1.1 Analects wooden slip, excavated from the ruins of Tōdaiji, Nara 21
1.2 Guanyin Sūtra wooden slip, excavated from the ruins of Asuka Pond, Nara 23
1.3 Analects wooden slip T22, excavated from the Hakaza ruins, Hyōgo Prefecture 25
1.4 Analects wooden slip T21, excavated from the Hakaza ruins, Hyōgo Prefecture 27
1.5 Analects wooden slip, excavated from the ruins of Kannonji, Tokushima Prefecture 30
3.1 Yujian, Mount Lu, Okayama Prefectural Art Museum 114
3.2 Copy of Mount Lu by Yujian, Nezu Museum 114
3.3 Muqi, Fishing Village at Sunset, from Eight Views of Xiao and Xiang, Nezu Museum 115
3.4 Muqi, Guanyin, Gibbons, and Crane, Daitokuji, Kyoto 116
5.1 Provenance of non-local Dunhuang manuscripts during the medieval period 155
5.2 Provenance of non-local Dunhuang manuscripts during the Northern and Southern dynasties 156
5.3 Provenance of non-local Dunhuang manuscripts during the Sui and Tang dynasties 158
5.4 Provenance of non-local Dunhuang manuscripts during the Tibetan rule of Dunhuang 160
5.5 Provenance of non-local Dunhuang manuscripts during the Guiyijun period ruled by the Zhang family 161
5.6 Provenance of non-local Dunhuang manuscripts during the Guiyijun period ruled by the Cao family 162
5.7 Spatio-temporal distribution of Dunhuang manuscripts from the western regions during the Northern and Southern dynasties 164
5.8 Spatio-temporal distribution of Dunhuang manuscripts from the western regions during the Sui and early Tang dynasties 164
5.9 Spatio-temporal distribution of Dunhuang manuscripts from the western regions during the Guiyijun period ruled by the Cao family 165
5.10 Comparison of Dunhuang manuscripts originating from east and west of Dunhuang 166
7.1 Layout of the Mukden Palace 242
8.1 A bolt of white silk plain weave, broken into two pieces, from Loulan, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 256
8.2 The Picture of Foreign Merchants Confronting Bandits, Guanyin Sūtra Painting, south wall, Mogao Cave 45, Dunhuang, Gansu Province 260
8.3 The Picture of Foreign Merchants Confronting Bandits, Guanyin Sūtra Painting, west ceiling slope, Mogao Cave 468, Dunhuang, Gansu Province 261
8.4 The Picture of Foreign Merchants Confronting Bandits, Guanyin Sūtra Painting, from Dunhuang, Gansu Province, British Library, Or.8210/S.6983 262
8.5 The Picture of Sending Brocade, Tomb No. 2, Baoshan, Inner Mongolia 263
8.6 Paper scroll with wooden roller, from Dunhuang, Gansu Province, Bibliothèque nationale de France, P.2870 265
8.7 The Scene of the Preface of the Dhāraṇī Sūtra Painting, south wall, Mogao Cave 217, Dunhuang, Gansu Province 269
8.8 Paradise of Maitreya, from Dunhuang, Gansu Province, British Museum 271
8.9 Paradise of Maitreya, reportedly retrieved from Dunhuang, Gansu Province, Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum 272
8.10 The Scene of a Wedding Ceremony, Maitreya Sūtra Painting, south wall, Mogao Cave 12, Dunhuang, Gansu Province 273
8.11 The Scene of Alms Giving, Diamond Sūtra Painting, south wall, Mogao Cave 361, Dunhuang, Gansu Province 275
8.12 The Scene of Alms Giving, Diamond Sūtra Painting, north wall, Mogao Cave 18, Dunhuang, Gansu Province 276
8.13 The Scene of a Merchant Leader Offering Treasures, Sūtra Painting of the Subjugation of Demons, north wall, Yulin Cave 33, Anxi, Gansu Province 277
8.14 The Scene of the Rain of Treasures, Painting of the Sūtra of Repaying Kindness, north wall, Mogao Cave 154, Dunhuang, Gansu Province 279
8.15 The Scene of the Prince Giving Alms, Painting of the Sūtra of Repaying Kindness, south wall, Mogao Cave 85, Dunhuang, Gansu Province 280
8.16 The Scene of the Rain of Treasures, Painting of the Sūtra of the Wise and the Foolish, north wall, Mogao Cave 98, Dunhuang, Gansu Province 281
8.17 The Picture of a Male Servant Holding Items, east wall of the corridor, Tomb No. 1 at Baisha, Yu County, Henan Province 283
8.18 The Picture of Morning Dressing and Household Wealth, northwest wall of the burial chamber, Han Shixun Tomb at Xuanhua, Hebei Province 284
8.19 The Picture of the Tangut King and Attendant, from Khara-Khoto, Inner Mongolia 285
8.20 Detail of pilgrims, Chapter of the Magic City, Lotus Sūtra Painting, south wall, Mogao Cave 98, Dunhuang, Gansu Province 288
8.21 Detail of goods on camelback, Scene of a Parade, Liao Tomb at Front Wurige Village, Nailingao Mu, Hure Banner, Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia 289
8.22 Illustrated Sūtra of the Ten Kings, from Dunhuang, Gansu Province, Bibliothèque nationale de France, P.2870 290
8.23 Flax textile for diao-yong tax, excavated from Tomb M108, Astana Cemetery, Turfan, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 293
8.24 The Picture of a Hu Man Leading a Camel, Tomb of Lady Tang, Luoyang, Henan Province, Luoyang Ancient Tombs Museum 301
8.25 Camel figurine, Tomb No. 31 in the southern suburb of Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, Xi’an Museum 302
8.26 The Picture of a Hu Man Leading a Camel, Tomb of Li Feng 305
8.27 Camel figurine, excavated from the Xi’an Mechanized Chicken Farm, Shaanxi Province, Xi’an Museum 306
8.28 Camel figurine, excavated from the Tang tomb in the Luoyang Guanlin Geographical Team, Luoyang Museum 307
8.29 Sketch of horse and camel, each led by a groom, from Dunhuang, Gansu Province, British Museum 308
8.30 Camel figurine, Shaanxi History Museum 309
8.31 Ruler for Measuring Juan Silk, from Dunhuang, Gansu Province, Bibliothèque nationale de France, P.3124v 313
9.1 Mahāmāyūrī and assembly, corridor ceiling, Mogao Cave 205, Dunhuang, Gansu Province 328
9.2 Mahāmāyūrī, Beishan Cave 155, Dazu, Sichuan Province 329
9.3 Plan of a Mogao cave shrine 330
9.4 Map of the silk roads showing the locations of Dunhuang and Khotan 330
9.5 Mahāmāyūrī and worshippers, corridor ceiling, Mogao Cave 169, Dunhuang, Gansu Province 334
9.6 Mahāmāyūrī and worshippers, corridor ceiling, Mogao Cave 431, Dunhuang, Gansu Province 335
9.7 Cao Yijin donor image, south wall of corridor, Mogao Cave 205, Dunhuang, Gansu Province 340
9.8 Uyghur princess donor image, north wall of corridor, Mogao Cave 205, Dunhuang, Gansu Province 341
9.9 Bower Manuscript, folio 50v, recovered near Kucha, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Bodleian Library, MS. Sansk. c. 17 (P) 347
9.10 Mural-painting fragment showing deity holding a peacock feather, probably from Khotan, British Museum 348
9.11 Banner with Mahāmāyūrī (recto), The Metropolitan Museum of Art 349
9.12 Banner Head with Seated Buddha from Banner with Mahāmāyūrī, The Metropolitan Museum of Art 351
9.13 Plate with a hunting scene from the tale of Bahram Gur (r. 420–438) and Azadeh, The Metropolitan Museum of Art 352
9.14 Banner of Avalokiteśvara, from Dunhuang, Gansu Province, British Museum 353
9.15 Eight protector deities of Khotan (seven extant), north slope of corridor ceiling, Mogao Cave 98, Dunhuang, Gansu Province 355
9.16 Letter from Khotanese king Viśa’ Śūra to Guiyijun ruler Cao Yuanzhong, from Dunhuang, Gansu Province, Bibliothèque nationale de France, P.5538a 357