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Abstract
This article examines a number of non-governmental armed forces in the Horn of Africa, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Mozambique, with the aim to reflect on a range of questions regarding the nexus of state-making, war-making and the legitimate use of violence in the context of a transformed world order that has witnessed the increasing privatization of the state and its functions since the end of the cold war. The chapter argues for a shift away from securitized and/or culturalist and essentializing approaches to non-state violence to more in-depth analyses of the material inequalities underlying and effecting the use of violent force, in economic, social and political terms.