Peng Shaosheng 彭紹升 (1740–1796)
19n65, 256n3, 257n7, 258–59, 268, 276, 281, 282
Peng Sunyu 彭孫遹 (1631–1700)
261n18, 263, 264, 271
Pengxi 蓬溪
108–9
periodicals
211, 227, 273, 621–22. See also newspapers
petitions (zhang 章)
2, 49, 59, 458, 510, 542, 547
petition slip (bingdan 稟單)
617
shangzhang 上章 (send up petitions)
196
philanthropy. See charity
philosophy
212, 222, 230, 234, 258n10, 295n12, 311, 335, 336n51, 363n35, 369n71, 389n152, 389n153
phoenix halls. See luantang 鸞堂
phoenix-stylus. See luanbi 鸞筆, and jibi 乩筆
pijiang 批降 (obtaining a god-written response on a document submitted to him)
8, 49, 51–52, 64, 71–72
pilgrimage
66, 512n68, 551, 601–2
planchette
7, 172, 216, 275, 277, 405, 451, 454, 458, 545–46, 553, 617
poetry
4, 14, 52n21, 53–54, 59–60, 62, 64, 75–77, 79–80, 93, 95–97, 101n44, 114, 116, 123, 138, 143, 145–49, 154–55, 156n68, 159, 161, 178, 180, 183, 188–90, 191, 195–97, 209, 213, 255, 259, 260n16, 261n20, 267, 267n71, 276, 292, 302–8, 313, 315–24, 315n12, 326–27, 333, 343, 452, 458, 461, 471, 519, 524, 568n20, 602, 610–11, 617, 619
poetry societies (shishe 詩社)
605
responsive poems (changhe 唱和)
125, 318, 335
politics
116–21, 387–88, 416, 460, 541, 611
popular culture
291, 312, 325
popular religion
15, 18–19, 83, 103, 114, 127, 143, 149, 153, 198–99, 312, 324–48, 402, 410, 512n68, 523, 566
precious injunctions. See baogao 寳誥
prediction
14, 26, 43, 56, 68, 95–96, 101, 116, 124, 179, 237, 291, 297, 298, 302–3, 301–3, 306, 447, 581. See also divination
prophecy
42, 66, 76–77, 125, 260, 302, 447, 449, 451, 459–60, 475, 571. See also divination
proselytizing
523n85, 620
psyche
207
psychic power (xinling nengli 心靈能力)
206, 578n46
psychical research (xinlingxue 心靈學)
225, 231–33, 248, 405
psychology
199, 212, 226–28, 231–33, 241, 578n47, 618
behaviourist psychology
233
experimental psychology
226, 233
Pu Songling 蒲松齡 (1640–1715)
292
publishers
27, 209–10, 212n20, 214, 230, 233–35, 248, 265n28, 497n27
Puji Altar 普濟壇
566
Puji tang 普濟堂
606, 614
Puli 埔里
16, 28, 600–625
Purple Maiden. See Zigu 紫姑
Qi Xun 戚勳 (?–1644)
322, 322n24, 332
Qian Nengxun 錢能訓 (1869–1924)
360, 361n31, 375, 377
Qian Qianyi 錢謙益 (1582–1664)
144–45
Qian Xi 錢希 (1872–1930)
148
qiang kou 腔口. See chanting
qie 妾. See concubines
Qinghe neizhuan 清河內傳 (Esoteric biography of Qinghe)
65, 107
Qingxian jifa 請仙箕法 (Methods for requesting transcendent [messages] through the sieve)
209
Qingyun tan 青雲壇
151
Qiqu 七曲
106, 109–12, 113
Quanzhen Daojiao keyi 全真道教科儀 (Quanzhen Daoist rituals)
568
Quanzhen 全真
533, 567–69, 569n25, 582n56, 585, 603
Qunzhen shijue 群真詩決 (Poetic formulae by all the perfected)
155
Raumu ラウム/老母
468–71. See also Wusheng Laomu 無生老母
recitation of litanies (baichan 拜懺)
575–76
reciting divine injunctions (qing’gao 請誥)
602, 617
recorded sayings. See yulu 語錄
redemptive societies (jiushi tuanti 救世團體)
3, 5–6, 9, 12–13, 17–18, 21, 23, 26–27, 194, 243n82, 248, 255, 346, 356–57, 361, 362, 376–77, 383, 385, 388, 391, 393, 402–3, 402n1, 405, 407–9, 414, 415n49, 423, 425–26, 436, 444, 451, 516, 516n72, 548n67, 600, 603–4, 621. See also Daoyuan, Dejiao, Guigendao, Hongwanzi hui, Jiushi xinjiao, Lingxue hui, New Religion to Save the World, Shijie funü hongwanzi hui, Tiande shengjiao, Tongshan she, Wanguo daode hui, Wushan she, Yiguandao, Zailijiao, and Zhongguo jisheng hui
religion (zongjiao 宗教)
361n30, 362n32, 377, 387–88, 387n146, 409, 464n103, 514, 574n40, 582
religious affiliation
9, 17–20
religious cults
5, 555
religious merit
403, 410, 430–31, 436–37
religious universalism
13, 391–92
religious websites
622
revelation
2, 14, 19n64, 27, 39–48, 51–86, 67n70, 85n115, 101, 148, 173, 174n16, 182, 194–95, 197–98, 219, 327, 332–33, 335n48, 340, 447–65, 469–72, 473n138, 476n150, 477, 487, 489, 518–19, 521, 524, 550
righteousness (yi 義)
277, 319, 324, 372
ritual
Daoist ritual (daofa 道法)
2, 8, 15n50, 18, 20, 24, 28, 41, 44–51, 53, 56–59, 62, 66, 70–72, 74, 79, 80–82, 84, 117, 119, 133, 139–41, 160, 175, 190, 199, 256–61, 269, 272, 326, 567–70, 567n17, 575–79, 587, 595–96, 614
Daoist thunder rites (leifa 雷法)
117, 195
liturgy
17, 45, 47, 49, 66–67, 69, 71–73, 80–81, 183, 199, 258, 267–73, 282, 355, 510–11, 523, 614
ritual masters
134, 139, 160, 181–82, 192–93, 195, 568, 576, 579. See also fashi 法師
ritual techniques. See fashu 法術
Rujiao biaoshu keji 儒教表疏科集 (Collection of Confucian ritual documents)
511
Rujiao yuebiao ke 儒教月表科 (The forms of monthly documents for Confucian rituals)
511
Rumen fa yu 儒門法語 (Model words of the Confucian school)
260, 264–67, 265n28, 271, 272, 273, 275, 277n74, 279, 282, 284
Rutan 儒壇 (Confucian altar)
9, 18, 255–56, 255n2, 257, 263, 511
Ruzong shenjiao 儒宗神教 (Divine Teachings of the Confucian Religion)
612
Śākyamuni
375n99, 377n104, 452
salvation
41–42, 49, 57, 71, 85–86, 134, 152–53, 156, 226, 239, 248, 267, 296, 403, 410, 430, 434, 436, 449–50, 454, 487–92, 494, 501, 503–4, 506–7, 514, 518–25, 551, 619
San Qing 三清. See Three Pure Ones
Sanchu tou 三齣頭
579
sancong side 三從四德 (three followings and four virtues)
158, 417, 422, 516
Sangren, Steven
152, 600
sanqi pudu 三期普度 (third period of universal salvation)
488, 488n5, 494–95
Sanshan Guowang miao 三山國王廟 (Temple of the Three Mountain Kings)
488, 549
Sanshan guowang 三山國王 (The Kings of the Three Mountains)
549n74, 551
Sansheng gong 三聖宮 (Palace of the Three Saints)
498, 501, 504
Schipper, Kristofer M.
198, 600
science
21–22, 25, 206n1, 210–16, 210n12, 220, 222–41, 243–44, 247–48, 390, 405, 408–9, 417, 424, 433, 459
scripture chanting. See chanting
scripture/textual production
2–6, 11, 13, 39, 41, 64, 74, 79, 85n115, 108, 116, 140, 149, 153, 171–72, 190–93, 199, 213, 255, 267, 275, 280, 302, 319, 365, 368, 450, 462, 554, 606, 610, 617. See also revelation
Seaman, Gary
609
self-cultivation
5, 11, 14, 28, 42, 47, 67, 70, 75–76, 85, 135, 144, 148, 150, 153–57, 159, 161–62, 263, 302n20, 358, 360, 365n49, 370, 373–74, 383, 386–88, 394, 403–4, 410–11, 413, 416, 429–31, 434–37, 446, 555, 601–3, 608, 616, 619–20
self-divinization
1, 20, 56–59, 65, 134
Sha Mingming 沙明明 (no dates)
583, 583n61
Shaanxi 陝西
203n7
Shamen Troupe (Shamen zu 沙門組)
615
Shandong 山東
402, 404, 411–13, 412n38, 418, 426, 427n86
Shanghai 上海
7n22, 22n76, 150, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 221, 225, 226–27, 231, 233–41, 242, 245, 248, 347, 361n28, 405, 410, 413n43, 459, 512, 532, 602, 604
Shanghai Jinwen tang 上海錦文堂
212, 212n20, 230–31, 233–34
Shangqing 上清 (Upper Clarity)
2n3, 7, 43, 56, 65, 174n16. See also Daoism
shanhui 善會 (charitable societies)
535, 547, 550
Shanqing jingtang 善慶經堂 (Scripture Hall of Goodness and Happiness)
512–14
shanshe 善社 (charitable society/association)
359, 365n50, 532, 538, 549–54. See also charity
shanshu ju 善書局 (morality bookstores)
493
shanshu 善書. See morality books
shantan 善壇 (charitable altar)
9, 359, 565, 567
shantang 善堂 (charitable hall)
9, 27, 346, 505n48, 532, 535–56, 565
Shao Yong 邵雍 (1011–1077)
280
shapan 沙盤 (sand trays)
1, 49, 95, 111, 172, 191–93, 231, 245, 246, 416, 448, 458, 456–59, 465, 469, 470, 494, 586, 588–90
Shen Kuo 沈括 (1031–1095)
93, 177
Shen Yixiu 沈宜修 (no dates)
145
Shenbao 申報
211, 212n20, 214, 215, 234, 236, 237–38, 243
shendao 神道 (the divine way)
375n99, 377–84. See also teachings based on the divine way
Shengde tan 盛德壇 (Shengde Altar)
226, 347–48
Shengmu niangniang 聖母娘娘
551, 557–58
Shengxian gong 聖賢宮 (Palace of Sages)
514–15, 515n71, 516, 517, 525
Shengxian tang 聖賢堂 (Hall of Worthies)
605–6, 622
Shennong 神農
369, 610
Shi Kefa 史可法 (1602–1645)
320, 320n21
Shiga Ichiko 志賀市子
173, 179, 190, 216, 445n3, 456, 533, 536, 554, 555, 565, 568n19, 569n25, 577
shiguan 施棺 (free coffins)
535, 537, 538
Shiji 史記 (Records of the Grand Historian)
272
Shijia 釋家. See Buddhism
Shijie funü hongwanzi hui 世界婦女紅卍字會 (Women’s Red Swastika Society)
410–14, 413n43, 431–33. See also redemptive societies
Shijie Hongwanzi hui 世界紅卍字會. See Hongwanzi hui 紅卍字會
shiluan 侍鸞 (to serve the Phoenix)
180
Shiquan hui 十全會 (Ten Completions Society)
256n5, 535
shizhang 誓章. See oath
shouyin daxian 守印大仙 (immortal guardians of the official seals)
336
Shun 舜
368, 376n102
Shuowen jiezi 說文解字 (Explaining single-component graphs and analysing compound characters)
184, 185
Sichuan 四川
255n2, 487, 491–92, 494–97, 497n27, 498, 500, 501, 535, 570, 581–85
sieve-writing
94, 123
Siku quanshu 四庫全書 (Complete books from the four treasuries)
25, 265n28, 292, 294, 302
silent spirit-writing (moji 默乩)
591
Siming zhenjun 司命真君
554
single person spirit-writing (danren ji 單人乩)
65, 209, 587
sishu 四書. See Four Books
Six Classics
367, 509n59
sizi 伺 (嗣子 (servant-desciples)
327–29, 331
social activism. See community activism
songjing 誦經. See chanting
Southeast Asia
3, 13, 476n150, 533
spells for inviting deities
617
spirit-mediums
41, 44–45, 92, 94, 113, 116, 123, 126, 191, 193, 207–8, 214–33, 247, 296, 542, 552, 609, 618
spirit-possession
43, 45, 43–46, 50, 53, 56, 59–60, 62, 71, 74, 76, 81–82, 80–86, 92, 123, 125, 140, 174n16, 193, 196, 208, 228, 239, 468, 522, 571. See also mediumism
jiang tong 降童
92
tongji 童乩/jitong 乩童
125, 542–43, 550, 555
spirits
7, 43–46, 51, 53–54, 61–62, 72, 79, 81–82, 84, 113, 113n93, 115, 119, 174, 206–7, 213, 216–17, 226–29, 241, 248, 257, 263, 275–76, 278, 292, 298–301, 303–8, 318, 336–43, 346, 376n103, 379, 382n127, 383, 415n49, 430–31, 454, 456–57, 468, 593
spiritualism
6–7, 13, 22n76, 25, 142, 210–11, 219n27, 225–27, 231–32, 248, 348, 378n114, 405, 468. See also Lingxue hui 靈學會
spirit-writing
broom
174, 178
feiluan 飛鸞 (flying phoenix)
8, 51–53, 65, 85, 106, 111, 139, 174, 180–83, 190, 206, 208, 213, 245, 256, 256n5, 375, 377, 454, 468, 545, 549, 565, 600, 601
fuhe 扶鶴 (supporting the crane)
8, 206
fuji 扶乩 (supporting the stylus)
8–9, 52, 86, 91–92, 122–25, 171–74, 179, 184–87, 206, 210n12, 304–6, 308, 325, 357, 404, 446, 454–55, 477, 564–65, 600
fuji 扶箕 (supporting the sieve)
8, 51, 77, 91, 140, 172–74, 176, 180, 206, 565
fuji tuanti 扶乩團體 (spirit-writing groups)
9n30, 11, 16, 21, 56, 65, 69, 85, 153, 172, 256, 312, 319, 327, 346–47, 356, 446, 459, 475, 488, 490, 492, 495, 512, 522–25, 532–33, 537–38, 552, 564, 566, 574, 585, 601, 605, 614, 620–21
fuluan 扶鸞 (supporting the phoenix)
8, 51–52, 81, 83, 91–92, 97, 111, 115, 125, 172–75, 179–84, 206, 468, 532, 565, 600
jijia 乩架 (stylet)
172
jishou 乩手 (spirit-writing hands)
190n58, 406. See also luanshou 鸞手
spirit-writing altars
7, 9–10, 12, 15, 16n54, 19–20, 21n76, 25–26, 57, 70–71, 98, 99, 107–8, 111, 126, 134, 147–48, 150, 153, 161, 180n31, 196, 226, 255–57, 265, 281, 311–48, 357, 359, 361, 370, 376, 406, 448, 488, 491, 500, 504n47, 517, 543, 546, 552–54, 557, 564–96, 609
spirit-writing books (luanshu 鸞書)
4, 209, 534, 601
spirit-writing cults (fuluan jieshe 扶鸞結社)
12, 60, 64, 79, 302n20, 312, 421, 445, 463, 472, 532–56, 565, 610
spirit-writing movement (fuluan yundong 扶鸞運動)
27, 359, 377, 393, 446, 487–525, 532–33, 536n21, 537, 539, 543, 553–56, 565
spirit-writing rites
315, 330–31, 335n49, 600–601, 604, 606, 610, 613, 618
spirit-writing temples
112, 346–47, 600, 606, 609
stylus. See spirit-writing
Su Shi 蘇軾 (Dongpo 東坡 1037–1101)
53, 93, 115, 137, 138, 179, 261n20
subconscious
206, 211, 232, 241
Sun Bu’er 孫不二
154, 155, 159, 160
Sun Wukong 孫悟空
551, 609
Sung Kuang- yu 宋光宇 (1949–2016)
605
supernatural
42, 80, 227, 293–94, 300–2, 308, 313, 340, 468
superstition (mixin 迷信)
6, 10, 21–23, 171, 173, 199, 210, 213–14, 220, 222, 227–29, 236–37, 239–40, 247–48, 291, 294, 391, 393, 403–4, 409–10, 431, 433–37, 515, 536, 542, 546, 566, 578, 613
sutra
20, 74–75, 103, 239, 431, 495, 508, 514, 523n85, 549, 606
Suzhou 蘇州
12, 144–49, 188, 256, 260, 264, 268, 269, 273, 274
symbolic capital
609, 611
syncretism
402, 488, 606
Ta-hsi 大溪
600, 606, 614
Taichung 台中
605, 606, 614, 615
Taishang laojun 太上老君
63, 551, 554, 558, 578n46, 614
Taishang wuji zongzhen Wenchang dadong xianjing 太上無極總真文昌大洞仙經 (Great cavern immortal scripture, by Wenchang, [head of] all transcendents, of the supreme Ultimate)
64, 75
Taiwan 台灣
3, 6, 8, 12, 16, 17, 17n58, 18, 19, 22–23, 27, 28, 171, 172, 175, 179, 242, 312, 322n26, 335n49, 346, 356n12, 394, 407, 444, 445, 449, 450, 452, 453n45, 454, 455, 456, 456n60, 460–65, 466–67, 471, 472–73, 475, 476, 494, 507, 512, 532, 534n11, 536n21, 554, 564, 600–622
Taixu 太虛 (1887–1947)
407, 602
talismans (fu 符)
43–45, 50, 61, 72–73, 79, 83, 95n21, 96, 111, 114, 123–24, 145, 174, 186, 191–96, 197, 209, 219, 329, 334n48, 339–41, 474, 510, 521, 573, 573n34, 578n46, 588, 590, 593–94, 618
talismanic water
117, 124
Tamsui 淡水
607
Tang Junyi 唐君毅 (1909–1978)
311
Tang 湯
368
Tanyangzi 曇陽子 (1557–1580)
143–44, 196, 196n72
Tao Zongyi 陶宗儀 (c. 1329–c. 1412)
96, 101, 186
Taoyuan mingsheng jing 桃園明聖經 (Peach garden scripture on illuminating saintliness)
462, 616
teachings (jiao 教)
16, 19–20, 39, 41, 46–47, 57, 68, 70, 73, 75, 77–78, 81, 85, 94, 103–4, 106, 147, 197–99, 255n3, 256–59, 265, 266n31, 273, 278–79, 294–95, 299, 321, 331, 362–63, 367, 370–72, 375, 377–78, 381, 385–90, 392, 402–4, 406–8, 410, 413–15, 417–18, 420–24, 426, 428, 433, 435, 437, 448–50, 452–54, 475, 477n154, 488–92, 495, 514, 516, 518n77, 524–25, 540, 545, 548, 555, 589
teachings based on the divine way (shendao shejiao 神道設教)
362, 388. See also shendao 神道
temple cults
28, 600–601, 610n43, 620
tendenshi 点伝師
466. See dianchuanshi 點傳師
Tendō 天道 (the Way of Heaven)
444–45, 449n25, 466–77
Three Benevolent Ones (San enzhu 三恩主)
611, 612, 623
Three Gods of Cizun (Cizun sandi 慈尊三帝)
572
Three Ministers (san xiang 三相)
488
Three Pure Ones (San Qing 三清)
269, 514, 515, 588, 607
three saints (sansheng 三聖)
152, 488, 498, 501–4, 507, 514–18, 521–24
three teachings (sanjiao 三教)
20, 103, 197–99, 255n3, 256–57, 363, 510
thunder gods
51, 54, 58, 76, 82, 84, 139
Tian’endao 天恩道 (Way of Heavenly Blessing)
552–53
Tiandao 天道 (Way of Heaven)
449n25, 464–66, 468, 472, 475
Tiande shengjiao 天德聖教 (Sacred Teaching of Heavenly Virtue)
453. See also redemptive societies
Tianfei gong 天妃宮 (Place of the Celestial Concubine)
145
Tianhuang zhidao taiqing yuce 天皇至道太清玉冊 (Jade slips of great clarity on the supreme path of the Celestial Sovereigns)
190–91
Tianjin 天津
12, 311, 318–19, 358, 361n28, 364–65, 364n41, 365n49, 382, 390n156, 459
Tianjing zhenjing 天經真經 (True scripture of celestial immortals)
521
Tianran Gufo 天然古佛/Tennen Kobutsu
465, 469, 470, 471n129, 472–73
Tianshi fu 天師府
582
Tianshidao 天師道
45, 102n48. See also Heavenly Master Daoism
Tiantai Le fashi lingyi ji 天台泐法師靈異記 (Record of the strange and mysterious [story] about Master Le from Tiantai)
144, 145
Tianxin zhengfa 天心正法
62, 73
Tongji shantang 同濟善堂 (Charitable Hall of Communal Relief)
541–42
Tongming shouxiang 通明首相 (The Minister of Brightness).
498
Tongnian shantang 同念善堂 (Charitable Hall of Common Thought)
551
Tongshan she 同善社 (Fellowship United in Goodness)
357n13, 357n14, 391, 402–3, 447, 452n43, 453, 516, 537n23, 552, 553, 603. See also redemptive societies
Tongyuan tan 通元壇
340
transcendent
25, 47, 53, 55–57, 59, 62, 64, 66–69, 75, 92–99, 112, 114–26, 120n122, 124n142, 140, 178, 184, 186–88, 194–97, 208–12, 217–19, 222, 226–27, 229–30, 233–41, 242–48, 375, 515
Tung Sin Tan 通善壇
566n14, 567, 567n17, 575, 577, 579, 580n51
under-world trials
619
unity of the three teachings (sanjiao heyi 三教合一)
20, 363. See also three teachings
vegetarianism
19, 103, 183, 447, 457–58, 469, 523n85, 587, 611
vegetarian halls (zhaitang 齋堂)
9
Vietnam
12, 12n41, 43, 266n32, 476, 490, 497n28, 507, 507n55, 570–71, 595
visualization
43–46, 49–51, 56, 68–69, 72, 86
voluntary congregations
536n20, 538n26, 601–2, 604–5, 612, 615, 620
Wanfa guizong 萬法歸宗 (Ten thousand methods to return to the origin)
194–95, 197, 199
Wang Biqing 王弼卿 (1895–1968)
311–12, 312n5, 323, 332, 333, 343
Wang Chien-chuan 王見川
10, 19, 24, 65, 173, 181, 186, 206, 208, 357n13, 376n103, 533, 604, 605, 606, 614, 621
Wang Chih-yu 王志宇
605
Wang Chong 王充 (27–ca. 97)
301, 304n23
Wang Duan 汪端 (1793–1839)
147–48, 148
Wang Fengyi 王鳳儀 (1864–1937)
423, 426, 453
Wang Ji 王畿 (1498–1583)
259, 277, 279
Wang Shizhen 王世貞 (1526–1590)
123, 144, 196n72
Wang Shouren 王守仁 (Yangming 陽明
1472–1529), 256n3, 258, 259, 271, 271n46, 273, 274, 277, 278–80, 284, 367, 369n73
Wang Yishu 汪以恕 (no dates)
212–13, 215–16, 216–20, 228–29, 241, 242
Wang Yiting 王一亭 (1867–1938)
19, 602, 621
Wanguo daode hui 萬國道德會 (Worldwide Morality Society)
402n3, 403, 407n24, 414, 416, 423, 425–26, 428, 453, 462, 603. See also redemptive societies
Wei Zhongxian 魏忠賢 (1568–1627)
320
Weituo 韋陀 (Skanda)
415n50
Wen Degui 溫德貴 (fl. 1899–1901)
621
Wenchang dijun qishisan hua shu 文昌帝君七十三化書 (The book of the 73 transformations of the Divine Lord Wenchang)
106–7
Wenchang huashu 文昌化書 (Wenchang’s book of transformations)
107–11, 182
Wenchang 文昌
3, 5, 8, 10–11, 14, 40, 52, 55, 57, 60, 64–66, 66n65, 69–71, 74–75, 77–78, 84–85, 99, 99n35, 105–12, 107n72, 108n73, 139, 141, 153, 159, 173–74, 180–83, 188, 190–91, 195, 197, 258, 260–63, 260n16, 266n32, 267–70, 272–74, 281–82, 302, 302n20, 325, 347n70, 376, 487–88, 492n13, 502–6, 510, 514, 517, 522, 554, 572n31, 611. See also Zitong 梓潼
Wendi quanshu 文帝全書 (Complete collection of Thearch Wen)
4, 159, 188, 193, 268, 269
wenshi ziliao 文史資料 (literary and historical materials)
457
wenshi 問事 (requesting guidance through spirit-writing)
587, 591–92, 593, 617
Wenwu jiujie baosheng yongming jing 文武救劫葆生永命經 (Scripture of Wen[chang] and Guandi to save humanity from the apocalypse and to protect human life)
504
White Deer Grotto Academy (Bailudong shuyuan 白鹿洞書院)
277
winnowing sieve
92, 206, 208
Women’s Christian Temperance Union
407, 419
Women’s Morality Society. See Nüdaode she
Wong Tai Sin (Huang Daxian 黃大仙)
454, 557, 558, 566n14, 569n27, 574n40, 578n47, 596
Wu Peifu 吳佩孚 (1874–1939)
360, 392
Wuchuan 吳川
490
Wudang Mountains 武當山
10, 19, 24, 76, 97–105, 101n42, 107, 113
Wudang shan Xuandi chuixun 武當山玄帝垂訓 (Instructions handed down by the Dark Emperor on Mount Wudang)
19, 102, 103–5
Wudang shan Xuantian shangdi chuixunwen 武當山玄天上帝垂訓文 (Instructions revealed by Supreme Emperor of the Dark Heavens from Wudang Mountains)
78
Wuji shengmu qinyan xueshu 無極聖母親演血書 (Blood book personally bestowed by the Holy Mother of the Non-Ultimate)
449
wujing 五經 (five classics)
257, 258, 276. See also Confucianism
wuleifa 五雷法 (five thunder magic)
339
Wulong monastery 五龍宮
97
Wumen tang ji 午夢堂集 (Collection from the Noon Dream Hall)
146
Wushan she 悟善社 (Society for Awakening to Goodness)
210, 227, 346, 357–64, 361n28, 364n41, 378n114, 385, 388, 390–91. See also redemptive societies
Wusheng Laomu 無生老母
151–52, 159, 161–62, 243n82, 366, 446–48, 446n6, 451, 454–56, 471–73
Wutong 五通
59n43
Xiafu Lü da zongshi 霞府呂大宗師 (Great Lineage Master Lü of Xiafu)
329
Xiafu shoushu Huang poguan 霞府收疏黃婆官 (Secretary of the Purple Cloud Palace)
331
Xiafu wu zongshi 霞府五宗師 (Five Lineage Masters of the Purple Cloud Palace)
326
Xiafu zhifa Deng shizhe 霞府執法鄧使者 (Deng Law Enforcement Official of the Purple Cloud Palace)
331
Xiafu 霞府
325–43, 345–46
Xiamen 廈門
312, 322, 323, 335, 335n49, 336n51, 347n70
Xiangyang 襄陽
64, 97, 98, 99, 100, 107
xianshi 仙師 (immortal/transcendent masters)
67, 68, 98, 327–29, 337–41, 577. See also transcendent
Xiantiandao 先天道 (the Way of Former Heaven)
444–51, 468, 476, 477n154, 491, 491n11, 494, 516, 520, 533, 538n26, 548–49, 548n67, 552–53, 555, 606
Xiashan 峽山
534, 554, 554n95, 557–58
Xietian dadi mingsheng jing 協天大帝明聖經 (Scripture for illuminating Sage- liness by the Great Emperor who assists Heaven).
553
Xiguan Lüzu Palace 西關呂祖宮
328, 330n41, 331
Xiling guiyong 西泠閨詠 (Poems from within the inner chambers at West Lake)
146, 147
Xin qingnian 新青年 (New youth)
21, 227, 423n74
Xin shenghuo yundong 新生活運動. See New Life Movement
Xingjue tang 醒覺堂
609, 615, 617, 622, 624
Xingling si 醒靈寺
614–15, 619, 624
Xingtian gong 行天宮
601
Xingzhong tang 行忠堂
607–8, 615
Xinjiang
308
Xinke Rujiao keji, juan er 新刻儒教科集卷二 (The new series of Confucian rituals, volume 2)
510
Xinling tonggan lu 心靈感通錄 (Records of spiritual communication)
241–47
Xinpu 新埔
610, 612
Xinyi 信宜
490, 504–5, 506, 506n52, 506n53, 507, 509, 512–13, 523
Xishan tang 習善堂 (Hall for Learning Goodness)
548
xiujiu 休咎 (good and bad fortune)
306, 307
xiuxing 修行. See self-cultivation
Xiwangmu nüxiu zhengtu shize 西王母女修正途十則 (Xiwangmu’s ten precepts on the proper female path)
148, 160
Xiwangmu 西王母
154, 159, 162
Xixin she 洗心社 (Society for Cleaning the Mind)
553
Xiyou ji 西遊記 (Journey to the West)
104, 246
xizi 惜字 (cherishing [written] characters)
3, 535n13, 550, 550n78
Xu Brothers (Xu Zhizheng 徐知證 and Xu Zhi’e 徐知諤)
55, 79, 112
Xu Dishan 許地山 (1893–1941)
22, 53, 60, 92n6, 95n21, 143, 173, 175, 176, 179, 199, 206–7, 207, 208, 209, 211, 336, 343, 604n17
Xu xian hanzao 徐仙翰藻 (Literary writings of the Xu transcendents)
112
Xuandi shilu 玄帝實錄 (Authentic records of the Dark Emperor.)
97–100, 98n32. See also Jiangbi shilu 降筆實錄, and Dong zhenjun jiangbi shilu 董真君降筆實錄
Xuandi 玄帝 (Dark Emperor)
97–100, 102–5, 116
xuanguan 玄關 (mysterious pass)
458, 470
xuanluan 懸鸞 (suspended phoenix)
8, 208
Xuantian Shangdi qisheng lu 玄天上帝啟聖錄 (Record of epiphanies by the Supreme Emperor of the Dark Heaven)
63, 98n32, 99
Xuantian Shangdi 玄天上帝 (God of Northern Heaven)
62, 98n32, 536, 551, 554, 558. See also Zhenwu
Xue Xuan 薛瑄 (1389–1464)
261n20, 262, 266, 284
Xueshan tang 學善堂 (Hall for Studying Goodness)
548
xunwen 訓文 (admonitions)
78, 452, 471, 476, 477n152. See also revelation
Xunzi 荀子 (third century bce)
368, 369n71
Yan Hui 顏回 (zi Ziyuan 子淵 521–481)
78, 78n97, 270, 274n62, 280, 376, 376n100
Yan Song 嚴嵩 (1480–1567)
119–20, 320n19
Yang Fulai 楊福來 (1874–1948)
610
Yang Jisheng 楊繼盛 (1516–1555)
320, 320n19
Yang Lian 楊漣 (1572–1625)
320
Yang Mingji 楊明機 (1899–1985)
620
Yang Xi 楊羲 (330–c. 386)
56, 207
Yangming Learning
259, 271, 273, 278n80, 279, 280
Yanhua tang 衍化堂
618–19, 624
yanku 掩骷 (burial of corpse)
537
Yao 堯
368
Yaochi Laomu 瑤池老母
159, 463, 514
yaoqian 藥籤. See medicine
Yau Chi On 游子安
537n23, 621
Ye Shaoyuan 葉紹袁 (1589–1648)
144, 145–46, 147, 148, 196n73
Ye Xiaoluan 葉小鸞 (1617–1632)
145–47, 196, 196n73
Ye Xiaowan 葉小灣 (no dates)
145
Yellow Emperor 黃帝
369
Yiguandao 一貫道 (Way of Pervading Unity)
13, 17n57, 22, 27, 366, 384, 394–95, 444–77, 524, 538n26, 552, 555, 600, 603, 606. See also redemptive societies
Yiguan-daozang 一貫道藏 (Canon of the Yiguandao)
450
Yijian zhi 夷堅志 (Records of the listener)
59, 94
Yijing 易經 (Book of changes)
266, 303, 365n49, 369, 462
Yili 伊犁
308
Yinguang 印光 (1862–1940)
20, 242, 243, 244, 407, 453, 454, 602
yinsi 淫祀 (lascivious cults)
344
Yisheng baode zhuan 翊聖保德傳 (Hagiography of [the Transcendent Lord] Who Assists the Saint and Protects Virtue)
47, 55, 68, 76, 77
Yiyuan 異苑 (A garden of marvels)
136, 136n7, 138, 176
you siluan 右司鸞 (Chief Spirit-writing Medium)
312, 323
You Tong 尤侗 (1618–1704)
144, 145, 147, 148, 197, 261n18, 263, 264
Young Women’s Christian Association
407, 412, 412n38, 413, 414, 419, 428, 432
Yu the Great 大禹
368
Yuanshi tianzun shuo Zitong benyuan jing 元始天尊說梓潼本願經 (Scripture on the original vow of Zitong as expounded by the Heavenly Worthy of Original Commencement)
105, 111
Yuanshi tianzun shuo Zitong Dijun yingyan jing 元始天尊說梓潼帝君應驗經 (Scripture on the responses and proofs of the Divine Lord of Zitong as expounded by the Heavenly Worthy of Original Commencement)
105
Yuanshi tianzun 元始天尊
106
Yuanying 圓瑛 (1878–1953)
336n51
Yuchao tang 育潮堂 (Hall for Cultivating Chao[zhou])
548
Yue Fei 岳飛 (1103–1142)
83, 178, 514, 516, 517, 517n75
Yue Ke 岳珂 (1183–1243)
83, 186
Yue Wumuwang 岳武穆王
554
Yuen Yuen Institute 圓玄學院
567, 569n27, 574n40, 577
Yuewei caotang biji 閱微草堂筆記 (Brush notes from the Thatched Hut of Subtle Views)
291–310, 297n14
Yuhua tang 育化堂
610–15, 623
Yuhuang 玉皇
65, 173. See also Jade Emperor
Yuhuang gongzhu 玉皇宮主 (Jade Princess)
161, 503, 507, 518, 520, 521, 514–22, 524–25
Yuhuang jing 玉皇經 (Scripture of the Jade Emperor)
65, 75, 109, 498n30
Yuhuang shangdi yingyan jiujie zhenjing 玉皇上帝應驗救劫真經 (True scripture of the responses and proofs of the Jade Emperor saving humanity from the apocalypse)
495, 499, 503, 518
Yuhuang Wangmu jiujie zhenjing 玉皇王母救劫真經 (True scriptures of the Jade Emperor and Queen Mother to save humanity from the apocalypse)
496, 499
Yuju xinchan
268–70
Yuju xinchan 玉局心懺 (Jade bureau heart penance liturgy)
258, 267, 272–74, 282
yulu 語錄 (recorded sayings)
47, 68, 261n20
Yunnan 雲南
11, 16, 104, 157, 246, 291, 365n50, 376n100, 376n103, 490, 491–93, 491, 497, 497n28, 503
Yushan Lüzu Temple 于山呂祖廟
328
Yushan tang 與善堂
566
Yutang dafa 玉堂大法 (Great Rites of the Jade Hall)
73
Zailijiao 在理教 (Teaching of the Abiding Principle)
403, 453, 603. See also redemptive societies
zhaitang 齋堂. See vegetarianism
Zhang Binglin 章炳麟 (1869–1936)
355, 369n71, 389, 389n153
Zhang Duanyi 張端義 (fl. late twelfth to mid-thirteenth centuries)
100–1
Zhang Ezi 張惡子. See Wenchang 文昌
Zhang Fei 張飛
553
Zhang Guo 張果
124
Zhang Mingdao 張明道 (no dates)
64, 97, 98
Zhang Sanfeng quanji 張三丰全集 (Complete collection of Zhang Sanfeng)
4, 154
Zhang Shouyi 張壽懿 (1898–1966)
423
Zhang Tianran
463–64
Zhang Tianran 張天然 (1889–1947)
445, 447, 449, 450–51, 469, 472
Zhang Yuchu 張宇初 (1361–1410)
81, 82
Zhang Zuolin 張作霖 (1875–1928)
423, 426
Zhao’an 詔安
612
zhaoxian 召仙 (inviting immortals)
8, 51, 123
Zhen’gao 真誥 (Declarations of the perfected)
2n3, 174n16, 207
Zhengyi 正一 School
270, 569n25, 583n60, 584, 585. See also Daoism
zhenren 真人 (Perfected)
2n3, 57, 59, 99, 105, 155, 272, 315, 332, 341, 368n64, 557
Zhenwu 真武
10, 19, 54–55, 62–65, 69–71, 74, 76–78, 80, 82, 84–86, 98–101, 100n37, 103–4, 139, 141, 261n20, 447
Zhibao lineage 至寶派
568
Zhibao tai 至寶台
567
zhiguai 志怪 (accounts of the strange)
172, 293, 313
Zhinan gong 指南宮
601, 607, 614
Zhishen lu 質神錄 (Record of soliciting confirmation from the spirits)
268, 282
Zhong Shiming 鍾世銘 (1879–1965)
360, 364, 364n41, 365, 389–90
Zhongguo jisheng hui 中國濟生會 (China Life Saving Society)
357, 602. See also redemptive societies
Zhongguo liangxin congshan hui 中國良心崇善會
621
Zhonghuang dadi 中皇大帝 (Emperor of Central Eminence)
511, 512n66
Zhongyong 中庸 (Doctrine of the mean)
258, 275–76, 358, 365–66, 365n50, 367, 370–74, 370n75, 376, 377, 378, 380, 382n128, 383–84
Zhongyong zhengshi 中庸證釋 (The Doctrine of the Mean, verified and explicated)
365, 368, 370, 373–74, 384, 394
Zhou Dunyi 周敦頤 (1017–1073)
25, 197, 259, 261n20, 262, 270, 271, 284, 320, 367
Zhou Mi 周密 (1232–1298)
60, 96
Zhou Qifeng 周岐鳳 (no dates)
114
Zhou Xingnan 周醒南 (1885–1963)
322, 323
zhou 咒. See incantations
Zhouyi 周易 (Zhou changes)
335. See also Yijing 易經
Zhu Cunyuan 朱存元 (1878–1918)
548
Zhu Gui 朱珪 (1731–1807)
302, 304
Zhu Guoyuan 朱果緣 (1832–after 1912)
548
Zhu Xi 朱熹 (1130–1200)
257–58, 265, 266–67, 271, 272, 275n65, 276, 277, 280, 280n86, 284, 367–70, 368n62, 370n75, 372, 374, 376, 378, 380–81, 386, 386n140, 389n153, 394
Zhuangzi 莊子
272, 371n79
zibeishi 字輩詩 (generation poems)
326, 333n45
Zigu 紫姑 (Purple Maiden)
2, 8, 16–17, 40, 51, 53–54, 72, 93–95, 123–24, 124n142, 134–41, 140n20, 145, 153, 160, 173–74, 336, 405, 405n15, 518n77
Zitong dijun huashu 梓潼帝君化書 (Book of transformations of the Imperial Lord of Zitong)
58, 65, 85, 107–8, 108n72, 111
Zitong 梓潼
10, 58, 64–65, 77, 85, 99, 105–12, 108n73, 140, 505n49, 511. See also Wenchang 文昌
Zixia dujie zhimi jiubu zhenjing 紫霞度劫指迷九部真經 (True scripture in nine chapters for crossing over the turning of the kalpa and pointing out the way in the Purple Cloud Palace)
325, 327–28
Zixia neixiang leiyin puhua zhenren 紫霞內相雷音溥化真人 (Thunder Master and Prime Minister in the Purple Cloud Palace)
315
Zixia neixiang 紫霞內相 (Prime Minister in the Purple Cloud Palace)
325, 339
Zixu altar 紫虛壇
64, 69, 97–99
Zunde tang ban Daojiao congdian 尊德堂板道教叢典 (The Hall of Respectable Virtue’s wood block printed collection of Daoist scriptures)
492, 498