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Editor:
Winner of the 2022 International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) Social Sciences Book Award
Impacts by asteroids or comets on Earth may lead to natural disasters of catastrophic dimensions, one of the most devastating having caused the extinction of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago. Space agencies and other actors are increasingly dedicated to the development of technology to predict and mitigate such risks. This book addresses legal and policy aspects of ‘planetary defence’ activities aiming at the mitigation of Near-Earth Objects (NEO) impact threats. These include responsibility and liability for damage caused by such activities (or their failure) as well as international cooperation and possible decision making processes.
Impacts by asteroids or comets on Earth may lead to natural disasters of catastrophic dimensions, one of the most devastating having caused the extinction of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago. Space agencies and other actors are increasingly dedicated to the development of technology to predict and mitigate such risks. This book addresses legal and policy aspects of ‘planetary defence’ activities aiming at the mitigation of Near-Earth Objects (NEO) impact threats. These include responsibility and liability for damage caused by such activities (or their failure) as well as international cooperation and possible decision making processes.
Series:
Studies in Space Law, Volume: 17
Editor:
Winner of the 2022 International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) Social Sciences Book Award
Impacts by asteroids or comets on Earth may lead to natural disasters of catastrophic dimensions, one of the most devastating having caused the extinction of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago. Space agencies and other actors are increasingly dedicated to the development of technology to predict and mitigate such risks. This book addresses legal and policy aspects of ‘planetary defence’ activities aiming at the mitigation of Near-Earth Objects (NEO) impact threats. These include responsibility and liability for damage caused by such activities (or their failure) as well as international cooperation and possible decision making processes.
Impacts by asteroids or comets on Earth may lead to natural disasters of catastrophic dimensions, one of the most devastating having caused the extinction of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago. Space agencies and other actors are increasingly dedicated to the development of technology to predict and mitigate such risks. This book addresses legal and policy aspects of ‘planetary defence’ activities aiming at the mitigation of Near-Earth Objects (NEO) impact threats. These include responsibility and liability for damage caused by such activities (or their failure) as well as international cooperation and possible decision making processes.
Author:
Abstract
This chapter addresses the human right of freedom of expression in the Islamic realm. Noting that Article 22 of the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam contains the right of everyone to freely express his opinion, but only ‘in such a manner that would not be contrary to the principles of the Sharia’, the chapter analyses more in detail what the Islamic Sharia says about the freedom of expression. It shows that several concepts contained in the Islamic Sharia have been used by Islamic scholars to support the freedom of expression, such as the doctrine of hisbah, shura, or the acceptance of pluralism. However, the diversity of possible interpretations of the Islamic Sharia does not allow for unequivocal answers. The chapter therefore also looks at the practice of Islamic States and the newly established Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission (iphrc) of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (oic). It analyses which oic member States have ratified un human rights treaties and provides an overview on the reservations. The picture is heterogeneous and not necessarily representative for the respect of the freedom of expression in practice, as is shown using the examples of Mohammad Taha and Salman Rushdie.
Current Issues and Challenges
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Damages in Investor-State Arbitration: Current Issues and Challenges addresses specificities of the assessment of damages in investor-state disputes, reflecting the tensions between the sovereignty and self-determination of states and their legal obligations towards foreign investors. These tensions are primarily present in the context of compensation for expropriation, but other commitments of host states undertaken in bilateral investment treaties and contracts with foreign investors may also be in conflict with changing political and economic circumstances. With this background, the calculation of damages becomes a complex endeavor in each case. The lack of valuation principles that are uniformly accepted and implemented leads to uncertainty and unpredictability in practice. The present analysis tries to identify the most important issues and challenges, such as the choice of the valuation date, appropriate valuation methods, moral damages, and the awarding of interest.
Current Issues and Challenges
Author:
Damages in Investor-State Arbitration: Current Issues and Challenges addresses specificities of the assessment of damages in investor-state disputes, reflecting the tensions between the sovereignty and self-determination of states and their legal obligations towards foreign investors. These tensions are primarily present in the context of compensation for expropriation, but other commitments of host states undertaken in bilateral investment treaties and contracts with foreign investors may also be in conflict with changing political and economic circumstances. With this background, the calculation of damages becomes a complex endeavor in each case. The lack of valuation principles that are uniformly accepted and implemented leads to uncertainty and unpredictability in practice. The present analysis tries to identify the most important issues and challenges, such as the choice of the valuation date, appropriate valuation methods, moral damages, and the awarding of interest.
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In:
Small Satellites
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In:
Small Satellites
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In:
Small Satellites