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Current Issues and Challenges
Author:
Damages in Investor-State Arbitration: Current Issues and Challenges addresses specificities of the assessment of damages in investor-state disputes, reflecting the tensions between the sovereignty and self-determination of states and their legal obligations towards foreign investors. These tensions are primarily present in the context of compensation for expropriation, but other commitments of host states undertaken in bilateral investment treaties and contracts with foreign investors may also be in conflict with changing political and economic circumstances. With this background, the calculation of damages becomes a complex endeavor in each case. The lack of valuation principles that are uniformly accepted and implemented leads to uncertainty and unpredictability in practice. The present analysis tries to identify the most important issues and challenges, such as the choice of the valuation date, appropriate valuation methods, moral damages, and the awarding of interest.
Current Issues and Challenges
Author:
Damages in Investor-State Arbitration: Current Issues and Challenges addresses specificities of the assessment of damages in investor-state disputes, reflecting the tensions between the sovereignty and self-determination of states and their legal obligations towards foreign investors. These tensions are primarily present in the context of compensation for expropriation, but other commitments of host states undertaken in bilateral investment treaties and contracts with foreign investors may also be in conflict with changing political and economic circumstances. With this background, the calculation of damages becomes a complex endeavor in each case. The lack of valuation principles that are uniformly accepted and implemented leads to uncertainty and unpredictability in practice. The present analysis tries to identify the most important issues and challenges, such as the choice of the valuation date, appropriate valuation methods, moral damages, and the awarding of interest.
Editor:
Small Satellites – Regulatory Challenges and Chances edited by Irmgard Marboe addresses the booming phenomenon of small satellites. The rapid innovation of technology has made it possible to develop, launch and operate small satellites at rather low costs. Universities, start-ups and also governments see the chance to access outer space more easily and inexpensively. Yet, the importance to comply with existing rules and regulations that are in place to ensure that outer space is used and explored in a safe and responsible manner is sometimes overlooked. The book addresses this challenge and shows how it can be met. The contributors are renowned academics and practicioners from many different countries that share their experiences and insights and suggest practical solutions.
Regulatory Challenges and Chances
Series:
Studies in Space Law, Volume: 11
Editor:
Small Satellites – Regulatory Challenges and Chances edited by Irmgard Marboe addresses the booming phenomenon of small satellites. The rapid innovation of technology has made it possible to develop, launch and operate small satellites at rather low costs. Universities, start-ups and also governments see the chance to access outer space more easily and inexpensively. Yet, the importance to comply with existing rules and regulations that are in place to ensure that outer space is used and explored in a safe and responsible manner is sometimes overlooked. The book addresses this challenge and shows how it can be met. The contributors are renowned academics and practicioners from many different countries that share their experiences and insights and suggest practical solutions.
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Small Satellites
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Small Satellites
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Small Satellites
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Abstract
This chapter addresses the human right of freedom of expression in the Islamic realm. Noting that Article 22 of the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam contains the right of everyone to freely express his opinion, but only ‘in such a manner that would not be contrary to the principles of the Sharia’, the chapter analyses more in detail what the Islamic Sharia says about the freedom of expression. It shows that several concepts contained in the Islamic Sharia have been used by Islamic scholars to support the freedom of expression, such as the doctrine of hisbah, shura, or the acceptance of pluralism. However, the diversity of possible interpretations of the Islamic Sharia does not allow for unequivocal answers. The chapter therefore also looks at the practice of Islamic States and the newly established Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission (iphrc) of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (oic). It analyses which oic member States have ratified un human rights treaties and provides an overview on the reservations. The picture is heterogeneous and not necessarily representative for the respect of the freedom of expression in practice, as is shown using the examples of Mohammad Taha and Salman Rushdie.