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Taking Hugo Grotius’s comment that ‘Poland does not legislate on religion’ as point of departure, this article traces the impact of natural law discourses on the debates around toleration in the multi-religious and multi-national Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania. Starting from earlier sources of natural law thinking in the Polish conciliarist tradition, it explores the ‘process of Confederation’ as an attempt to implement the decisions of the Interregnum Sejm of Warsaw (1573), leading up to the mid-seventeenth century, it shows how political writers linked the desire to maintain religious peace with a defence of the forma mixta constitution, appropriating a natural law discourse to balance the conflict between self-interest and the common good through the exercise of virtue and civic duty. With a focus on the rights of the individual (noble) citizen and freedom of conscience, Polish natural law discourse promoted the participatory republican model of the Commonwealth, rather than the need for state-building. The transfer of ideas did not just flow from West to East. The Polish model of civic responsibility also left an imprint on Grotius’s own thinking on matters of faith and state.
Author:
Abstract
This essay scrutinizes how the notion of the common good was interpreted within two distinct urban communities of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, in Royal Prussia and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Karin Friedrich underscores that while the discourse surrounding the common good held significant weight in Polish–Lithuanian political and moral deliberations, urban culture was largely overlooked. This was primarily due to the prevalent belief in the moral inferiority associated with urban and commercial activities. Despite this, the essay presents two case studies demonstrating how the principle of the common good, or “bonum commune,” was actualized in the Commonwealth’s cities. The examples provided are Danzig (Royal Prussia) during the city’s dispute with King Stephen Báthory and Slutsk (Grand Duchy of Lithuania) during the period of Prince Bogusław Radziwiłł’s ownership. Friedrich demonstrates that the common good was tightly interwoven with self-interest in urban socio-political and economic life. These two values bolstered each other, creating a potential symbiosis between the common good and individual benefit. Attempts to secure the common good were not perceived as sacrifices but as pursuits of prosperity and overall well-being.
Poland-Lithuania in Context, 1550-1772
This volume seeks to address the doubts harboured by the West about the ability of East Central European states to build modern democracies and tolerant societies after the expansion of the European Union eastwards. The tradition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is thereby often overlooked in favour of the nationalist romanticism and xenophobia of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, which arose from the specific context of the partitions of 1772-95. Yet citizenship in a multinational context was a central theme of the political debate in early modern Poland-Lithuania. For many contemporary religious and national conflicts, this Commonwealth cannot be a direct model for imitation, but may serve as a source of inspiration due to the creative solutions and compromises it negotiated while integrating many faiths and ethnicities.
Contributors are James B. Collins, Karin Friedrich, Gershon David Hundert, Joanna Kostyło, Krzysztof Łazarski, Allan I. Macinnes, Barbara M. Pendzich, Felicia Roşu, Barbara Skinner, and Artūras Vasiliauskas.
Contributors are James B. Collins, Karin Friedrich, Gershon David Hundert, Joanna Kostyło, Krzysztof Łazarski, Allan I. Macinnes, Barbara M. Pendzich, Felicia Roşu, Barbara Skinner, and Artūras Vasiliauskas.
Poland-Lithuania in Context, 1550-1772
This volume seeks to address the doubts harboured by the West about the ability of East Central European states to build modern democracies and tolerant societies after the expansion of the European Union eastwards. The tradition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is thereby often overlooked in favour of the nationalist romanticism and xenophobia of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, which arose from the specific context of the partitions of 1772-95. Yet citizenship in a multinational context was a central theme of the political debate in early modern Poland-Lithuania. For many contemporary religious and national conflicts, this Commonwealth cannot be a direct model for imitation, but may serve as a source of inspiration due to the creative solutions and compromises it negotiated while integrating many faiths and ethnicities.
Contributors are James B. Collins, Karin Friedrich, Gershon David Hundert, Joanna Kostyło, Krzysztof Łazarski, Allan I. Macinnes, Barbara M. Pendzich, Felicia Roşu, Barbara Skinner, and Artūras Vasiliauskas.
Contributors are James B. Collins, Karin Friedrich, Gershon David Hundert, Joanna Kostyło, Krzysztof Łazarski, Allan I. Macinnes, Barbara M. Pendzich, Felicia Roşu, Barbara Skinner, and Artūras Vasiliauskas.
Networks of Polymathy and the Northern European Renaissance
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This collective volume in the history of early-modern science and medicine investigates the transfer of knowledge between Germany and Scotland focusing on the Scottish mathematician and physician Duncan Liddel of Aberdeen. It offers a contextualized study of his life and work in the cultural and institutional frame of the northern European Renaissance, as well as a reconstruction of his scholarly networks and of the scientific debates in the time of post-Copernican astronomy, Melanchthonian humanism and Paracelsian controversies.
Contributors are: Sabine Bertram, Duncan Cockburn, Laura Di Giammatteo, Mordechai Feingold, Karin Friedrich, Elizabeth Harding, John Henry, Richard Kirwan, Jane Pirie, Jonathan Regier.
Contributors are: Sabine Bertram, Duncan Cockburn, Laura Di Giammatteo, Mordechai Feingold, Karin Friedrich, Elizabeth Harding, John Henry, Richard Kirwan, Jane Pirie, Jonathan Regier.
Networks of Polymathy and the Northern European Renaissance
Editor:
This collective volume in the history of early-modern science and medicine investigates the transfer of knowledge between Germany and Scotland focusing on the Scottish mathematician and physician Duncan Liddel of Aberdeen. It offers a contextualized study of his life and work in the cultural and institutional frame of the northern European Renaissance, as well as a reconstruction of his scholarly networks and of the scientific debates in the time of post-Copernican astronomy, Melanchthonian humanism and Paracelsian controversies.
Contributors are: Sabine Bertram, Duncan Cockburn, Laura Di Giammatteo, Mordechai Feingold, Karin Friedrich, Elizabeth Harding, John Henry, Richard Kirwan, Jane Pirie, Jonathan Regier.
Contributors are: Sabine Bertram, Duncan Cockburn, Laura Di Giammatteo, Mordechai Feingold, Karin Friedrich, Elizabeth Harding, John Henry, Richard Kirwan, Jane Pirie, Jonathan Regier.
Beseelt von der Vorstellung, es könne, ähnlich der Musiktheorie, eine Harmonielehre der Farben in der Malerei gefunden werden, beginnt Hölzel Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts einen avancierten theoretischen Diskurs. Hölzels pikturales Denken war dezidiert auf die bildimmanenten und formalen Gestaltungsprinzipien des Bildes und insbesondere die der Farbe ausgerichtet, verstand er das Bild doch immer als begrenzte zweidimensionale Fläche, die es durch Farbe zu verwandeln galt. In der Geschichte der Farbgestaltung und Farbtheorie nehmen die Farbenlehre Adolf Hölzels und sein künstlerisches Werk eine prominente Stellung im Übergang zur Moderne ein. Beleuchtet wird Hölzels Position im Generationenwechsel der Avantgarden bis hin zu den Hölzelreflexen in der Kunst nach 1945.
Adolf Hölzel und die Moderne
Series:
Evidentia, Volume: 3
Beseelt von der Vorstellung, es könne, ähnlich der Musiktheorie, eine Harmonielehre der Farben in der Malerei gefunden werden, beginnt Hölzel Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts einen avancierten theoretischen Diskurs. Hölzels pikturales Denken war dezidiert auf die bildimmanenten und formalen Gestaltungsprinzipien des Bildes und insbesondere die der Farbe ausgerichtet, verstand er das Bild doch immer als begrenzte zweidimensionale Fläche, die es durch Farbe zu verwandeln galt. In der Geschichte der Farbgestaltung und Farbtheorie nehmen die Farbenlehre Adolf Hölzels und sein künstlerisches Werk eine prominente Stellung im Übergang zur Moderne ein. Beleuchtet wird Hölzels Position im Generationenwechsel der Avantgarden bis hin zu den Hölzelreflexen in der Kunst nach 1945.
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