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Non-legal values in Papinian’s reasoning. – Papinian († 212 A.D.) was one of the most important Roman jurists. One of the specific elements of his way of reasoning is the recurrence to non-legal values like pietas, affectio, humanitas or verecundia. An inquiry to this way of reasoning is rather new, because formerly only the intuition of the Roman jurists was praised and the way of reasoning itself was hardly dealt with. A detailed analysis follows of three passages of the Digest: D. 35,1,102, where pietas is used as a decisive argument, D. 46,1,47,1, where humanitas is used, and D. 28,7,15, where pietas, verecundia and boni mores play a role.
Several species of Old World monkeys, and the chimpanzee are shown to exhibit ureteral dilatation during pregnancy similar to human hydronephrosis of pregnancy. The entity is probably due to ureteral obstruction by the gravid uterus.
Abstract
In Germany, social investment can be crucial for disadvantaged young adults, as intergenerational mobility is low and credentials are decisive for employment. However, the literature on policy implementation calls attention to ‘Matthew effects’, by which the most disadvantaged often have the least access to social investment. We contribute to ongoing research on Matthew effects by examining whether the worst-off among young German welfare recipients are assigned to active labour market policy measures that are more advantageous or less advantageous. Findings for a register sample of 20–22 year olds in 2014 support hypotheses that those with the lowest education and employment experience participate less often in the most advantageous measures; particularly in firm-based upskilling and employment assistance, and more often in measures that proved to be not as beneficial, such as workfare programmes. On a positive note, welfare experience during adolescence as an indicator of low socio-economic status in the family of origin does not additionally affect access to social investment policy measures.