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Abstract
Throughout history there have been large movements of people for many reasons, such as climate change, conquest, slavery, demographic growth, or the formation of new states. This migration has either been forced or voluntary. Most of those movements have crossed continents and some have crossed the sea. Some of the vessels used for these movements have sunk, and there is still news today of sunken boats that have dead migrants on board. In fact, the trade of refugees is considered to be the modern-day slave trade. Population movements before 1945 were mainly, although not only, due to colonialism, slavery, and war refugees. These three movements are still happening: colonialism in the shape of domination and the exploitation of native people or of genocide, slavery in its modern form of women and children sexual exploitation, and war refugees, which is a problem that the world is facing more than ever.
This article will look at refugees’ travels by boat as a continuation of the past slave trade. Although this approach may seem ambitious, the abusive treatment of refugees in overcrowded dinghies, the human degradation on the journeys, the race and ethnicity of the victims, and the interconnection of the modern trade with the world economy are the main reasons for this comparison. There are, however, many other reasons, such as the high mortality of these population movements due to illness and shipwrecks, the sea travel of the migrants to find a new country, and the human and legal neglect of the immigrants if they do reach land. Some of these refugees are part of a network of illegal smuggling or are forced to work once they arrive on land. What is more important for the development of this article is the travel by sea that both slaves and refugees have had to endure in order to reach the new land. Although most of those vessels and sunken boats do not have an especial cultural, historical or archaeological importance to be preserved as underwater cultural heritage, the process of recognising it as heritage is a memory-making activity that may serve as an example for the future, as it is today for slave shipwrecks.
As a consequence, this article explores not only slave and refugee shipwrecks that have been underwater for more than 100 years, but also vessels that still sink today. This will let us explore the history of these human movements by sea, examining the ethics behind human trafficking and its place within the underwater cultural heritage preservation debate, also examining the slaves and refugees’ belongings on board of the vessels carrying them. To conclude, this study will analyse the responsibility that the international community has with the human remains after those boats have sunk.
Submerged Intelligence for Global Omens
Author:
This book acts as a cautionary tale, urging society to proactively invest in forging a path towards the future by drawing upon the insights gleaned from the past. Underwater cultural heritage is not merely a collection of broken ruins on the ocean floor; it holds the potential to provide strategic intelligence into global security challenges and future uncertainties. By understanding and valuing the unknown force of underwater cultural heritage, we can anticipate and navigate potential future challenges, harnessing its hidden power to shape the course of history.
Submerged Intelligence for Global Omens
Author:
This book acts as a cautionary tale, urging society to proactively invest in forging a path towards the future by drawing upon the insights gleaned from the past. Underwater cultural heritage is not merely a collection of broken ruins on the ocean floor; it holds the potential to provide strategic intelligence into global security challenges and future uncertainties. By understanding and valuing the unknown force of underwater cultural heritage, we can anticipate and navigate potential future challenges, harnessing its hidden power to shape the course of history.
Female Environments, Relations and Dynamics of Space (400–1500)
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New perspectives on urban and peri-urban spaces will be presented, with a particular focus on female figures as agents and leaders of these spaces, such as courts and domestic environments, monastic and economic areas. Women engaged in numerous and diverse environmental relationships where they exercised their agency: power (queens, qaids, urban and rural elites); diplomacy (Western, Byzantine and Islamic interrelations); economy (commercial activities, collective use of communal lands or water); culture and religion (artistic patronage, evergetism, female leadership in public and private settings or circumscribed to the monastic sphere). This historical and anthropological prism will therefore offer new insights on the role of women as agents in these spaces and on their leadership in the relations and the dynamics linked to this role, generating new contributions to the studies on women's history.
Female Environments, Relations and Dynamics of Space (400–1500)
New perspectives on urban and peri-urban spaces will be presented, with a particular focus on female figures as agents and leaders of these spaces, such as courts and domestic environments, monastic and economic areas. Women engaged in numerous and diverse environmental relationships where they exercised their agency: power (queens, qaids, urban and rural elites); diplomacy (Western, Byzantine and Islamic interrelations); economy (commercial activities, collective use of communal lands or water); culture and religion (artistic patronage, evergetism, female leadership in public and private settings or circumscribed to the monastic sphere). This historical and anthropological prism will therefore offer new insights on the role of women as agents in these spaces and on their leadership in the relations and the dynamics linked to this role, generating new contributions to the studies on women's history.