Index
Locators in italic refer to figures.
Abe Yasurō
43, 62n58
Amoghavajra (Bukong Jin’gang, 705–774)
Dajixiang tiannü shierqi yibaiba ming wugou dasheng jing (T 1253) translated by
81
Renwang huguo bore boluomiduo jing (Ninnōkyō, T 246) translation attributed to
48, 55
Ritual Commentary Spoken by the Buddha on the Altar of the Great Peacock Wisdom King’s Image (T 983A) translated by
333
Sūtra on the Buddha’s Mother, the Great Peacock Wisdom King (Fomu da kongque mingwang jing, T 982)
337, 337n14, 343, 358n59
Analects
bamboo slips of the “Gongye Chang” chapter from Yuli, Xinjiang
14
bamboo slips of the “Gongye Chang” chapter unearthed in Xinjiang
14
bamboo slips of the “Zizhang” chapter unearthed in Dunhuang
14
“Gyongye Chang” chapter
15–16, 17
on paper discovered in the Loulan ruins
14
Analects—Bonghwang-dong version
dating of
15
diplomatic function of
18
“Gongye Chang” chapter included in
15–17
role played by
16–17
size of
15–16
and the spread of Chinese character culture, legal system, and Confucianism
19
Analects—Dingzhou, Hebei bamboo slips
dating of
11–12
Lu version identified with
11
size and shape of
11, 13
weaving-before-writing construction of
12
Analects—Gyesan-dong version
dating of
15, 18
diplomatic function of
18
“Gongye Chang” chapter
15, 17
role played by
16–17
size of
16
Analects—in Japan
the culture of exchange of the “Book Road” in East Asia reflected by
32
as a textbook for officials
28
Thousand Character Text associated with
19, 33
wooden slips excavated from Asuka Pond
19, 22
wooden slips excavated from Hakaza ruins (Heian period)
20, 24, 25
wooden slips excavated from Hakaza ruins (Nara period to early Heian period)
26, 27
wooden slips excavated from Konnoniji
29, 30
wooden slips excavated from the ruins of Tōdaji
20–21, 21, 22
wooden slips unearthed in Heijōkyō
19, 24
Analects—Lelang Commandery bamboo slips of
10, 11
importation from the Central Plains
12
Analects—tomb of Marquis of Haihun bamboo slips, Qi version identified with
11–12
Andrews, Fred H.
350, 350n43
Avalokiteśvara
Guanyin Sūtra
in an assembly with on the Twelve-Lined [list] of One Hundred and Eight Names which Purify
81
Banner of Avalokiteśvara
351, 353, 354
Mahāmāyūrī in the retinue of Thousand-armed and Thousand-eyed Avalokiteśvara
331n3
Avalokiteśvara Sūtra, copying of
170
Baekje period. see Korea—Baekje period
Baisha Tombs. see Song dynasty (960–1279)—Baisha Tombs
Baoxian (monk from Qi)
129, 130, 134, 142
Blair, Heather
68n70
Bodhiruci (ca. 706–713)
commentary on the Jin’gang bore lun (Commentary on the Diamond Sūtra, T 1511)
136n44
Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra (Ru lengqie jing, T 671) translated by
48–49, 144
Mahāratnakụṭa (Daboji jing, T 310) ascribed to
62n58, 73
Boki e kotoba (Illustrated lyrics on yearning to return home), “picture-in-a-picture” depicted in
117
Bonshakuji library
42
Buddhist scriptures at the Matsuo shrine sourced from
71, 73, 74, 76, 77–78
establishment of
74–75
manuscript canon kept at
68, 71
Book Road
Sino-Japanese cultural exchanges
the bamboo-slip cultural sphere in East Asia
10, 32–34
cross-cultural cosmopolitan mode of the Qing
366–367, 369
cross-cultural Tibetan Buddhist intellectual network
230–231, 233, 237–240, 244–248
the “Cult of the Book” in Mahāyāna Buddhism
64, 244
deployed as a term by Wang Yong
1–2, 2n5, 4, 9, 42, 43, 97
Gombjab’s History of Buddhism in China printed at Derge exemplified by
232, 236, 239, 240, 248
image-based media circulated on
97–98, 101–102, 107–108, 119–120
Korea
371–376, 382–383
and the notion of a “canon”
39–41, 54
spiritual civilization spread by
119
varied languages and cultural practices recorded in zhuzhici
366–369, 371–372
Buddhism
Chapter from the Summary of the Great Vehicle (S.2048)
171
Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou’s proscription of
127–128, 133, 133n26
Fozu tongji (Comprehensive history of the Buddhas and patriarchs, T 2035)
41n9, 52n37, 134n28
Tang Wuzong’s proscription of
210
Yu 621 (Bhikṣuṇipratimokṣa of the Sarvāstivādins)
169–170
Buddhism—Shingon
Amoghavajra (Bukong Jin’gang, 705–774); Śubhakarasiṃha (637–735)
maṇḍalas of the two realms brought to Japan by Kūkai
100
Buddhist monks
portraits of monks who gained a “different sense” through chanting the Lotus Sūtra
101
portraits of Nanyue and Tiantai copied by Awata Ietugu
101
Zen monks commissioned to produce Karae
108, 119, 120
Buddhist monks—eight Japanese monks who travelled to Tang China (nittō hakke)
41n10, 100
Enchin (814–891); Ennin (794–864); Kūkai (Kōbō daishi, 714–835); Saichō (in China, 804–805); Shūei (809–884)
Buddhist monks—Song gaoseng zhuan (Biographies of Eminent Monks [compiled during the] Song dynasty)
on the Mahāmāyūrī altar erected by Amoghavarjra
338
on Zuanyi
53n39
Buddhist monks-visits to China by Japanese monks
Chōgen (1121–1206)
107–108
Chōnen (938–1016)
58n70, 107
Shunjō (1166–1227)
107–108
Buddhist monks—Xu gaoseng zhuan, T 2060 (Further Biographies of Eminent Monks) of Daoxuan
*Dhyānagupta’s biography in
127, 129, 138–146, 139n58, 142n75
Emperor Wen’s imperial edict to distribute relics to provinces
167–168
inclusion in the Tang Chinese canon in Kibi no Yuri’s colophon
65
prefaces at Dayan ta recorded in
53
Buddhist sūtras and śāstras
Candragarbha sūtra; colophons; Dafangdeng daji jing; Diamond Sūtra (Jin’gang jing, T 235); Golden Light Sūtra (Suvarnabhāsottama-sūtra); Guanyin Sūtra; issaikyō (tradition of copying “all the scriptures”; Ch. yiqie jing); Japan—manuscript Buddhist canons; Lotus Sūtra (Saddharma-pundarīka, T 262– 264); Matsuo shrine canon; *Sūryagarbhavaipulya-sūtra; Sūtra of the Wise and the Foolish; Sūtra on Repaying Kindness (Bao’en jing); Uṣṇīṣavijaya Dhāraṇi Sūtra
Abhidharma-sāra-prakīrṇka-śāstra (Apitan piposha lun, T 1546)
39n3, 42
Buddhāvataṃsaka-sūtra (Huayan jing, T 278) translated by Buddhabhadra
47–48, 73
Buddhāvataṃsaka-sūtra (Huayan jing, T 279) translated by Sikṣánanda
73
Collected Commentaries on the Vimalakīrtinirdeśa Sūtra (S.3475)
170
Commentary on the Śrīmālā Siṃhanāda Sūtra (S.524)
170–171
Dafangguang rulai mimizang jing (T 821)
48
Dafangguang shilun jing (T 410)
61
Daihannyaharamittakyō (Prajñāpāramitā in 150 lines, T 240–244)
67
Daoxing bore jing (Perfection of Wisdom in 8,000 lines, T 224)
62
*Dasabhumika-sastra (Shidi jinglun, T 1522)
73, 74
Guan wuliang shou jing (T 365)
48
Guan yaowang shang er pusa jing (T 1161)
48
Heart Sūtra, Xinyi Bore boluomiduo jing (T 253) by Dharmacandra
73
Hosshōji canon
68, 68n70, 73
Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra (Ru lengqie jing, T 671) translated by Bodhiruci
48–49, 144
Mahāratnakụṭa (Dabaoji jing, T 310) ascribed to Bodhiruci
73
Saṃyuktāgama (Bieyi zaahan jing, Betsuyaku zōagongyō, T 100)
63, 153
Siyi jing (S.4020, Sūtra of the Questions of Viśeṣacintibrahma)
153
Śrīmālādevī-siṃhanāda (Shengman zhizihou yisheng dafang bian fangguang jing, T 353)
48
Tattvasiddhi- (or Sayasiddhi-) śāstra (Chengshi lun, T 1646)
47
texts printed in Derge
239
Zhancha shanyebao jing (T 839)
73
Buringh, Eltjo
39, 41
Butsunichian komotsu mokuroku (Catalog of the property of Butsunichian)
Muqi’s Guanyin, Gibbons, and Crane described in
116
paintings introduced into Japan from Song and Yuan China recorded in
108–109
Cahill, James
112–113
Cai Yunchen
40n8
camels and camel figurines
camel figurine excavated from the Xi’an Mechanized Chicken Farm
304, 306
depictions in “The Calamity of Fierce Thieves” booklets (P.4513 and S.5642) from Dunhuang
305
sancai-glazed figurine from Louyang Guanlin
304, 307
sancai-glazed figurine from Tang Tomb No. 31
301–302, 302, 303, 308
Song dynasty sketch of a horse and camel
305, 308
Song dynasty The Picture of a Hu Man Leading a Camel
300, 301
terracotta figurines from the Northern Zhou
308, 309
wealth of tomb occupants represented by
303–304, 309
Candragarbha sūtra
*Candragarbha-vaipulya sūtra (Dafangdeng daji yuezang jing, Z 70, T 397)
73
Candragarbha section of the Yuezang fen (T 397[15]) attrib. to Narendrayaśas
73, 144
four period model in the Tibetan translation
219–221, 226
narrative of the destruction of the Dharma in the kingdom of Kauśāmbī
197, 217, 219–221
canons
Bonshakuji library; 5/1 canon (Gogatsuichiichikyō); Hosshōji canon; issaikyō (tradition of copying “all the scriptures”; Ch. yiqie jing); Japan—manuscript Buddhist canons; Matsuo shrine canon (Matsuno’o issaikyō no uchi); Nanatsudera collection; Taishō canon
Buddhist canon in the form of folding books brought to Japan by Chōnen
107
Fozu tongji (Comprehensive history of the Buddhas and patriarchs, T 2035) on
41n9, 52n37
Lewis Lanancaster’s concept of catalogs and canons
45–46
medieval Japanese manuscript canons compared with the idea of canon in Dunhuang manuscripts colophons
46, 50–51
the notion of a “canon” tied to the Book Road
44–46, 54
Cao family regime (914–1036)
Cao Yuanshen
339, 339n20, 345
patronage of Mahāmāyūri images at Dunhuang
338, 358, 358n59
spatio-temporal distribution of Dunhuang manuscripts from the western regions during
163, 165
Cao family regime (914–1036)—Cao Yijin (d. 935, r. 914–935)
daughter married to Li Shengtian
345, 358
as military governor
344–345
Mogao Cave 98 as the merit cave of
339
Mogao Cave 100 constructed as a “merit cave” dedicated to
280, 282
Mogao Cave 205 donor image of
339, 340
titles of
345, 345n35
Cao family regime (914–1036)—Cao Yuanzhong (d. 974, r. 944–974)
donor image in Yulin Cave
33, 342, 355n53, 356
letters from Viśa’ Śūra, King of Khotan (P.5538a)
356, 357, 171
title as “great king”
345
title as “imperial censor, senior official” (yushi dafu)
339, 339n20
Cao family regime (914–1036)—Guiyijin (848–1036) period
327
donor image of Uyghur Lady Li on north wall of corridor Mogao Cave 205
339, 341
eight guardians of Khotan painted in cave shrines during
355, 355
increasing independence of Guiyijun rulers
345
intermarriages with the kingdom of Khotan
163, 326, 344, 346
Mogao Cave 205 donor image of Cao Yijin on south wall of corridor
339, 340
non-local Dunhuang manuscripts during rule of
159, 162, 163
silk size during
311–312
strengthening of cultural exchanges during
163
Cefu Yuangui (Outstanding models from the storehouse of literature)
on the method for disseminating Daoist texts to the provinces
166–167
on tax payments by either coins or silk
292
Chavannes, Édouard
on *Dhyānagupta
132n22, 138nn56–57, 139n60, 141n69, 145n86, 145n88, 146n89
Rencheng jian catalogued as “539T.XV.ai.3”
255
Chen, Jinhua
136n44
Chen, Yinke
141
Cheng Jie
388n42
Cheng Jie and Fang Wei
390n48
Chinese classics
Analects; Thousand Character Text (Qianzi wen)
distribution eastward to Japan of Han dynasty classics
14, 31–32
format of writing on bamboo and wooden slips
32
Hare Park Papers (Tuyuan cefu)
31
Selections of Refined Literature (Wenxuan)
10, 16, 31, 32
Shanhai jing (Classic of mountains and seas)
106
Shijing (Classic of Songs)
9, 31
Wei Zheng’s Strategies for Current Affairs (Wei Zheng shiwu ce)
10, 31
Xiaojing (Classic of Filial Piety)
17, 28, 31
Chōnen (938–1016)
58n70, 107
Chouhai tubian (Illustrated compendium on maritime preparedness)
112
Chūsonji
76–77, 76–77n86
sūtra in the shape of a treasure-pagoda to form a maṇḍala
76
colophons
Abhidharma-sāra-prakīrṇka-śāstra (Za apitan xin lun, T 1552)
46–47, 49–50
to Gombjab’s The History of Buddhism in China
235–237
Oskar von Hinüber on the value of
81–82
the idea of a canon in colophons to Dunhuang manuscripts and medieval Japanese manuscripts canons
46, 50–51
to the Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra (Ru lengqie jing, T 671) translated by Bodhiruci
48–49
to the Madhyamāgama (Zhong ahan jing, T 26)
42
to the Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra (Da bore jing, T 220)
42
précis of Huang Zheng and Wu Wei’s analysis of dedicatory colophons from Dunhuang
39n3, 46n20
to the Qizhi jing (Sūtra of the seven knowledges)
57–58
to the Saṃyuktāgama (Bieyi zaahan jing, Betsuyaku zōagongyō, T 100)
63
Dafangdeng daji jing
*Candragarbha-vaipulya-sūtra (Z 70, T 397)
73
inscription in Yu 759 (Zeng yi a han jing, Ekottarāgama Sūtra)
154
Mahāvaipulya-mahāsaṃnipāta-sūtra (Z 68, T 397) ascribed to Sengjiu
73
Daoism and Daoist scriptures
Classic of the Way and Virtue (Daode jing)
167
Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou’s proscription of
127, 133, 133n26
Tang Xuanzong’s promotion of
166–167, 210
Daoxuan (596–667)
Da Tang da Ci’ensi sanzang fashi zhaun (Guang hongming ji, T 2103)
53, 167
Da Tang neidian lu (Great Tang Catalog of Buddhist Scriptures, T 2149)
57, 64–65, 127, 136n44, 145n88, 146n96
Further Biographies of Eminent Monks. see Buddhist monks—Xu gaoseng zhuan, T 2060 (Further Biographies of Eminent Monks) of Daoxuan
Da Tang da Ci’ensi sanzang fashi zhuan (T 2053) compiled by Yancong with Huili
51, 53, 199, 200, 204–205, 205n12
Deeg, Max
126n3
Derge and the Derge Printing House
232, 236, 239, 240, 248
the Derge Kingdom as a cultural center
239, 240, 248
Gombjab’s History of Buddhism in China printed at
232, 236, 239, 240, 248
Des Jardins, J. F. Marc
342n22
Dharmagupta (Tanmojueduo)
commentary on the Jin’gang bore bolumi jing (Commentary on the Diamond Sūtra, T 1510A)
136n44
and Dhyānagupta’s translation project at Daxingshan Temple
135, 144
exile to Lun
145–146n88
Yancong identified as a student of
137n53
Dharmagupta (Tanmojueduo) and Dharmayaśas (Tanmoyeshe), *Śāriputrábhidharma-śāstra (Shelifo apitan lun, T 1548)
56–57
*Dhyānagupta (a.k.a. *Jñānagupta, Ch. Shenajueduo, 528–605)
biography in Daoxuan’s Further Biographies of Eminent Monks
127, 129, 138–146, 142n75
biography in the Record of the Three Gems through the Ages
126, 132–138, 146
Chavannes on
132n22, 138nn56–57, 139n60, 141n69, 145n86, 145n88, 146n89
at the court of the Tatpar Qaghan
128, 129
Emperor Wu petitioned for permission to return home
128, 142
Emperor Wu’s offer to
133–134n28
in Fei Changfang’s Record
127, 127n6
translation project at Daxingshan Temple
126, 130, 135, 143–144, 146
Diamond Sūtra (Jin’gang jing, T 235)
copies from Dunhuang
40
imperially sponsored copies by Wu Zetian
168
vows made to copy it made by Kudara no Toyomushi
66
woodblock printed copy
264
Diamond Sūtra paintings, silk represented as Buddhist offerings in
269–270, 274, 275, 278
Document of Cang Jie (Cang Jie pian)
15, 29
Du Mu (Fanchuan), on the eastern Zhejiang region
294
Dunhuang
bamboo slips of the “Zizhang” chapter of the Analects unearthed in
14
cultural exchange with kingdoms of the Tarim Basin
346
dating of Buddhist colophons on documents
39n3, 46n20
juan silk used as currency during the Han and Jin dynasties
255
location of
330
paper-based painting (Stein Painting 77)
305, 308
paper made locally for manuscripts in
264
paper scrolls with wooden roller from
264, 265
Tibetan rule of (786–848)
159
Dunhuang—manuscripts with colophons
Abhidharma-sāra-prakīrṇka-śāstra (Za apitan xin lun, T 1552)
46–47, 49–50
colophons from medieval Japanese manuscript canons compared with
3, 39–42
the idea of a canon in
46, 50–51
précis of Huang Zheng and Wu Wei’s analysis of dedicatory colophons from Dunhuang
39n3, 46n20
Dunhuang—Mogao Caves
depictions of the story of Prince Shanshi from the Sūtra on Repaying Kindness
274, 278, 278n25
Mahāmāyūri paintings at
327–328, 328, 331–333, 332n5, 336, 338, 347–348, 358–359, 358n59
plan of a cave shrine
330
Thousand Buddhas motif on ceiling slopes in
358, 358n59
Dunhuang—Mogao Caves—Cave 12, “Scene of a Wedding Ceremony” in
270, 273
Dunhuang—Mogao Caves—Cave 17 (library cave [cangjing dong])
bolts of silk depicted in a booklet (S.5642) of the Guanyin Sūtra preserved at
305
broad tradition of copying “all the scriptures” (Ch. yiqie jing, J. issaikyō)
42
manuscripts from the Jinguangming zuishengwang jing (T 665) preserved at
40, 80
“non-local” manuscripts found in
3
“The Picture of Foreign Merchants Confronting Bandits” from the Guanyin Sūtra in a booklet (S.6983–30R) preserved at
262–263, 262, 291
titles from texts following the Kaiyuan lu
40–41
translations of the Mahāmāyūrī mantra in Dunhuang manuscripts
337, 343–344
the word “library” as misleading
38–39
Dunhuang—Mogao Caves—Cave 18, “Scene of Alms Giving”
274, 276
Dunhuang—Mogao Caves—Cave 45, “The Picture of Foreign Merchants Confronting Bandits” from the Guanyin Sūtra
259–261, 260, 264, 266, 268–269, 284, 291, 299, 300, 312
Dunhuang—Mogao Caves—Cave 85, Sūtra on Repaying Kindness painted in
278, 280
Dunhuang—Mogao Caves—Cave 98 Chapter of the Magic City detail
287, 288
eight guardians of Khotan on the corridor ceiling of
355, 355
as the merit cave of Cao Yijin
339
“The Scene of the Rain of Treasures” from the Sūtra of the Wise and the Foolish
278, 280, 281
Dunhuang—Mogao Caves—Cave 133 Mahāmāyūrī paintings dating of
332, 332n5, 333
Thousand Buddhas motif not painted on the ceiling slopes in
358
Dunhuang—Mogao Caves—Cave 154, The Scene of the Rain of Treasures (from the Sūtra of Repaying Kindness)
278, 279, 280
Dunhuang—Mogao Caves—Cave 165 Mahāmāyūrī paintings dated to the Song dynasty
332n5
Thousand Buddhas motif on ceiling slopes in
358n59
Dunhuang—Mogao Caves—Cave 169, Mahāmāyūrī and worshippers on corridor ceiling
332n5, 333, 334, 336
Dunhuang—Mogao Caves—Cave 205 Cao Yuanshen identified as the main donor of
339, 339n20
donor image of Cao Yijin on south wall of corridor
339, 340
donor image of Uyghur Lady Li on north wall of corridor
339, 341
Mahāmāyūrī and assembly on the corridor ceiling of
327, 328, 332–333, 332n5, 336
Dunhuang—Mogao Caves—Cave 208 Mahāmāyūrī paintings dating of
332n5
painting of “The Multitude Sees the Treasures But Does Not Take Them” from the Maitreya Sūtra
270
Yin Guosan named as the donor
339
Dunhuang—Mogao Caves—Cave 217 Uṣṇīṣavijaya Dhāraṇi Sūtra painting
266–269, 268, 269, 270, 278, 284, 286, 291, 299, 300, 312
“Parable of the Magic City” from the Lotus Sūtra previously identified with
266
Dunhuang—Mogao Caves—Cave 361, “Scene of Alms Giving”
274, 275
Dunhuang—Mogao Caves—Cave 431 Mahāmāyūrī and worshippers on the corridor ceiling of
331, 331n4, 332n5, 333, 335, 336, 339, 342
Thousand Buddhas motif on ceiling slopes in
358n59
Dunhuang—Mogao Caves—Cave 456 Mahāmāyūrī paintings dated to the Song dynasty
332n5
Thousand Buddhas motif on ceiling slopes in
358n59
Dunhuang—Mogao Caves—Cave 468, “The Picture of Foreign Merchants Confronting Bandits” from the Guanyin Sūtra
261–262, 261, 262, 269, 299
Dunhuang—non-local texts
during the Northern and Southern dynasties
154, 156, 157, 163, 164
during the rule of the Cao family
159, 161, 163
during the rule of the Zhang family (848–914)
159, 162, 163
during the Sui and early Tang dynasties
157, 159, 163, 164
during Tibetan rule
159, 160
manuscripts from Khotan
159, 163, 171
methods of transmission
171–172
spatial distribution of
154, 155
temporal distribution of
165, 166
Dunhuang—silk, juan silk from Rencheng discovered at
255–256
Enchin (814–891)
Gobu shinkan brought to Japan
100
as one of eight Japanese monks who travelled to Tang China (nittō hakke)
41n10, 100
promotion of Tendai rituals
55n46, 72
Ennin (794–864)
maṇḍalas and portraits brought back to Japan
101
Nittō guhō junrei kōki (Record of a pilgrimage to China in search of the law)
101
as one of eight Japanese monks who travelled to Tang China (nittō hakke)
41n10
Fang Wei and Cheng Jie
390n48
Fazuan (d. after 592)
137, 137n47, 144
Fei Changfang (fl. 562–598)
on the era of the Final Dharma
218
as a wielder of the brush (bishou) for Sui dynasty translation projects at Daxingshan Temple
126
Fei Changfang (fl. 562–598)—Record of Three Gems through the Ages (Lidai sanbao ji, T 2034)
137n51, 141nn71–72
*Dhyānagupta’s biography
126, 127, 127n6, 132–138, 146
ideological agenda of
126
Feng Zikai
97–98
5/1 canon (Gogatsuichiichikyō
)
contents of
62, 62n58
the designation 5/1
61
Empress Kōmyō’s sponsoring of
61–63
Genbo’s close involvement with
58n50, 75
Fujieda Akira
47
Funayama Tōru
45–46n18
Further Biographies. see Buddhist monks—Xu gaoseng zhuan, T 2060 (Further Biographies of Eminent Monks) of Daoxuan
Fusō ryakki (A brief account of Japan)
98, 100, 107, 107n33
Ge Chengyong
287, 299, 303–304
Geluk School
Ganden Phodrang Buddhist government (1642–1959)
233, 238, 246
Gombjab’s interactions with
235
influence of Tibetan Buddhism extended by
247
Genbō (d. 746)
Kaiyuan-era Chinese Buddhist canon brought to Japan
58, 58n50, 75
Kaiyuan lu manuscript dated to 735 brought to Japan
41n9
Genkō Shakusho (Buddhist history of the Genkō era) by Kokan Shiren, on Bonshakuji
74–75
Giles, Lionel
51, 79
Gimello, Robert Michael
133n26
Godokyōjo
scriptures for the Matsuo canon compiled at
73–74
scriptures in the canon at Matsuo
73
Yorichika’s copies of Xuanzang’s translation copied at
70–71
Golden Light Sūtra (Suvarnabhāsottama-sūtra)
Hebu jinguangming jing (T 664) trans. Baogui
77–78
Konkōmyō saishōōkyō (T 665) of Yijing
55, 66, 76, 78n92
vows made to copy it by Kudara no Toyomushi
66
Gombjab (1690?–1750)
birth in Üjūmūčin located in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia
234
Rigdzin Tsewang Norbu’s letter to
230, 237–238, 240–241, 244–245
Gombjab—The History of Buddhism in China
China (T. rgya nag) as Gombjab’s focus
231
colophon to
235–237
Gombjab’s mastery of Tibetan Buddhist literature demonstrated in
243
Gombjab’s writing of
234–235
printing at Derge
232, 236, 239, 240, 248
socio-textual Buddhist intellectual network revealed by
230–231, 246, 247–248
Gomotsu on’e mokuroku (Catalog of imperial objects and paintings)
109, 110, 116
Goshōrai mokuroku (Catalog of items imported by request, T 2161)
100
Grapard, Allan, on “hypostasis” (honji suijaku)
72n78
Gropp, Gerd
347n42
Guanyin Sūtra
as an independent Buddhist scripture
22, 22n25
“The Picture of Foreign Merchants Confronting Bandits” in a booklet preserved in the Dunhuang Library Cave
262–263, 262
“The Picture of Foreign Merchants Confronting Bandits” in Mogao Caves
259–262, 260, 261, 262
as the seventh fascicle of the Lotus Sūtra
22
“The Calamity of Fierce Thieves” depicted in a booklet (P.4513) preserved in Dunhuang
305
“The Calamity of Fierce Thieves” depicted in a booklet (S.5642) preserved in Dunhuang
305
wooden slips excavated from the ruins of Asuka Pond
22, 23
Guiyijun (Return to Allegiance Circuit, 848–1036) period
Cao family regime (914–1036)—Guiyijin (848–1036) period; Zhang clan—Guiyijin (848–914) period
founding by the Zhang clan
338, 344
patronage of images of Mahāmāyūrī at Dunhuang by the Cao family
338, 356, 358, 358n59
Hadani Ryōtai
202–203, 204
Hansen, Valerie
255
Han shu (History of the Han)
folding screens depicting it
104
“Treatise on Administrative Geography”
12
Hashimoto Shigeru
15–16
Hashimura Aiko
336n11, 339n18
Hata clan
Kōryūji as its clan temple in Kyoto
73
Miidera’s influence on
73
sponsoring of texts for the Matsuo shrine canon by Hata no Chikatō and Hata no Yorichika
69–71, 74, 81
He Yan, Collected Explanations of the Analects
24, 26
Hedin, Sven
1
Heihan ki (Record of military examples)
104
Hinüber, Oskar von
81–82
Hironaka Tomoyuki
202–203, 205n12
Hongzun (530–608)
136, 136n45, 144
Hosshōji canon
68, 68n70, 73
Hucker, Charles O.
138–139n58
Huili (557–?), Da Tang da Ci’ensi sanzang fashi zhuan (T 2053) compiled with Yancong
51, 56n47, 200n4
Huilin (737–820), Yiqiejing yinyi (Glossary to all the jing, T 2128)
53
Huilin (6th century), the Tatpar Qaghan taught about karmic retribution
128–129
Huiyuan (523–592)
136–137, 137n46, 144
Huizang (522–605)
136, 137n44, 144
Ienaga Saburō
103, 106
Iida Takehiko
43
Ikeda On
39n3, 46n20, 79, 312, 379–380n29
Inner Mongolia. see Mongolia—Inner Mongolia
issaikyō (tradition of copying “all the scriptures”; Ch. yiqie jing)
5/1 canon (Gogatsuichiichikyō); Matsuo shrine canon (Matsuno’o issaikyō no uchi)
East Asian Buddhist terms for
45–46n18
in eighth- or ninth-century Japan
54
Emperor Shōmu’s vowed canon (Shōmu tennō chokugan issaikyō)
57–58
as a family affair
63
history of offerings of issaikyō in Japan
55n46
texts associated with the “cult of the book” not singled out
63–64
Japan
Analects—in Japan; Butsunichian komotsu mokuroku (Catalog of the property of Butsunichian); kokufū bunka (national culture); Nihon Shoki (Records of Japan)
Analects on wooden slips unearthed in
19–20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26–29, 27, 30, 32
Analects read by local bureaucrats in charge of diplomacy
18
Buddhist monks. see Enchin (814–891); Ennin (794–864); Kūkai (Kōbō daishi, 714–835); Saichō (in China, 804–805); Shūei (809–884)
culture of Tōfū bunka
103, 103n20, 120
distribution of Han dynasty classics to
14, 31–32
Lu Tong (795–835) revered as the founder of tea connoisseurship
377
paper and wooden slips used for writing in
28, 31
Tamagawa (“Jade River”)
376–377
Wani from Baekje’s tribute to Emperor Ōjin
26, 33
Yanagawa Seigan’s (1789–1858) chikushiji
378–379
zhuzhici brought to Japan by Chinese-literate scholars and poets
375–376, 382
Japan—eight monks who travelled to Tang China (nittō hakke)
41n10, 100
Enchin (814–891); Ennin (794–864); Kūkai (Kōbō daishi, 714–835); Saichō (in China 804–805); Shūei (809–884)
Japan—Emperor Shirakawa (1053–1129, r. 1073–1087)
68, 68n70
Japan—Emperor Shōmu (701–756, r. 724–749)
books from Tang China presented to
98
copy of the Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra dated to
59–61
vowed canon (Shōmu tennō chokugan issaikyō)
57–58
Japan—Empress Kōken (alt. Shōtoku, r. 749–758), canon sponsored by
65
Japan—Empress Kōmyō (701–760)
5/1 canon (Gogatsuichiichikyō)
donation of treasures collected by Emperor Shōmu
98–99, 100, 103
propagation of Buddhism associated with
58, 58n50, 61–63
Japan—Heian period (710–1185), Analects wooden slip from Hakaza ruins
24, 25
Japan—manuscript Buddhist canons
at Chūsonji in gold ink on indigo paper
76–77
colophons of manuscripts from Dunhuang compared with
3, 39–42, 65
Empress Kōmyō’s vowing of
58, 61–63
the notion of a “canon” tied to the Book Road
44–46, 54
*Śāriputrábhidharma-śāstra (Shelifo apitan lun, T 1548)
56–57
Jeong Yagyong (Jeong Dasan, 1762–1836)
380–381
Jiang Boqin
303
Jianzhen (Japanese, Ganjin, 688–763)
101–102, 243
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Emperor Zhizong (1161–1189)
153
fascicles of the Buddhist canon
53n39
juan silk discovered by Aurel Stein at Loulan
254, 256, 289–290, 314
“Picture of Preparing Silk” on the east wall of Tomb No. 6 at Shizhuang
305
Kaiyuan era (713–741)
Great Tang Tower of Diligent Governance commissioned by Emperor Xuanzong (720)
99–100
taxation record referencing the measurement of silk
310
Kaiyuan lu (Record of Śākyamuni’s teachings, compiled during the Kaiyuan era)
arrival in Japan
58
circulation during the Tang dynasty of
40–41, 41n10
completion of Yijing’s translation dated as 703.10
79
copy of a manuscript dated to 735
41n9
preeminence in Buddhist circles in Japan
63, 65
projects to supplement it
76
titles from texts found at Dunhuang following it
40
Zhenyuan lu compared with
41
Kanegae Hiroyuki
32
Kanmon gyoki of Fushiminomiya Sadafusa
117–118
Kanō Motonobu (1476–1559)
120, 120n57
kanshi and kanshibun
Karae related to
103–105
mixing Chinese and Japanese paintings compared with
117–118
multiple meanings of
102
karae (Tang painting)
described
102–103
kanbungaku (Chinese literary studies) related to
120
kanshi related to
103–105
“Karae” in literature
103
portraits of Bai Juyi
103, 103n18
Tōfū bunka exemplified by
103, 105, 120
Yamatoe folding screens used with
106–107, 117–119
Karashima, Seishi
47n24, 81
Kawaguchi Hisao
105–106
Khotan
banner paintings
352, 352n49, 354
cultural exchanges with Dunhuang
346–347
intermarriages with the Cao family
163, 326, 344, 346
King Viśa’ Saṃbhava (Li Shengtian, d. 966, r. 912–966)
345, 346, 358
King Viśa’ Śūra’s letter to Cao Yuanzhong (P.5538a)
356, 357, 171
legend of the founding of
199–205
location of
330
manuscripts transmitted to Dunhuang
159, 163, 171
mural painting fragment probably from
347, 348
name of the Tamagawa (“Jade River”) in Japan shared with
376–377
premodern Khotanese painting and painters
350–351, 350n46
transmission of the cult of Mahāmāyūrī to Dunhuang
328–329, 331
victory against the Karakhanids
356–357, 356n56
Khotan—eight guardians of
Vaiśravaṇa (Heavenly King of the North)
on the corridors of Guiyijun period cave shrines
355–356, 355
in Yulin Cave 33
332n5, 355–356, 355n53
Khotan—Prophecy of the Arhat of Khotan
Chinese king and the Chinese state in
199, 205–206, 225
Chinese princess’s death in
207
destruction of the Dharma at Kauśāmbī featured in
197–198, 219
and the historical context of the kingdom of Khotan
222–223, 224
Khotan—Religious Annals of Khotan
Chinese king and the Chinese state in
199, 205–206, 221–223, 225
Chinese princess’s death in
207–209
compilation of
214
destruction of the Dharma featured in
197–198, 207–208, 219
and the historical context of the kingdom of Khotan
222–223, 224
Kim Kyungho
13, 16
Kissa ōrai (Correspondence on drinking tea)
111
Kojima Noriyuki
26
Kokan Shiren, Genkō Shakusho
74–75
Kokon chomonjū (Collection of notable tales old and new)
105, 106
kokufū bunka (national culture)
Yamatoe painting style
described
105n23
impact on folding-screen style
106–107
karae (Tang painting) exemplified by
103, 105, 120
state of “Sino-Japanese coexistance” fostered by
105
Yamatoe exemplified by
105, 105n23
Kominami Rissai (1828–32), Edo chikushiji composed by
376–377, 378, 380
Konkōmyō saishōōkyō (Suvarnabhāsottama-sūtra, Jinguangming zuisheng wang jing Golden Light Sūtra, T 665) of Yijing
Matsuo shrine edition of
77–80
phonetic marks added to facilitate reading in Japan
66, 78–80, 78n92
state protection rituals (chingo kokka) performed for
55
vowing of specific scriptures addressed in the colophon of an eighth-century copy of
66–67
Korea
Analects—Bonghwang-dong version; Analects—Gyesan-dong version; Lelang Commandery
Analects unearthed in
9, 15
cross-cultural, cosmopolitan poetry of Xu Zhen produced in Joseon-era Korea
371–372
role in the transmission of Sinitic learning
1–2, 10, 13–14, 17–19, 29, 31, 33–34, 381
zhuzhici brought to Korea by Chinese-literate scholars and poets
375–376, 382
Korea—Baekje period (18 BCE–660 CE)
Bonghwang-dong Analects produced during
15, 17
clerical administration of
18
essay on Baekje in the Jiu Tangshu
18
Gyesan-dong Analects produced during
15, 18
transmission of Chinese character culture to the Korean peninsula
19, 33
transmission of Chinese clerical administration to
18
Wani from Baekje’s tribute to Emperor Ōjin
26, 33
Korea—Silla period
Bonghwang-dong Analects dated to
16–17, 19
Chinese character culture, legal system, and Confucianism in
19
Kornicki, Peter Francis
1n3, 3n6
Kūkai (Kōbō daishi, 714–835)
invention of katakana ascribed to
78n92
as one of eight Japanese monks who travelled to Tang China (nittō hakke)
41n10, 75, 100
scrolls and cultural relics brought back to Japan
100
Kumarajiva (334–413)
Renwang huguo bore boluomi jing (Ninnōkyō, T 245) translation attributed to
55
Sūtra of the Peacock King Mantra (Kongquewang zhou jing, T 988)
337, 343–344
translation of the Tattvasiddhi- (or Sayasiddhi-) śāstra
47
Kundaikan sōchōki (Manual of the attendant of the Shogunal collection)
109, 110
Kuwayama Shoshin
140n65, 140n63
Lancaster, Lewis, concept of catalogs and canons
45–46
Lee Sungsi
17, 33
Lelang Commandery
administration of
12–13
bamboo slips of the Analects unearthed in
10, 11–12
bamboo slips of the District Household Register
10, 12–13
demise of
18
Li Lingling and Zhang Yongquan
80
Li Qingquan
286
Liang Kai (ca. 1140–1210)
110, 116
Liao dynasty (907–1125)
cultural exchanges with Dunhuang
163
funerary painting from Baisha Tomb No. 3
286
funerary painting from Liao Tomb at Front Wurige Village
287, 289
representations of tube-shaped containers of rolled silk
290
“The Picture of Morning Dressing and Household Wealth” on a wall of Han Shixun Tomb at Xuanhua, Hebei
284, 284, 286
“The Picture of Sending Brocade” from Liao Tomb No. 2 at Baoshan
263, 263, 287
Liu Dongfang
299
Liu Yuxi (772–842)
366, 381–382
Lotus Sūtra (Saddharma-pundarīka T 262–264)
with characters in the shape of a pagoda as a maṇḍala
77n86
commentary by Huiyuan
137n46
Guanyin Sūtra, as the seventh fascicle of
22
Honmon Butsuryū-shū chanting group
69n72
painting in Mogao Cave 98 of Chapter of the Magic City
287, 288
painting in Mogao cave 217 of the Uṣṇīṣavijaya Dhāraṇi Sūtra incorrectly identifed as a painting of the Chapter of the Magic City
266
painting of the previously identified as “Parable of the Magic City” from the Lotus Sūtra
266
portraits of monks who gained a “different sense” through chanting it
101
Sanskrit manuscripts from Gilgit
81
vows made to copy it by Kudara no Toyomushi
66
Yu 785 inscription
153
Lowe, Bryan
43, 55
Lu Diantu, hybrid vocabulary and syntax of his zhuzhici
374, 389
Lu Jianzeng (1691–1769)
background of
372, 373
zhuzhici tradition adapted by
372–373, 381–382, 389
Mahāmāyūrī
in caves at Mogao
327, 328, 331n4, 331–333, 332n5, 335, 336, 338, 358–359, 358n59
in caves at Yulin
331, 332n5, 338
iconography of mural paintings of
336, 336n11
identity as the mother of Buddhas
358n59
in the Ritual Commentary Spoken by the Buddha on the Altar of the Great Peacock Wisdom King’s image (T 983A)
333, 336, 337
sculptures from the Song in cave shrines at Beishan
327, 329
transmission of the cult of Mahāmāyūrī across the Silk Roads
328–329, 331, 347, 350–351, 359
Vaiśravaṇa in images of
331n3
Mahāmāyūrī—“Banner with Mahāmāyūrī”
347, 349, 351n47, 359
Banner Head with Seated Buddha from
348, 350–351, 351
Banner of Avalokiteśvara compared with
351, 353, 354
crowns on Sassanian metalwares compared with
351, 352
Mahāmāyūrī mantra and the Mahāmāyūrī sūtra
Amoghavajra’s translation (T 982)
337, 337n14, 343, 358n59
Kumarajiva’s translation of (T 988)
337, 343–344
Mahāmāyūrī mantra in the Bower Manuscript
347, 347
Saṇghabhara’s translation of (T 984)
343
Śrimitra’s two translations (T 986 and T 987)
337, 337n29, 342–343, 342n24
translations of
336–337
transmission of
328
Yijing’s translation of (T 985)
337, 343
Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
Da zhi lun (Mahāprajñāpāramitopadesa, T 1509)
50–51, 136n1
Yu 763
169
Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra (Da bore jing, T 220)
commentary to the Dapin bore jing
50
prefaces found before the first chapter of
51
Maitreya
reemergence of the Dharma after the birth of
197
screens with portraits of Maitreya brought to Japan by Jianzhen
102
Tuṣita Heaven of
59, 63
Maitreya Sūtra paintings
draping silk represented in
305
Paradise of Maitreya held by the British Museum
270, 271
Paradise of Maitreya held by the Harvard Art Museums
270, 272, 286, 312
“Scene of a Wedding Ceremony” in Mogao Cave 12
270, 273
silk represented as Buddhist offerings
270, 278
“The Multitude Sees the Treasures But Does Not Take Them” in Mogao Cave 208
270
Mala, Guilaine
235n13, 236, 245
Malandra, Geri H.
351n47
Manchus
Fuqing’s (1742–1819) Yiyu zhuzhici
383
Ligdan Khan’s consorts as members of the Manchu imperial household
241, 242
Matsuo shrine
Buddhist scriptures sourced from Bonshakuji
71, 73, 74, 77–78
location of
56n46
treasure house (hōzō) at Myōrenji
69n72
Matsuo shrine canon (Matsuno’o issaikyō no uchi)
discovery in the treasury house at Myōrenji
69, 69n72
impact of Tang exemplars on
76–80
issaikyō tradition at
42
Konkōmyō saishōōkyō (T 665) of Yijing
77–80
Ryōkei’s vow and addition of scriptures to
71
scriptures compiled at Godokyōjo
73–74
sponsoring of its catalog and texts by Hata no Chikatō and Hata no Yorichika
69–71, 74, 81
Miidera (Onjōji)
Hata no Chikatō and Hata no Yorichika affiliated with
71
influence of
73
Ryōhan affiliated with
74
Ryōkei’s association with
71, 73
Mikami Yoshitaka
28
Minamoto Nobuyuku
112n41
Mingmu (d. after 594?)
137, 137n49, 144
Mogao. see Dunhuang—Mogao Caves
Momiyama Akira
15
Mongolia
adaptation of Tibetan Buddhism
236, 243
Lu Jiangeng’s (1691–1769) poetry about
372–373
Mongol submission to Manchu rulers
241
Mongolia—Inner Mongolia
funerary painting from Liao Tomb at Front Wurige Village
287, 289
Gombjab’s birth in Üjūmūčin located in the eastern part of
234
information in zhuzhici about
366
“The Picture of Sending Brocade” from the Liao dynasty Tomb No. 2 at Baoshan
263, 263, 287
The Picture of the Tangut King and Attendant
285, 286
Muqi (fl. 13th century)
Eight Views of the Xiao and Xiang Rivers, Fishing Village at Sunset
113, 115, 115
Guanyin, Gibbons, and Crane
116, 116
paintings listed in the Butsunichian kōmotsu mokuroku
108
reassembling of his handscrolls as hanging scrolls
113
three-screen painting described in the Butsunichian kōmotsu mokuroku
116
Muromachi dono gyōkō okazari ki (Record of decoration for the Muromachi Palace imperial procession)
114–115, 118
Muromachi Shogunate
dōbōshū (“companions”). see Nōami (1397–1471)
Song and Yuan paintings collected by
109–110
Muromachi Shogunate—Ashikaga Yoshimitsu
painting collection
110, 113
trading promoted with China
109
Muromachi Shogunate—Ashikaga Yoshimmasa
Higashiyama Villa decorated by
110
Kanō Motonobu as a royal painter for
120n57
painting collection of
109
partition screens in the East Mountain Palace of
118
Nakamura Fusetsu, Avalokiteśvara Sūtra
170
Nakao Takashi
69, 78
Nanatsudera collection
canon discovered at Chizan Shingonshū
69
edition of the *Abhidharmamahāvibhāṣā-śāstra
56n46
edition of the Kaiyuan lu from
41n9
issaikyō tradition at
42, 54
Narendrayaśas (517–589)
*Sūryagarbhavaipulya-sūtra
Sui dynasty translation project at Daxingshan Temple
126
Nattier, Jan
217
Nihon Shoki (Records of Japan)
on the Guanyin Sūtra
22n25
on the standardization of aristocratic titles (684)
65n65
Nōami (1397–1471)
as a dōbōshū for the Muromachi Shogunate
109
Gomotsu on’e mokuroku and Kundaikan sōchōki organized by
109
Nomura Yōshō
133n26
Northern Qi, Buddhist texts provided to the Eastern Türks
128–129, 131
Northern Zhou dynasty (557–581)
Buddhist texts provided to the Eastern Türks
131
camel figurines from
308, 309
Emperor Jing
12, 153
Northern Zhou dynasty (557–581)—Emperor Wu (561–579)
*Dhyānagupta given an offer by
133–134n28
*Dhyānagupta permitted to return home
142
proscription of Buddhism
127–128, 133, 133n26
Ochiai Toshinori
43, 68n69
Ogawa Hiromitsu
113
On Ikeda
312
Orzech, Charles D.
358n59
painting of “The Multitude Sees the Treasures But Does Not Take Them” from the Maitreya Sūtra, Dunhuang—Mogao Caves—Cave 208
270
paper
paper made locally for manuscripts in Dunhuang
264
paper scrolls with wooden roller from Dunhuang
264, 265
silk rolls compared with paper rolls
266, 300
use as a writing material
14, 28, 31, 32
poetry
kanshi and kanshibun; Wakan rōei shū (Collection of recited Japanese and Chinese Poems); zhuzhici (bamboo branch lyrics)
cross-cultural, cosmopolitan poetry produced in Joseon-era Korea
371–372
cultural literacy expressed by
31
integration of Chinese poetry in Japan
98, 102–103, 120
kanshi and kanshibun
102–103, 120
Prophecy of Gośṛṇga (Ri glang ru lung bstan pa)
on the Chinese state and the Chinese king
199, 201, 205–206, 225
on the destruction of the Dharma
212, 224
legend of the founding of Khotan in
199, 201, 205–206
Prophecy of the Arhat of Khotan. see Khotan—Prophecy of the Arhat of Khotan
Prophecy of the Arhat Saṅghavardhana
Chinese king and the Chinese state in
199, 222, 225
destruction of the Dharma described in
197–198, 206–207, 209, 219, 220–221, 222, 224
and the historical context of the kingdom of Khotan
224
Rai San’yō (1770–1820), chikushiji composed by
379
Ran Wanli
301–302
Records of Ancient Matters (Kojiki), chronicle by Emperor Ōjin in
26, 33
Religious Annals of Khotan. see Khotan—Religious Annals of Khotan
Richthofen, Ferdinand von, Seidenstraßen coined as a term
1, 42
Rigdzin Tsewang Norbu (1698–1755)
and Chokyi Gyeltsen (ca. 1699–1774, eighth Tai Situ)
232
formative years in Kham
233, 234
letter to Gombjab
230, 237–238, 240–241, 244–245
literary output of
233
Rong Xinjiang
on Khotanese victory against the Karakhanids
356n56
on the legend of the founding of Khotan
202–203, 204
on Sogdian merchants
259
Russell-Smith, Lilla
331n3
Saichō (in China 804–805)
41n10, 75
Schafter, Edward H.
131
Schmithausen, Lambert
342–343n14
Schopen, Gregory
64
Sekiso ōrai (Correspondence on a piece of silk)
119
Senghui (d. after 592)
137, 137n48, 144
Shi Nianhai
293
Shi Weixiang
260
Shimono Akiko
266–267, 268
Shōgei, Zenrin shōka (Small songs from the Zen garden)
110–111
Shoku Nihongi (Continued records of Japan), on books from Tang China presented to Emperor Shōmu
98
Shūei (809–884)
as one of eight Japanese monks who travelled to Tang China (nittō hakke)
41n10, 100
Shitsuji giki geiin zu brought to Japan
100
silk and silk representations
binding of silk rolls depicted in a booklet (S.6983–30R) preserved in the Dunhuang Library Cave
262–263, 262, 291
camel-carried silk products on a sancai-glazed figurine from Tomb No. 31
301–302, 302
on illustrated manuscripts of the Sūtra of the Ten Kings of Hell
290, 290
juan silk as a symbol of wealth in medieval China
286, 297, 300, 303
juan silk depicted in Sūtra on Repaying Kindness depictions of the story of Prince Shanshi
274, 278, 278n25
juan silk depicted in Sūtra on Repaying Kindness painted in Mogao Cave 85
278, 280
juan silk depicted in Sūtra on Repaying Kindness painted in Mogao Cave 154
278, 279
juan silk depicted in The Ambassadors’ Painting
313–314
juan silk depicted in The Scene of the Rain of Treasures painted in Mogao Cave 98
278–280, 281
juan silk depicted in the Uṣṇīṣavijaya Dhāraṇi Sūtra painting in Mogao Cave 217
266–269, 268, 269, 270, 278, 284, 286, 291, 299, 300, 312
juan silk from Rencheng discovered at Dunhuang
255–256
juan silk loaded on a camel in The Picture of a Hu Man Leading a Camel
300, 301
juan silk used as currency in Silk Road trade
255, 303
juan silk used for payments including taxes during the Tang
292–298
juan silk used for tax payments during the Song
292
rolled silk represented in “Scene of a Wedding Ceremony” in Mogao Cave 12
270, 273
rolled silk represented in the Paradise of Maitreya painting held by the British Museum
270, 271
rolled silk represented in the Paradise of Maitreya painting held by the Harvard Art Museums
270, 272, 286, 312
“Ruler for Measuring Juan Silk” (P.3124V)
312, 313
silk bolts depicted in a booklet (S.5642) of the Guanyin Sūtra preserved in Dunhuang
305
silk loads depicted in a booklet (P.4513) of the Guanyin Sūtra preserved in Dunhuang
305
silk represented as Buddhist offerings in Diamond Sūtra paintings
269–270, 274, 275, 276, 278, 286
silk rolls depicted in “The Picture of Foreign Merchants Confronting Bandits” from the Guanyin Sūtra in Mogao Cave 45
259–261, 260f8.2, 264, 266, 268–269, 284, 291, 299, 300, 312
silk rolls depicted in “The Picture of Foreign Merchants Confronting Bandits” from the Guanyin Sūtra in Mogao Cave 468
261–262, 261, 269
in the Tang Code with Commentary and Explanations
296, 311
visual conventions used in historical materials
258
Silk Road(s)
cross-cultural trade and transmission of commodities and ideas across
2–3, 75–76, 326, 350–351, 359
impact of oral transmission on
172, 383
silk products as the symbol of
299, 308–309
as a story about how we conceptualize centers and peripheries in late sixth-century East Asia
132
as a term
1, 42
transmission of the cult of Mahāmāyūrī
328–329, 331, 347, 350–351, 359
Silla period. see Korea—Silla period
Sinitic cultural sphere
flow of Sinitic texts through East Asia
3n6
role of Korea in the transmission of Sinitic learning
1–2, 10, 13–14, 17–19, 29, 31, 33–34, 381
“Sinitic” as a term
1n3
Sino-Japanese cultural exchanges
Chinese handscrolls hung vertically as hanging scrolls in Japan
112–115
literature combining Wa and Kan
105, 120
on the Sino-Japanese Book Road
1–2, 2n5, 4, 9, 42–43, 97
Sino-Japanese coexistence exemplified by the Wakan rōei shū
104–106, 105n24
“three-screen painting” (sanpukutsui) mixing Chinese and Japanese paintings
115–117, 119
Skaff, Jonathan Karam
131
Sogdians
Bugut Inscription
130
hu merchants identified “The Picture of Merchants Confronted by Bandits”
259–261, 260
letters brought to Dunhuang by traveling Sogdian merchants
172
silk transported on camels by Sogdian merchants
257, 309, 312
The Ambassadors’ Painting
313–314
Song Caifeng
382n35
Song dynasty (960–1279)
Buddhist monks—Song gaoseng zhuan; Buddhist monks—Xu gaoseng zhuan; Muqi (fl. 13th century)
Dunhuang paper-based painting (Stein Painting 77)
305, 308
Emperor Huizong (1082–1135; r. 1100–1126)
108, 110, 118
images of juan silk from Dunhuang compared with murals from Song and Liao dynasty tombs
299–300
images of Mahāmāyūrī in cave shrines at Beishan
327, 329
juan silk used for tax payments during
292
Mahāmāyūrī paintings at Dunhuang dated to
332n5
paintings of the Ten Kings by Lu Xinzhong (twelfth—thirteenth centuries)
111
sketch of a horse and camel
305, 308
Song and Yuan paintings collected by Muromachi shoguns
109–110
The Picture of a Hu Man Leading a Camel
300, 301
Song dynasty (960–1279)—Baisha Tombs
“The Picture of a Male Servant Holding Items” from Tomb No. 1
282, 283
“tube bangs” (tong-nang) held by servants in mural paintings
282–283, 286–287
Song Jiayu
312
śramaṇas—Ten Great Bhadanta śramaṇas
Yancong (557–610)
establishment by the brothers Gao Tiannu and Gao Heren
144
Facan (d. after 592)
136, 136n42, 144
Fajing (d. after 594)
136, 136n49, 144
Sengxiu (d. 592–596)
136, 136n41, 144
Śrimitra (Boshilimiduoluo, d. mid-fourth c.), translations of the Mahāmāyūri mantra sūtra (T 986 and T 987)
337, 337n29, 342–343, 342n24
sTag tshang rdzong pa dPal ’byor bzang po, Han Zang shi ji: xianzhe xile Zhanbu zhou ming jian
222n46
Stein, Marc Aurel
juan silk discovered at Loulan
254, 256, 289–290, 314
objects left in the care of Fred H. Andrews
350
Śubhakarasiṃha (637–735)
*Mahāvairocana-abhisaṃbodhivikurvitādhiṣṭhānavaipulya-sūtra (T 848) translated by
65
maṇḍalas of the two realms brought to Japan by Kūkai
100
Susidhikaramahātantrasādhanopāyikapaṭala-sūtra (T 893) translated by
65
Subjugation of Demons painting (or Magic Competition between Raudraksha and Saripūtra)
“Scene of a Merchant Leader Offering Treasures” in Yulin Cave 33
274, 277
silk represented as Buddhist offerings in
269–270, 278
Suchan, Thomas
358n59
Sugawara no Michizane (845–903)—Kanke bunsō
kanshi poems collected in
103–104
on the making of a folding screen
104
Sui dynasty (581–617)
camel figurines found in tombs of
308
*Dhyānagupta’s translation projects at Daxingshan Temple
126, 130, 135, 144, 146
Emperor Wen
143, 167–168
Emperor Yang
145–146n88, 167, 169
establishment by Yang Jian
129
manuscripts transmitted to Dunhuang during
157, 159, 163, 164
relic distribution campaigns
127n7
Sumiya Tsuneko
34
*Sūryagarbhavaipulya-sūtra (*Dafangdeng rizang jing, T 397[14]) attrib. to Narendrayaśas
compilation of
144, 200n2, 203–204
on the founding of the kingdom of Khotan
199–200, 204, 205
in the Nanatsudera canon
73, 144
Sūtra of the Wise and the Foolish, “The Scene of the Rain of Treasures” painted on Mogao Cave 98
278, 280, 281
Sūtra on Repaying Kindness (Bao’en jing)
manuscript P.2893 from Khotan (dated 961)
188
story of Prince Shanshi in the “Evil Friends” chapter of
274, 278, 278n25
The Rain of Treasures in Mogao Cave 154
278, 279, 280
The Scene of the Prince Giving Alms in Mogao Cave 85
278, 279, 281
The Scene of the Rain of Treasures painted in Mogao Cave 98
278, 280, 281
Taishō canon
as a resource
40n8
Kaiyuan lu titles compared with
41n9
Tang Code with Commentary and Explanations (Tanglü shuyi)
296, 311
Tang dynasty (618–907)
Da Tang xiyu ji on legends of the founding of Khotan
199
renowned paintings related to silk from
306, 308
Tangchao minghua lu (Record of famous Tang dynasty paintings)
102n16
Tibetan rule of Dunhuang during (786–848)
159
Tang dynasty—books and documents
Jiu Tangshu (Old history of the Tang), essay on Baekje
18
“Ruler for Measuring Juan Silk” (P.3124V)
312, 313
Tongdian (Comprehensive Statutes), Statutes on Food and Commodities
292, 310
Xin Tangshu (New history of the Tang)
“Geographical Records”
294
“History of Samarkand”
314
“Record of Food and Commodities”
296, 310
Tang dynasty tombs
juan silk on camelback commonly found in images from
308
The Picture of a Hu Man Leading a Camel from the tomb of Li Feng
204, 305
sancai-glazed figurine from Louyang Guanlin
304, 307
sancai-glazed figurine from Tomb No. 31
301–302, 302, 303, 308
Tang rulers—Dezong (742–805, r. 779–805)
catalog of the Chinese Buddhist canon sponsored by
76
Kaiyuan lu in circulation during the reign of
41
Tang rulers—Gaozong (628–683, r. 649–683)
Da Ci’ensi erected at Dayan ta (Big Goose Pagoda) in Xi’an
52n37
Mogao Cave Cave 217 depiction of Buddhapāla bestowed with juan silk by
267–268
ordaining of King Varkuman Governor [of Samarkand]
314
patronage of Xuanzang and Yijing
54
preface titled Da Tang Huangdi shu sanzang shengjiao xuji
52–53
scriptures from the period of
167
Tang rulers—Taizong (598–649, r. 626–649), preface titled Da Tang sanzang shengjiao xu
52–53
Tang rulers—Wu Zhao (Wu Zetian, r. 690–705)
54
imperially sponsored copies of the Lotus Sūtra (S.7236 and P.4621)
168, 168n9
imperially sponsored copy of the Diamond Sūtra (S.5710)
168
Tang rulers—Xuanzong (685–762, r. 712–756)
“Folding Screen from the Great Tang Depicting the Appreciation of Music in Front of the Tower of Diligent Governance” produced during the reign of
99–100
Kaiyuan lu in circulation during the reign of
41
Taoist texts ordered disseminated to the provinces
166–167
tributes paid in silk during the reign of
292, 295
Tang rulers—Wuzong (r. 840–846)
210
Tanqian (542–607)
137, 137n50, 144
Tapar (Tuobo). see Türks—Eastern Türks (Tujue)—court of Tatpar (Tuobo)
Tatsurō Yamamoto
312
Ten Great Bhadanta śramaṇas. see śramaṇas—Ten Great Bhadanta śramaṇas
Ten Kings
manuscripts of the Sūtra of the Ten Kings of Hell
290, 290
paintings of the Ten Kings by Lu Xinzhong imported to Japan
111
Testament of dBa’ (dBa’ bzhed)
208n18
Thomas, Frederick William
206
Thousand Character Text (Qianzi wen)
Analects associated with it in Japan
19, 33
wooden slips unearthed in Heijōkyō
9–10, 19–20
Tibet and Tibetan Buddhism
Derge and the Derge Printing House; Gombjab (1690?–1750); Rigdzin Tsewang Norbu (1698–1755)
Candragarbha sūtra’s four period model
219–221, 226
Candragarbha sūtra’s narrative of the destruction of the Dharma in the kingdom of Kauśāmbī
197, 217, 219–221
cross-cultural Tibetan Buddhist intellectual network
230–231, 233, 237–240, 244–248
decline of Buddhism addressed in Khotanese prophesies
208–209, 211, 218–219
influence of Khotanse Buddhism on
224
Mindröling
246–247
Mongolian Buddhists’ adaptation of
236, 243
Tibetan rule of Dunhuang (786–848)
159
zhuzhici about the Tibetan highlands
374
Tōdaiji kenmotsuchō (Register of objects donated to Todaiji)
98–99, 103
Toda Teisuke
113
Tokuno, Kyoko
41n9
Townsend, Dominique
246–247
Trombert, Eric
312
Tsukimoto, Masayuki
99
Türks—Eastern Türks (Tujue), Buddhism patronized by
128–130
Türks—Eastern Türks (Tujue)—court of Muqan (Muhan) Qaghan (r. 553–572), invasion of the Hepthalite kingdom in Tokhāristān
140n65
Türks—Eastern Türks (Tujue)—court of Tatpar (Tuobo) Muqan Qaghan (r. 553–572), Türkish Temple in Chang’an built by
128
Türks—Eastern Türks (Tujue)—court of Tatpar (Tuobo) Qaghan (r. 572–581)
*Dhyānagupta at the court of
128
Qi monk Huilin’s teachings about karmic retribution
128–129
Tuyuhun state
140, 140n67
Uṣṇīṣavijaya Dhāraṇi Sūtra
Amoghavajra’s translation of the Fomu da kongque minwang jing mentioned
342n14
juan silk depicted in painting in Mogao Cave 217 of
266–269, 269, 270, 278, 284, 286, 291, 299, 300, 312
“Parable of the Magic City” from the Lotus Sūtra previously identified with painting in Mogao Cave 217 of
266
Uyghurs (or Uighurs)
alliances with the Cao clan
344, 345, 346
donor image of Uyghur Lady Li on north wall of corridor of Cave
205, 339, 341
invasions of Dunhuang
159, 338, 359
Lu Jianzeng’s encounter with
373
Mahāmāyūrī imagery at Dunhuang influenced by
327, 331n3, 338–339, 359
Vaiśravaṇa (Heavenly King of the North)
in the founding myths of Khotan
354–355
in Khotanese imagery in mural paintings of Dunhuang
331
Mahāmāyūrī depicted in conjunction with
331n3, 355–356
as one of the eight guardians of Khotan
331, 355
Vimalakirtinirdeśa Sūtra (Weimo yiji)
manuscript of Yu 2 commentary from the Dongdan state of the Liao
163
Qi state copies brought to the Tatpar (Tuobo) court
129
Visser, Marinus Willem de
55, 55n46
Vitali, Roberto
208n17
von Vershuser, Charlotte
43
Wakan rōei shū (Collection of recited Japanese and Chinese poems)
sentence selection (tekiku) formation in
104–105, 106, 115
“Sino-Japanese coexistence” exemplified by
104–106, 105n24
Wang Bo ji (Collected Works of Wang Bo)
10, 31, 32
Wang Huimin
331n4, 332n5, 338
Wang Jiang
292–304
Wang Jinyu
311
Wang Shizhen (1634–1711)
386
Wang Yong (Ō Yū), “Book Road” (shuji zhi lu) deployed as a term by
1–2, 2n5, 4, 9, 42–43
Wen Weng
12, 17
Wen, Xin
346n38
Western Xia period (1038–1227), funerary mural paintings from
285, 286
Whitfield, Ausan
350
Whitman, John B.
99
Wong, Dorothy
52n37
Wu Cheng (1691—ca. 1760)
origins in She Prefecture
386
Yingzhou zhuzhici
383–388
Wu, Jiang
52n37
Wu Zhen
297
Wuzhun Shifan (1178–1249)
108, 110
Xia Gui (12th–13th centuries)
110, 115
Xinjiang
bamboo slips of the “Gongye Chang” of the Analects unearthed in
14
bolt of white silk plain weave from
254–255, 256
Bower Manuscript, folio 50v, recovered near Kucha
347
during the Tibetan rule of Dunhuang (786–848)
159
flax textile for diao-yong tax from Tomb M108, Turfan
293
Fuqing’s (1742–1819) Yiyu zhuzhici
383
Xue Chuyuan’s (f. 1815) Xinjiang poems
383
zhuzhici poems about
382, 382n35, 383
Xuanzang (ca. 602–664)
Da Tang gu sanzang xuanzang fashi xinzhuang (T 2052)
51, 53, 199, 200, 204–205, 205n12
translation activities supported by Taizong (646)
52–53, 54
translation of the Apidama shunzhengli lun (Abhidharma-sāra-prakīrṇaka-śāstra, T 1080)
70
translation of the Original Vows of the Medicine Buddha of Lapis Lazuli (Yakushi ruikō nyorai hongan kōtokukyō, T 450)
67
Yamane Yūzō
118
Yamatoe painting style
examples mentioned in the Kokon chomonjū
105–106
karae paintings used with
106–107, 117–119
kokufū bunka exemplified by
105, 105n23
Sino-Japanese coexistence reflected in
120
Yamazaki Gen’ichi
202–203, 204
Yan Gengwang
293–294
Yancong (557–610), as one of the Ten Great Bhadanta śramaṇas
137, 137n53, 144
Yancong (d.u.), Da Tang da Ci’ensi sanzang fashi zhuan (T 2053) compiled with Huili
51, 53, 199, 200, 204–205, 205n12
Yijing (635–713)
Konkōmyō saishōōkyō (Suvarnabhāsottama-sūtra, Jinguangming zuisheng wang jing Golden Light Sūtra, T 665) of Yijing
patronage of Gaozong and Empress Wu
54
Sūtra Preached by the Buddha on Great Peacock, the King of Mantras (Foshuo da kongque zhou wang jing, T 985)
337, 343
Yoneda Yūsuke
99
Yōrō ritsuryō (Yōrō Code), “Codes on Educational Institutions”
26, 28
Yujian (fl. thirteenth c.)
110
Mount Lu
113, 114
Yulin Caves, Mahāmāyūri paintings at
331, 332n5, 338
Yulin Caves—Cave 33
donor images of Cao Yuanzhong and his consort Lady Zhai
342, 355n53, 356
Mahāmāyūrī paintings dated to the Five Dynasties period
332n5, 338
paintings of the eight guardians of Khotan in
332n5, 355–356, 355n53
“Scene of a Merchant Leader Offering Treasures”
277
Yun Jaeseok
15–16
“East Asian bamboo slip cultural sphere” proposed by
34
Zanden, Jan Luiten van
39, 41
Zhang clan—Guiyijin (848–914) period
cultural exchanges compared with the Guiyijun under Cao rule
159, 165
founding of the Guiyijin (Return to Allegiance Circuit) period by
338, 344
invasions by the Uyghurs
159, 359
Mahāmāyūrī and assembly on the corridor ceiling of Mogao Cave 205
327, 328
non-local Dunhuang manuscripts during rule of
159, 161
Zhang Chengfeng
338, 346n38
Zhang Guangda
202–203, 204, 298
Zhang Minglai
180–181n12
Zhang Qingjie
257–258
Zhang Yongquan and Li Lingling
80
Zhao Feng
298
Zhao Heping
168n9
Zheng Acai
163n3
Zhenyuan xinding shijiao lu (T 2157) (Zhenyuan lu)
favoring over the Kaiyuan lu
41
Japanese-manuscript copies of
40, 40n8
Zhipan (1220–1275)
52n37
Zhu Lishuang
220–221
zhuzhici (bamboo branch lyrics, J. chikushiji)
cross-cultural cosmopolitan literary sensibility presented in
4, 383, 391
diverse languages incorporated poems from the twentieth-century
291
the humourous (fengqu) identified as its predominant mode
386
in late Qing Shanghai
388–389
Lu Diantu’s hybrid vocabulary and syntax
374, 389
Lu Jianzeng adaptation of the zhuzhici tradition
372–373, 381–382, 389
poems of Shanghai and Chongming Island
383
Sun Shiyi’s “Tibetan zhuzhici”
374–375
varied languages and cultural practices recorded in
366–369, 371–376, 382–383
Wang Zengyi’s visual images of regional textiles
373
Xinjiang poems
383
Xue Chuyuan’s (f. 1815) Xinjiang poems
383
Xu Zhen’s Chaoxian zhuzhici
371–372
Yanagawa Seigan’s (1789–1858) chikushiji
378–379
from Yangjingbang
388–390