Search Results
Summary
This chapter focuses on the identification of fishes in selected artwork by Dutch and Flemish early modern artists. The depicted species were labelled by means of an online Zooniverse citizen science project. Identification of fish in artworks by citizen science turned out to be not reliable enough for identification of the exact species, within the parameters of this project, because of a lack of agreement between volunteers. Nevertheless, some interesting trends could be traced in the presence of certain categories of fish; these trends correspond with cultural and environmental changes. Freshwater species in paintings increased after the 19th century. Large fish species are less often depicted after the second Little Ice Age. In the 15th and 16th centuries paintings of consumption-related scenes concerned mostly freshwater fish, while in the 18th to the 20th century they showed mostly marine fish. This investigation thus demonstrates the thematic dependence of the visual arts on the fluctuating ichthyological biodiversity and changes in the human diet. Moreover, the database with labelled paintings makes it possible to localize fish species in a large body of artwork, facilitating motif research.
Abstract
Access to limited resources may be achieved by dominance as well as by high rates of aggressive and affiliative behaviour. We investigated the relative effectiveness of dominance rank and aggressive and affiliative behaviour in accessing three material and three social resources. Aggressive and affiliative behaviour of 24 female long-tailed macaques was scored along with their success in resource access. Path models revealed that high-ranking individuals have more access to resources than low-ranking ones through their employment of both aggressive and affiliative behaviour. Physical aggression was effective in accessing two material resources (food and enrichment). Affiliative behaviour was effective in accessing one material (co-drinking) and one social (tolerance) resource. In conclusion, since aggressive behaviour was effective in accessing two material resources, while affiliative behaviour increased access to both a material and a social resource, affiliative behaviour is at least as important as aggressive behaviour for high-ranking individuals to access resources.